Dynamo Lighting for Motor Cars

Home , Dynamo

DYN AMO L IG H TIN G

FOR MOT OR CARS

M A DD . . CO .

SE C O N D E D I T I O N

1 40 IL L USTRAT ION S

I oubou

E N . P N L D F . H AY ARK . S T . M ET O , 57

n ew 190t h

SPO CH AMBERL AI 1 2 L IBERTY STREET N N , 3

1 9 1 4

C O N T EN T S

C H A P.

TR D T AND R PR S I . IN O UC ION GENE AL INCIPLE — — The D yna mo Cho ice of M a chine The Accum ula tors — L a m s Bu b s o p l .

TT TH E ST M I I . FI ING SY E — — — G enera l Considera tions Po sition D riv ing G ea ring — — — D rive from the Fa n Pull ey From the Flyw h eel Fro m —B in h G B x the Clutch sh a ft eh d t e ea r o .

R TH E CAR III . WI ING — — Wiring up Singl e - I nsula ted System D o ub le - I nsula ted — Return Sy stem Difﬁculties in Ob ta ining Consta nt Output — e —~ - The Cut- Out Electrica l Cut- Outs F ree Wh eel Cut

— - Out Mecha n ica l Cut Outs.

P RM T T S ST M IV . E ANEN MAGNE Y E

The ira Ma netolite M g .

P R T AND TR - T S ST V . E MANEN ELEC O MAGNE Y EM

m o D ucellier D yna .

R - T V R D M VI . ELECT O MAGNE ICALLY GO E NE SYSTE V Th C A . na m T The Perfect e . . D y o he Brolt — n r na m o D yna mo Th e Leit e D y .

EL TR - T TR D VII . EC o MAGNE ICALLY CON OLLE SYSTEM — — Ma gicia n D ynam o Bleriot Sy stem Polkey - "arro tt — — — D y na m o F a cile D yna mo The Bosch D yna mo The Eisem a nn na mo—The Pa e n am o D y p D y .

3 4 521 3 v i CONTENTS

C H A P.

- C TR D S ST M VIII . MECHANICALLY ON OLLE Y E — L uca s Dyna mo m Peto a n d Radfo rd D ynam o The

m o . EB. C . na . D y

H T R C TR D S ST S I X . O WI E ON OLLE Y EM

n m o —Rus mo re na m o L ith anode D y a h D y .

X S U S F SS R S . OME E UL ACCE O IE — — Steering Col um n La mp Scuttl e D a sh La mp I nterio r — — L ighting L amp Ca pe Ca rt H ood La mp Ciga r L ighters E c ric H orns — irin o f nterior a m s l e t W g I L p .

R I U K T AN D T OF -TS P EEP, MAIN ENANCE , LOCA ION FAUL 9 9 — — Bea ring s Comm utato r Co nta cts Ba tteries \V iring — — Sw itchb oa rd s Sea rching for Fa ults G enera l In struc

tions.

IN DEX DY N AM O L IG H TIN G

FOR M OTOR CARS

CH A PTER I

I NTROD U CTION AN D GENERAL P RIN CI P L ES

WE do not propose to enter into a technical descrip tion Of the various workings Of the dynamo lighting systems hereafter described , rather conﬁning ourselves to the broad outline Of their various features , and indicating the main points wherein the various systems hO e to differ, in the p Of enabling the reader bring an intelligent working knowledge to bear o n the machine with which he has to do . Elect r ic lighting systems may be compared for practical purposes to a water pumping plant , and may : I The be divided into four separate parts . dynamo , which raises the pressure Of electricity to the right Of voltage , as the pump raises the pressure water to “

