Lietard Clotilde 2010 Memoire.Pdf (421.8Kb)

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Lietard Clotilde 2010 Memoire.Pdf (421.8Kb) Université de Montréal La thématique hivernale dans les œuvres de Maurice Cullen, de 1896 à 1914 par Clotilde Liétard Département d’histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès arts (M.A.) en Histoire de l’art Mars 2010 © Clotilde Liétard, 2010 ii Université de Montréal Faculté des arts et des sciences Ce mémoire intitulé : La thématique hivernale dans les œuvres de Maurice Cullen, de 1896 à 1914 présenté par : Clotilde Liétard a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Madame Bernier, Christine président-rapporteur Madame Vigneault, Louise directrice de recherche Madame Dubreuil, Nicole membre du jury iii RÉSUMÉ Ce mémoire propose une étude de la thématique hivernale dans les tableaux réalisés par Maurice Cullen (1864-1936) entre 1896 et 1914. Elle s’appuie sur une analyse des contextes politiques et culturels. Pour représenter les paysages enneigés canadiens, Cullen adapte quelques techniques modernes issues de l’impressionnisme, acquises lors de son premier séjour en Europe. Malgré cette influence artistique étrangère présente par l’emploi d’une palette de couleurs vives et de la touche divisée, le respect de la perspective et de la tridimensionnalité témoignent du maintien de certains principes académiques. L’usage de procédés impressionnistes permet à cet artiste de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques atmosphériques et lumineuses de son pays. Par l’application de ces procédés sur la représentation de la neige, Cullen participe ainsi à un travail de redécouverte et de valorisation du territoire. En effet, il privilégie plutôt l’expérience sensitive du territoire que le choix de la thématique des œuvres. L’ensemble des données visuelles et sensitives contenues dans ses œuvres a pour objectif de faire prendre conscience au spectateur de sa difficulté à se repérer au sein de son propre territoire et à accepter les rudes conditions climatiques inhérentes au Canada. Ce travail demeure impartial face au conflit identitaire opposant les francophones et les anglophones, bien qu’il intervienne dans les prémices de la mise en place d’une esthétique canadienne. Ce mémoire défend l’idée que Cullen renouvelle l’imagerie hivernale et s’inscrit dans les débuts du processus de création d’une iconographie nationale. Avec ses pairs, il s’engage à valoriser l’art local, et il ouvre une réflexion sur la représentation du territoire canadien, qui sera poursuivie par la génération suivante avec le Groupe des Sept. Mots clés : Histoire de l’art, peinture canadienne, Maurice Cullen, paysage, impressionnisme. iv ABSTRACT This thesis proposes a study of the winter theme in paintings by Maurice Cullen (1864-1936) between 1896 and 1914. It is based on an analysis of political and cultural contexts. To represent the snowy Canadian landscape, Cullen adapts some techniques from modern impressionism, acquired during his first stay in Europe. Despite this foreign artistic influence thanks to his use of a bright color palette and divisional brush strokes, the perspective and the three dimensions reflect his academic principles. The use of impressionist processes allows Cullen to highlight the features and atmospheric light of his country. By applying these processes on the snow, Cullen creates a work of rediscovery and praises the territory. Indeed, this artist’s main focus is the experience one has in the distinct and sensitive environment that is unique to his territory rather than the choice of thematic canvases. All sensory and visual data contained in his works aim to make the viewer aware of the difficulty to locate within its own territory and to accept the harsh conditions inherent in Canada. His work remains impartial to the conflict of identity between Francophones and Anglophones, although it occurs within the premises of the establishment of a Canadian aesthetic. This thesis argues that Cullen renews winter imagery and the early part of the process of creating a national iconography. With his peers, he is committed to enhancing the local and he opens a debate on the representation of Canadian territory, which will be continued by the next generation with the “ Groupe des Sept”. Keywords: Art history, Canadian painting, Maurice Cullen, landscape, impressionism. v TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ........................................................................................................................................III ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... IV LISTE DES ILLUSTRATIONS..................................................................................................VII REMERCIEMENTS..................................................................................................................... IX INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 PREMIER CHAPITRE : L’INFLUENCE IMPRESSIONNISTE DANS L’ŒUVRE DE MAURICE CULLEN...................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 MILIEU DE L’ART DE L’ÉPOQUE ........................................................................................................ 7 Contexte ................................................................................................................................... 7 L’impressionnisme français à Montréal ................................................................................... 9 1.2 ARTISTES CANADIENS EN EUROPE .................................................................................................. 12 L’impérialisme ....................................................................................................................... 12 La France comme modèle de référence .................................................................................. 14 Les écoles d’art parisiennes ................................................................................................... 16 Comment justifier l’intérêt porté par les artistes canadiens à l’impressionnisme?................. 17 1.3 DÉVELOPPEMENT D’UN NOUVEAU MOUVEMENT PICTURAL AU CANADA : L’IMPRESSIONNISME .................. 20 L’expérience canadienne en France ....................................................................................... 20 Un impressionnisme canadien? .............................................................................................. 22 Présence d’une double influence ............................................................................................ 24 Réception de l’impressionnisme canadien ............................................................................. 27 1.4 MAURICE CULLEN, UN PEINTRE IMPRESSIONNISTE? ........................................................................... 28 Premier séjour de Maurice Cullen à Paris .............................................................................. 28 Étude d’œuvres de Maurice Cullen exécutées lors de son séjour en Europe (env. 1895) ...... 30 Étude d’œuvres de Maurice Cullen exécutées au Canada ...................................................... 34 Ambivalence entre la persistance d’éléments traditionnels et l’apport de nouveaux ............. 37 DEUXIÈME CHAPITRE : L’IMPORTANCE DE LA NEIGE DANS LES ŒUVRES DE MAURICE CULLEN.................................................................................................................... 39 2.1 LE PAYSAGE EN PEINTURE ............................................................................................................. 40 Qu’est-ce un paysage? ........................................................................................................... 40 Spécificités de la peinture de paysage au Québec .................................................................. 44 Le thème de la neige dans la peinture canadienne ................................................................. 47 2.2 LE PAYSAGE DANS LA PEINTURE DE MAURICE CULLEN ........................................................................ 49 Son attachement au paysage canadien ................................................................................... 49 Cullen, un peintre paysagiste dans le contexte canadien-français .......................................... 52 2.3 LES PAYSAGES ENNEIGÉS DE CULLEN ............................................................................................... 55 La place de la neige ................................................................................................................ 55 Paysages enneigés .................................................................................................................. 58 Vue urbaine sous la neige ...................................................................................................... 60 Vues éloignées de la ville ....................................................................................................... 62 Série sur la coupe de glace ..................................................................................................... 64 L’Anse des mères (1904) et Cap Diamant (1909) .................................................................. 66 TROISIÈME CHAPITRE : L’HÉRITAGE CULTUREL DE MAURICE CULLEN........... 69 vi 3.1 LES ŒUVRES DE CULLEN ET LE CONTEXTE DE L’ÉPOQUE .....................................................................
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