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Growth Patterns of Two Chinese Native Goose Breeds Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola ISSN 1516-635X Apr - Jun 2017 / v.19 / n.2 / 203-210 Growth Patterns of Two Chinese Native Goose Breeds http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0395 Author(s) ABSTracT Ibtisham FI To study the development rules of Chinese native geese, two breeds, An LI Shitou and Sichuan White geese were analyzed from 0 to 12 weeks of Li TI Niu YI age. The growth curves were fitted with commonly used four kinds of Xiao MI nonlinear models (Logistic, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy and Richards). Zhang LI Jia RI The results showed that the growth curves were appropriately fitted with all four models but the Logistic and Richards both had the best fitting with growth curve (R2>0.99). Analyzing the fitting parameters of I Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R. China the Logistic and Richards, we found that male Shitou had the highest adult body weight while Sichuan White female had the lowest weight. In Shitou breed, Shape parameter Predicted with Richards model was corresponded with Gompertz curve, while in Sichuan breed it was in between Gompertz and Bertalanffy. Growth parameters predicted with Logistic model was much more closed to observed value as compared others. So overall logistic was the best model to analyze the growth curve in Chinese native goose and Shitou goose had excellent growth performance when compared to Sichuan White. INTRODUCTION Goose is one of the most important economic poultry around the Mail Address world because of the growing demand of the human population. At the present time, goose farming is economically important both in Asia and Corresponding author e-mail address Li Zhang and Professor Rumin Jia Central Europe. Geese meat is rich with nutrition containing protein, East to Huguangyan, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R. fat, vitamin A, vitamin B, niacin and sugar, and its meat is widely used China - Agricultural College, Guangdong as a healthy food due to its high protein, low fat and low cholesterol Ocean University Tel: +86 7592383247 Stevenson et al. (1989). Not only is the meat favorably healthy to Email: [email protected] humans, it´s by-products are also used to prepare other human daily life [email protected] products. The bones and feather stalks can be processed into powder and have high digestibility as a protein feed, and can be used as fish meal replacement Ding et al. (2014). The biggest goose producer is Keywords China with 94% of the world production. Until now, twenty-six Goose, Chinese native breeds, Body Weight, Chinese domestic goose breeds have been identified and domestic Growth Curve, nonlinear models. goose breeds have better performance due to its better adaptability to extensive management, better immunity to diseases, a higher reproduction rate, and better meat quality Zhu et al. (2010). Growth is the increase in body size per unit of time Rizzi et al. (2013) and growth performance is one of the main issues in the living organism, genetics and environmental condition of living organism can influence growth. Geese are among the fastest-growing avian species commonly raised for meat. Prediction of growth pattern is an important factor that contributes to the profitability of an operation in poultry production. Many factors can affect the profitability like feed type and its cost, Submitted: September/2016 health status of birds and environmental condition for growth, Geng et Approved: December/2016 al. (2016). That’s why predictions of growth when the birds are ready for 203 Ibtisham F, An L, Li T, Niu Y, Growth Patterns of Two Chinese Native Goose Breeds Xiao M, Zhang L, Jia R sale are important factors to increase the economy of There have been quite few studies that have been poultry operations, Lin et al. (2015). Growth function performed with respect to growth analysis in Chinese mathematics can help in management and efficiency local goose. The objective of the current study was to of animal and birds, in addition, it can also be used estimate and compare the growth curve parameters of to determined the nutrient utilization and daily diet Shi Tou Goose (ST) and Si Chuan White Goose (SCW) requirement, Darmani Kuhi et al. (2010). Growth trend with Bertalanffy, Gompertz, Logistic and Richards defines periodic changes of underlying characteristics, models. Growth parameters are important tools and unfortunately, no one can measure continuously for selection criteria, feed management during the most of these growth, therefore, it is preferable to use production period and to know the slaughter weight. mathematical functions, Şengül & Kiraz (2005). Further examine, whether there are breed differences Developmentalists are much interested to in the growth parameters of two geese. understand the developmental change processes and nonlinear