2 . The the necessary head . accumulator or storage battery , which stores the electricity similarly as the o r Th tank reservoir stores the water pumped up . 3 . e o electric lamps or bulbs , which use up the st red elec trica l energy much as a water motor o r fountain u ses Th . e it and 4 wiring and switches , corresponding to the piping and taps of a hydraulic system . T L . — m C . The Dy na 0 . onsidering ﬁrstly the dynamo T : a his consists of ﬁve essential parts ( ) the armature , a rotating cylindrical magnet wound round with wire é in which the current is generated ( ) the commutator , which is suitably connected to the armature windings and c rotates with them ( ) the brushes , which press on

the commutator and collect the current from it , passing it out to the necessary wires o f the system ; the ﬁeld

magnet , which may be either a permanent or an

- o f electro magnet or a combination both , its function being to give a strong magnetic ﬁeld fo r the arma ture to rotate in ; (e) the bearings and other purely

mechanical details of the machine . It shoul d be remembered that the output o f the machine depends : ( I ) roughly o n the strength o f the ﬁeld ; ( 2 ) o n the speed with which the armature rotates ; and ( 3) on the number of turns of wire upon the armature , although there are other factors which limit

the output , such as heating , dimensions , and efﬁciency . — Choice o f M a chine In choosing a dynamo it o f is well to ascertain beyond the usual facts design , output , and weight that the bearings and commutator are generously proportioned , as these are the two weak points of lighting dynamos owing to the restricted f space at the disposal o the designer . A machine should also be chosen in preference which gives its lo w maximum working output at a speed , and also the “ o r speed which the dynamo cuts in , begins to

generate effectively , should receive attention .

The Accum ul rs —T a to . hese are generally the same description of cell used for ignition work on

cars , but they must be of a sufﬁciently large size and very robust to take the heavy currents generated by I the dynamo . t is best to employ the cells supplied

by the maker , as this gives more satisfaction both to INTROD U CTION AND GENERAL PRINCI PLE S 3

and the manufacturer who knows the battery is right , to the user who can fall back o n the maker in the event of the cells failing; A common error in the B rating o f b a tte ries may be noted here . atteries for ignition purposes are rated in Ignition ampere hours which are really double the real capacity in lighting

T r 8 0 hours . hus a batte y rated at ignition ampere hours has only a capacity of 40 ampere hours for h 0 lig ting , and a cell of 3 ampere hours would give an 6 0 ignition rating of ig nition ampere hours , a barbarous survival o f the bad old days . It will be understood that 40 ampere hours means a discharge of one ampere for forty hours and two 2 0 o n amperes for hours , and so , whatever the voltage o r 6 8 1 2 of the cell batteries , be it 4 , , , or volts . It should be noted that the efﬁciency o f a battery decreases if a large current be taken ; thus in the

0 - 4 ampere hour cell under notice , if 5 amperes were ’ taken it would not give eight hours light as it theo reti cally should , but probably rather less than seven , as 5 amperes is rather to o large a current to take from a

battery of that size for lo ng . The discharge rate is generally stated on the side of the cell by the makers , but a safe rule is to allow a discharge o f o ne - tenth the full capacity in ampere hours thus a 50 - ampere hour cell could be discharged safely at 5 amperes . This rate can be exceeded for short periods but at

a considerable loss o f efﬁciency . We shall not enter into details for maintenance of

accumulators , as the general rules that apply to ignition

cells apply equally well to lighting batteries . The chief points to remember are D 1 o . . not leave the cells discharged 2 K . eep the cells ﬁlled with acid well over the

plates . 4 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

o f 3 . Vaseline the terminals and keep the tops the cells clean to avoid leakage . P 4 . ack the cells tightly in their case to avoid jolting and vibration . Examine the cells occasionally ; because they are hidden away in a box don ’t neglect them —the battery and the tyres are generally the two worst - treated accessories on the car .

- B L a mp s. y lamps we mean the projectors in “ ” contradistinction to the bulbs . The essential points of a lamp are that it should give light , a detail that some manufacturers appear to

- l overlook , and this light giving property depends so ely fl E upon the shape Of the re ector . very maker has his o f o r o f own idea the curve shape the reﬂector , which f Th should be a parabola or some derivation o it . e

r only real test is an actual road t ial , photometrical The tests being practically useless . light should be so projected well ahead , as to pick out cyclists and : unlighted carts , etc . any illuminant , even a naphtha fl of are , will light up the immediate neighbourhood the car , and with the advent of tarred roads and fast night driving the searchlight type o f reﬂector is essential . R to o f fl fo eferring the use coloured re ectors , in g m fo r their utility does not see proved , and allowing the small number o f times they are required during the year their employment hardly seems worth while

o f - in any case , the use amber coloured bulbs seems to entirely solve the difﬁculty . S econdary , considerations for lamps are that they

S ms hould be water and dust tight , that the head la p at least should have focussing arrangements , they should be o f pleasing contour and devoid o f superfl uou s f projections rendering them di ﬁcult to clean . INTRODU CTION AND GENERAL PRIN CI PLE S 5 L amps of the freak type necessitating special bulbs

should not be purchased .

— The Bu lb s. wonderful improvement effected in the metal ﬁlament lamp has made the electric lighting

of cars possible , but there are certain details in the The choice of bulbs which should be noted . brass cap should be large enough to hold the bulb m echa n i t cally through the medium of the plas er ﬁlling , and the contacts sho uld be capable of carrying the current

The adequately . filament should be of the right shape to for the particular reflec r in which it is to be used , and should be in the right focal centre (this is generally located well back in the bulb) and lastly the glass bulb should preferably be pipless in front and must be o f a sufficient diameter and area to dissipate the heat to generated by the filament , and be large enough maintain its vacuum and to receive the occluded gases from the filament without lowering the vacuum to any marked extent . Small bayonet holders should be used in preference to large as the latter cut away a large portion of the most useful part of the reflector . The earlier tungsten lamps had brittle filaments , which were fragile , and could not satisfactorily be wou nd in the concentrated or focussing form required

- for motor car headlights . A subsequent development ,

- o s known as the drawn wire process , has made it p sible to produce a ductile tungsten filament o f great strength , which is sufficiently flexible to be wound in any desired form ( Fig . Perhaps one o f the greatest advantages o f the recent types of automobile electric lamps is the fact that they can be effectively used in reflectors designed In f . o on theoretically correct lines the case gas lamps , considerations of ventilation , cleanliness , and tempera 6 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS — ture enter into the design of the reflector units and these considerations are generally a t variance with the efficient reflection and distribution of the light . Fo r practical purposes it may be said that the

Fig . I .

i H ea dlig ht La mp ( H elica l C o l Fila ment) .

l s co ncen headlight lamps , in which the filament tra ted into the smallest possible space , w in conjunction with a parabolic reflector , provide a sufficiently close approximation to the theoretical ideaL C H A PTER II

F ITTING TH E SYSTEM — F itting the Dy na m o Owing to the fact that at the present date many car manufacturers do not fo r provide suitable provision ﬁtting the dynamo , various positions have to be Chosen , each of which r We has some advantage o disadvantage . propose to take the various possible positions in order .

° ° G en r n e l z n — e a l Co sz d m o s. l n ﬁtting the dynamo ,

no n - a firm , preferably magnetic , base should be chosen in a clean and dry position . Care should be taken The to o . not to fit near the exhaust pipe dynamo , o n if fitted the Chassis frame , should be well stayed

The no t to prevent vibration . machine should be d riven from the tw o to o ne gear if it can possibly be avoided .

' ' P ztz rz — T os o . here are two main positions in fitting the dynamo which require consideration — the dynamo can be fitted before o r behind the gear box (Fig . If the dynamo be fitted before the gear box , that is to o r the engine , fan , flywheel , shaft between the flywheel and gear box , the variations Of speed will be high and f o e. . high rates speed will be met with , g , when the engine is accelerated for hill climbing o n first o r second gear ; and consequently the wear and tear o n the dynamo will be greater . A compensating advantage ,

r however , will be that a higher mean ate of Charging will result , moreover , even when the car is at rest , say in a trafﬁc block , the engine will still be turning and the battery Charging . 8 DYNAMO L IGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

When driving from behind the gear box the dynamo will naturally only charge when the car is n a nd o f in motio , therefore the periods charging

will be intermittent as compared to a drive engine . The drive that is obtained , however , is much steadier and has a smaller range o f ﬂuctuation from the propeller shaft than o n the eng i ne side when the FITTING TH E SYSTEM 9

r engine is in a lower gear , and therefo e the wear and

tear on the dynamo is much less . — D r iv ing The method of driving the dynamo

o r . should be through a belt , either ﬂat V ( Fig as h o r t is runs much sweeter than a Chain gear drive , and also gives a certain amount of slip at high In speeds . awkward positions , or where it is required

u to strike the dynamo off when r nning , a friction gear may be employed driving through a ﬂexible shaft