growth curves, because the defining MATERIALS AND METHODS characteristics of the growth process, such as initial Ethics statement levels, rates of change during growth spurts, and asymptotic levels can be estimated. Growth curves This study was approved by Animal Care Committee are used to express the time-dependent nonlinear of Guangdong Ocean University (Zhanjiang, variation of live weight through a mathematical Guangdong, People’s Republic of China). The animals function, and the generated equations can be used to involved in this study were humanely sacrificed as predict the expected weight of a group of animals at necessary to ameliorate suffering. a certain age, Kim et al. (2016). Some existing growth Birds and environmental conditions models can be used to determine the age-live weight relationship of animals. Growth functions have three Male (40) and female (40) individuals from each categories, 1st those that only represent diminishing local geese breed of China, ST and SCW, were returns behavior, 2nd those describing smooth compared. The birds were reared from 1 d to 84 d of sigmoid behavior with a fixed point of inflection life. The geese were maintained under semi-intensive and 3rd those encompassing sigmoid behavior with system of rearing. All birds were reared on litter floor, a variable point of inflection. Each growth curve has with an additional outdoor watering area. Feed and different characteristics and different mathematical water were provided ad libitum. The birds were fed limitations. Four nonlinear growth models: Logistic, a starter diet (18% CP, 11.8MJ ME/kg, 1.0% Ca and Gang & Zhen (1997), Gompertz, Mignon-Grasteau 0.5% P) from 0 to 21 d, and a grower diet (15% CP, et al. (1999), Bertalanffy, Schofield et al. (2013), 12.2 MJ ME/kg, 0.9% Ca and 0.5% P) from 22 to and Richards, Knízetová et al. (1995), equations are 84 d. In addition to that, the green grasses were fed often used to fit the growth curve of poultry. The all day. The photoperiod varied from 12 to 14 h of von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, and logistic models have natural light. The body weight was measured on the a fixed growth form which inflection points at about first day and after that every week up-to-the 12th week 30, 37, and 50% of the asymptote, respectively of growth. while Richards model, which has a variable point Statistical analysis of inflection specified by the shape parameter (d), Aggrey (2002). Shape parameter has the greater Live weight of all birds related to their age was used propensity to change in response to environmental to estimate the Growth Parameter. Widely used non- changes than the asymptotic weight, so, it may be linear growth models, Gompertz, Logistic, Bertalanffy used to study the effects of environmental stress on and Richards were fitted to estimate the mean age- growth, Wang et al. (2012). This reasoning inherently live weight relationship and were compared to find the implies that growth models with fixed shapes may optimum growth model for different sexes of geese. not contribute to the understanding of the effects of For statistical analysis SPSS version 19 was used and factors such as dietary and environmental changes on the coefficients of determination (R2 values) were growth, Liu et al. (2015). The non–linear investigation compared to find the optimum growth model. The of the growth process has some advantages, like it age (days) and the weight (grams) at inflection point can help in estimating the relationship between feed were determined. The mathematical relations of these requirements and body weight, Grimm et al. (2011). models are listed in Table 1. 204 Ibtisham F, An L, Li T, Niu Y, Growth Patterns of Two Chinese Native Goose Breeds Xiao M, Zhang L, Jia R Table 1 – Four kinds of growth curve models and the parameters Model Equation Age (day) at Inflection (IPA) Weight (g) at inflection (IPW) Logistic Y=A/(1+Be-kt) (lnB)/k A/2 Gompertz Y=Ae-Bexp(-kt) (lnB)/k A/e Bertalanffy Y=A/(1-Be-kt)3 (ln3B)/k 8A/27 Richards Y=A/(1+exp(B-kt)^(1/d)) -k-1ln(d/expB) A/(d+1)1/d A: Maximum body weight, k: Transient growth rate, B: Parameter, t: Weekly age d: Shape Parameter RESULTS ST male had more weight than SCW male goose, cumulative growth curve are presented in figure 1. Growth Curve ST Male and Female growth curve are presented in Growth curve model is subject to the changes in figure 2A and B respectively, the growth curve was each stage of growth and development, and ideal coherent, and during the first six weeks the growth growth curve model is helpful to guide the production rate was fast and after this the growth rate decreased practice. According to our finding both ST and SCW gradually. In SCW as in ST goose the growth rate breeds male and female had the same growth rate was fast during the first 6 weeks and then decreased before 6 weeks of age after that male had more gradually in the next weeks.
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