By o f (Fig . varying the pressure the friction roller upon the ﬂywheel through a spring any suitable The maximum output may be arranged . roller can

be withdrawn from contact altogether by releasing the S B pring through a suitable owden wire . Another method o f accomplishing the same result

- is through a spring loaded jockey pulley . Although many people inquire if their machines ou t is should not be able to be struck of action , there to o f no real need do so , as the wear the commutator a nd bearings is so slight , and the power needed to

so turn the dynamo , even when loaded , small , that the necessity is more senti mental than real . In ﬁtting , make quite sure that no water o r dirt o n can be thrown the belt , as these , particularly water , r sho ten its life very considerably . 1 0 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS Where there is not room to get a satisfactory o f length belt drive , a silent chain may be employed , but every effo rt should be made to employ a belt drive where possible . W n hen installing the dy amo , consideration should be given to two points , whether the car is high or low geared , that is , whether geared for town or

country use , and secondly , whether the car is to be used during the day as well as at night , or for night and theatre use only . G ea r in — W of g ith regard to the question gears , a low - geared car will Obviously attain its maximum engine speed at a lower rate of travel than that o f a normally or high geared car, such as an ordinary It n touring car . will in this case be ecessary to FITTING THE SYSTEM 1 1 gear the dynamo somewhat lower than for the corresponding speed of a touring car with a lowe r engine speed . If the dynamo be too high geared it will cut in lo w at a car speed , but will be rotating ineffectively m at oderate and high car speeds , as its maximum output point will have long since been passed . On the other hand , if the machine be too low

- in geared , its cutting speed will rarely be reached in town , and the battery will never be fully charged . The above applies also to a country or touring car in the opposite sense . A car which is arranged 1 2 o r 1 to cut in at 5 miles an hour, and give its 2 0 2 maximum output at or 5 m iles , if driven slowly in town will probably not reach the cutting - in speed at all , and therefore again the batteries will never be full y charged . W ith regard to the second Consideration , for normal day and night running , the current stored during the day with the current given by the dynamo should prove enough for the lamp consumption by night , but for cars used only by night , such as theatre ’

ca rs . a nd cars , doctors , advertising vans , the dynamo must give enough output to feed the lamps direct without drawing on the battery at all , and care must be taken to get a sufﬁciently large machine to do so . As the output o f many machines can be raised at will by gearing highe r o r tightening the slipping clutch , a little trial and error will soon give the mean normal output suitable for give and take conditions both in town and country by day and by night .

D r ive r m u l —On o ﬁl e F a n P l e . f y (F igs 5, the whole this is the most desirable position when there

is room under the bonnet , as it is very accessible . W here possible a triangular drive should be arranged , to that is , the belt should pass over the engine pulley 1 2 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

the fan , from the fan pulley to the dynamo , then T from the dynamo pulley back to the engine . his o f provides a long elastic length belt , moreover it has the further (adventitious) advantage that at very high speeds the belt will tend to slip , thereby saving undue wear and tear, even in those machines

ﬁtted with slipping clutch mechanisms . — F r om Me Fly w /z eeZ G enerally speaking a drive from the ﬂywheel necessitates such a large pulley o n the dynamo to avoid excessive speeds as to be out

SECONDARY PUL L EY

C RANKSHAFT P U L LEY

o f the question , though some form of friction drive

‘ e ither direct may sometimes be used , or through a

flexible shaft , or a smaller pulley be fitted concentric with the flywheel and bolted to the side ( Figs . 7 , 6 . 8 . Fig 7 , p . 4

F r om u t /z ka t — T Me Cl e s f . his is a very favourite I o n . t position , and the whole very satisfactory has the disadvantages that when the Clutch is with S drawn , the dynamo lows down , and that the motion o f the clutchsha ft throws the two pulleys momentarily

1 4 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

o u tsIde preferable , but in most cases the shoes are , thus preventing the ﬁtting of the belt . If the pulley is ﬁtted to the propeller s aft It

Fi 1 0 . g .

should be arranged a s close to the gear box possible in order to render the vertical movements

Fi 1 1 g . .

of the shaft caused by road inequalities a s T possible . his position has the great advantage of o f c n allowing an ample length belt , as the dynamo a FITTING TH E SYSTEM 1 5

be hung o n a bracket from the Chassis or screwed to

S . C the steps at the ide are must . however , be taken to see that the silencer and torque rods , etc . , do not S foul the belt , and the belt itself hould be enclosed

from mud and water . H aving satisfactorily mounted the dynamo and its

r o f drive , we will next turn to the impo tant matter wiring up . C H A PTER I II

W IRING TH E CAR

—NO o f W iring U p . part of the installation a lighting set calls fo r more care and attention than the wiring

up , and every precaution should be taken to do this not only in the most thorough way but also to use the

best materials . Half the troubles met with in dynamo sets are i through careless ﬁtting up and w ring . T o f here are two systems wiring up , the single

- ins ulated and the double insulated return .

The smg /e- im u /a ted sy stem follows that universally used in the ignition system o f the car and has the great advantages of simplicity and avoidance o f f W I o . t duplication iring can , moreover , be more

i i 1 n1 1 n readily connected with ex st ng g t 0 apparatus . If a fault occurs with this system of wiring it is v ery

easily located .

The dou é/e- irzsu /a ted r etu r n system is more gener f ally employed , owing doubtless to the act that most I lamp holders are made fo r this system . t is claimed when a single fault occurs owing to the double insula n tion that no damage will be done , as the insulatio of

- the second conductor will still prevent a short c i rcu i t . It th should be noticed , however , that in the event of e ’ second conductor s insulation being pierced (and it is quite likely that both would go together being under ‘ the same staple) the fault is much mo re difficu lt tfio tw find , particularly if the o faults are in different parts

of the wiring system . Again the battery has oft en to WIRING TH E CAR 1 7 be wilfully earthed in order to take advantage o f the

r ho n , coil , or dual ignition system now ﬁtted to most l cars , therefore a single eakage on the other con

r - ducto will bring about a short circuit . o r As already stated , then , whether a single double insulated return be used , every care should be taken to see that the best insulation is employed and that the wiring is carefully and neatly ﬁxed to the chassis W no t by clips or other suitable means . ires must be festooned around , as they are liable to sway about and Th fray o u t or catch in some moving part . e con d u cto rs should be ample to carry the current without

F i . 1 2. F i 1 g g . 3 . an undue voltage d rop and should preferably be either armoured themselves o r run in suitable flexible metallic tubing with fibre bushes at the end o f each length to prevent chafing . 1 2 F ig . shows a suitable plug o r adapter fo r the o f to I ends the wiring leading lamps . t is simply a

ﬁ on e bayonet socket tting into end of a double holder , o f the other end the holder accommodating the lamps . W I here pin plugs are employed Fig . 3 shows a suit able armoured connection o f metallic tube with water fo r tight socket screwing to the Chassis . A screwed ring holds the p i n plug to the body of the ﬁtting to o u t avoid the connections vibrating of place . 1 8 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

The . I illustration , Fig 4 , shows the usual connec

o f tions a dynamo set , that is , the dynamo and lamps are in parallel with the accumulator which ﬂoats on

the mains . Thus if the lamps are o n and the dynamo n o t is Charging , the batte ry provides the whole curren t ; if the battery is partially

generating , the current for the lamps is sup

. plied by the dynamo m e to t and accumulators s y As S gether . the speed

e t of the dynamo rises , a l u its output should soon s n equal that o f the lamp

consumption , at which stage no current will enter o r leave the

battery , and ﬁnally at full output the dynamo current will supply the lamps and store a surplus in the bat r f te y . I the lamps are no t o n , the whole dynamo output will be stored in the cells this happens during

daylight running . It is preferable to choose a dynamo whose output at 20 miles an hour equals o r exceeds the con ; the o ne o n sumption of lamps , otherwise is dependent daylight Charging to make up the surplus current WIRING THE CAR 1 9

r equired by the lamps , the difference between the full dynamo output and the lamp consumption has to be d rawn from the batteries which must be Cha rged by daylight ru n

ning , which is not

always available .

In r the diag am , 1 Fig . 5, the nega tive wire is Shown earthed o r utilis ing the frame as

return . With the o r d i n a ry t w o wi re o r double insulated wi re sys tem the negative side instead o f being the frame will simply be a n other insulated wire similar to the posi I tive side . n this case twin wire is

usually used , the connections being made directly fro m the lamp o r dy n amo to the switch no t board , and with single wires as shown in the dia gram . This avoids

sol d e r e d j o i n t s . The wiring , however, gives exactly the same co n n io ns ect . When wiring the car an excellent method of

B 2 2 0 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS ascertaining if the tail lamp is burning correctly is to Wire this lamp in series with another situated o n If the dash or steering column ( Fig . the tail o n lamp goes out , that the dash being in series will T naturally go out as well . his method has the advantage o f simplicity over those using magnetic o n relays to light up an indicator lamp the switchboard ,

t . and further, no current is was ed in the magnet coils If o f the light the dash lamp be objected to , it is an

TA 'L L AMP DASH L AM P

To ACCUMUL ATORS on a unct i on BOX

6 Fi 1 . g . easy matter to obscure it by gumming a small piece o f tissue paper over the lens of the dash lamp ; this will give a diffused light devoid o f glare but enough to o n render objects the dash , such as the speedometer and lubricators , quite visible .

Difﬁculties in Ob ta inin Co nsta nt Ou g tp ut. With varying speed o f a dynamo as usually constructed the output also varies , thus the greater the speed the greater the output . f I this were permitted to occur unchecked on a

2 2 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

extensively copied , is to employ permanent ﬁeld o f magnets which have , course , a ﬁxed strength and. give a good output at lo w speeds . As the speed rises o f the armature (which is itself, course , a rotating magnet) begins to grow stronger a n d exert a counter

magnetising effect against the permanent ﬁeld magnets . T r his is known as a mature reaction , and when sufﬁcient

r speed is attained , the magnetism of the armatu e will counteract that o f the fields and a state of balance is no set up , the effect being that greater output can be obtained . This effect is also obtained with wire wound fields in a somewhat similar but more complicated way by using what are called neutral poles between the two main poles , so that as the speed of the armature increases , the magnetism is shunted back by the neutral poles more and more , thus leaving the armature with its normal magnetising flow at any speed . S m to till another ethod is use four brushes , two main and two auxiliary . The main brushes are connected with the tw o lo w to auxiliary brushes , so that at speeds they help strengthen the magnetism , while at high speeds they give current to the outer circuit . T fo r his method is very efficient , but calls rather more complicated connections than the usual tw o brush method . In ordinary lighting practice many machines have what is known as a compound winding , that is , in addition to the ordinary shunt magnetising coil , the main current is also made to pass round the magnets with a V i ew to further strengthening them as the load In increases . car dynamos this property is made use o f in some cases , but in the inverse sense , in that the main current or se ries coil is used to weaken the exist

ing magnetism as the speed increases , thereby keeping IVIRING THE CAR 2 3 d o wn the tendency of the current to become e xces sive . It is well known that certain metals increase in

r r resistance as their temperatu e ises , and this property has been used in one or tw o systems by putting a length of iron o r nickel wire in series with the shunt coils , the consequence being that as the current tends

r o f r ho t to ise the coil i on wire becomes , its tempera ture begins to rise , and the current which would normally ﬂow to the shunt coil is choked back , thereby effecting the necessary cutting down of the current at

maximum speeds . These various systems will subsequently be more fully described when explaining the machines to which

they are peculiar . It Should be understood that although the various devices described keep the output of current within reasonable bounds an accumulator is necessary no t only to effect the ﬁnal steadying effect and to store no t up the surplus energy used by the lamps , but also to light the car when it is at rest o r moving at such a slow speed as not to generate sufﬁcient

energy to light the lamps .

- - W Th e Cu t Out. hen the car is at rest the y dynamo naturall ceases to rotate , and the battery would under ordinary conditions begin to discharge backward through it in the effort to drive it as an To electric motor . remedy this disadvantage recourse

- is had to an apparatus known as a cut out . As with the maximum output governor already described these

m a - y be divided into electrical or mechanical cut outs .

Electrica l u - —The C t OutS. commonest type of

- ou t w electrical cut , of hich there are many variations , Consists of a magnet or solenoid which is energised from the dynamo and which attracts a moving armature 2 4 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS against the action of a spring when the voltage of the m o f dyna o is about equal to that the accumulator , thereby Closing the circuit and enabling the dynamo

to charge the cells ( Fig . This type of apparatus has the disadvantage o f being very delicate and easily derangeable in the hands o f the ordinary driver : the contact surfaces are liable to give trouble , as owing to the small power of the

magnets the contacts have to be rather light . o f to o A certain amount current is used , , by the c magnet coils , which under certain circumstan es are u It liable to burn o t. ma is claimed that the co n tacts only break at “ no b u t voltag e , in practice

this rarely occurs .

Furthermore , when Scr e w p the dynamo is running slowly and the lamps o n are , the battery being

r Fi 1 rather run down , the e g . 7 . is a liability fo r the co n

to o r tacts act as a trembler chatter , owing to the voltage o f the dynamo being to o near that of the battery for the cut - out really to decide whether it o n ff shall stay or o . The general tendency is , therefore , against the electrical cut - o ut as to o delicate for commercial p u r

a - poses ; there is , however , certain electro mechanical modiﬁcation which may be described .

Tée F r ee Wéeel Cu t— u t —~ O . As we have pointed o u t already , if the current from the cells be allowed to to ﬂow back through the dynamo , it will tend become a motor , and in the system we are describing u this is actually allowed to occur , but in the p lley which drives the dynamo is placed a free wheel , WI RING THE CAR 2 5

The similar to that used on a bicycle . dynamo then

becomes a motor, but can rotate freely with no to n tendency tur the engine ; when , however , the i S fﬁ eng ne peed is su cient to generate , the free wheel

takes up , and the motor is then driven by the engine

as a dynamo . The free Wheel is arranged to give a slight clicking

noise , so that the fact that the dynamo is motoring shall no t be overlooked when leaving the car for the

night , the main charging switch being then turned

‘ o The ff. dynamo when running as a motor takes only about 1 to 2 amperes which does not matter w during the ”short periods in actual driving in hich motoring occurs .

— M echa nica l Cu t- Outs These consist almost without exception of a centrifugal arrangement , whereby when the governor weights collapse owing

o r S to the stopping insufﬁcient peed of the machine , the contact points are forced apart by a spring acting

r in opposition to the gove nor . Another method con sists o f a disc rotating in a mercury bath : when the o f speed the disc is sufﬁciently high . the mercury is

- carried round , and makes contact with an insulated plug , thereby closing the circuit . The various devices will be described more fully in relation to the machines illustrated in the following pages . C H A PTER IV

PERMANEN T MAG N ET SYSTEM

Mir - The to a . dynamo we propose describe ﬁrst is M li Ma ne to te . the ira g ( Fig which , introduced in

1 0 r 9 9 , has been very little altered in p inciple since a ll that year , and since it is the simplest of dynamos will serve as an example which can be easily understood . The m a g netolite system consists essentially in employing a permanent magnetic ﬁeld to excite the armature which rotates

between the magnet poles , to and , furthermore , use the ﬁx ity o f this magnetic ﬁeld to limit the output o f the dynamo at high speeds so that heavy currents shall no t destroy the a c cu mu la to r o r burn o u t the

lamps . F i 1 8 . g . 1 Fig . 9 shows a sec tion o f the dynamo from which the simplicity Of the machine will be readily grasped . The dynamo itself consists o f three or four permanent magnets o f three blades o r lamina o f tions each , between the poles which rotates a laminated tunnel armature carrying the usual copper o n com mutator , and mounted ball bearings at each PERMANENT MAGNET SYSTEM 2 7

One - end . of the bearing end plates carries the

r brushes which collect the cu rent , the other bearing

i 1 . F g . 9 plate ca rries an insulated Slip ring which serves to

- carry the current from one brush to the cut out (F ig . which is located in the aluminium pulley , C o nﬁ rm. u " and consists o f a small balance weight work ing by centrifugal force against the action Of a

P “ spring which tends to a n , keep the contacts sepa One Of rated . these

‘ m contacts is the brush s p a ,

o h o l d e r w h i c h c o m Fi n z o . m u nica tes with the live

S v lip ring and the negati e brush , the other is the earthed balance weight . R 2 1 eferring to the diagram , Fig . , it will be seen that when sufﬁcient speed is obtained to generate current . the balance weight ﬂies out and earths the i negat ve brush , thereby putting the machine in circuit provided the charging switch is closed . From the 2 8 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

3 0 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

2 2 6 . 2 Figs . 5, are the accumulators and Figs 7 , 2 8 2 , 9 , lamps usually supplied with these sets , and the ordinary garage wiring diagram is shown (Fig .

F i 22 . g .

Armoured cable is employed with a Single live conductor to convey the current ; the return from the lamp being v ia the armouring o r frame back to the

Fi 2 g . 3

battery and base of the dynamo , thence by the earthed

- to cut out the negative brush . The M R A . C . C ira machine holds an . ertiﬁcate fo r m iles of satisfactory behaviour .

C H A PTER V

PERMANENT AN D EL ECTRO - MAGNET SYSTEM — Du lli r T . 1 ce e . his dynamo ( Figs 3 and though o n a n employing permanent ﬁeld magnets , works entirely different principle to the last described , in o ne that it has two ﬁeld windings , to supplement the magnetism of the permanent magnets and another wound in the opposite sense and connected to a

Fi 1 g . 3 . third brush to demagnetise the ﬁelds when the speeds rise above a certain limit . The speed of the dynamo rises to a maximum of the full output b e in ~ iven at The current is collected by two l a " m brushes from a

S wide copper commutator , the brush imply serving to control the maximum I t through the

ﬁeld winding . 3 4 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

To prevent the battery discharging through the n dynamo when the machi e ceases to rotate , a neat

Magnets

2 . Fig . 3

brass case containing an electrical cut - o ut is provided which may be ﬁxed to the dash or other suitable

cu - u position ( Fig . This t o t when once ﬁtted

F . i . Fig . 33 . g 34

should require no adjustment and should not be

interfered with . The dynamo itself is provided with Slide rails t o

tighten the belt , thereby obviating cutting of the same . PERMANENT AN D ELECTRO - MAGNET SYSTEM 35

Du cellier d 2 0 0 s The output o f the ynamo is watt ,

Fi g . 3 5.

h 1 1 2 - 1 a t at is 5 amperes at 4 volts , ccording to the

state Of charge of the battery . s Th . e switchboard ( Fig 34) carrie three switches , 3 6 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS the two outer ones controlling respectively the tw o

the head lamps and the side and dash , the third T dynamo . here are also mounted on the board

Fi 6 g . 3 .

u s suitable ammeter and voltmeter, these instr ment in being always circuit . u f 1 2 The batteries (F ig . 3 6 ) s pplied are o volts i 60 80 1 0 0 to and have capac ty of , , or ampere hours choice . The Ducellier set is completed by a series of very

m - ﬁnished handso ely lamps , having parabolic reﬂectors constructed of silvered copper (Fig . 3

3 8 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

o f T regulating the output the machine . his arrange ment ensures absolutely perfect commutation . When the speed of the machine has increased ffi u su ciently to supply c rrent to the line , an armature reaction is set up which reduces the current in the resistances ; this action increases until there is no current at all between the main and auxiliary brushes , as they will be at equal potentials . Fig . 3 9 gives the curves showing this action .

8 . Fig . 3

The u machine is very substantially constr cted , r h especially so the com mutato and brushes . T e armature rotates o n large ball bearings and Since the speed o f the machine is low for its output the wearing parts should last i ndeﬁnitely .

The cut - out differs from the Older pattern Of M o f T . 8: . , as it is now a magnetic type , of positive action , with large contact surfaces , and requires no adjustment . ELECTRO - MAGNETI CALLY GOVERNED SYSTEM 39

It consists of an electro - magnet controlled by a combination of windings which operate a p lunger “ so as to make and b reak the main circuit wh en the dynamo is running at o r belo w its generation speed .

Tw o o ne types of machine are made , giving an output of 1 0 - 1 2 amperes at 1 2 volts the other 7 - 8 1 2 1 80 amperes at volts , with a maximum output of 1 2 e and 0 watts resp ctively .

F ig . 39 .

A u rre nt to the ine w ires. , C l ma in a nd xi ia r B u r e s o w in cu rre nt e tw een a a u r us . , C v h g b l y b h

c o int a t w ic ma c ine sta r ts to su current to the ine w ires. , P h h h pply l

- D o int at w ic the a u x i ia r ru s is neu tra . , P h h l y b h l

1 Fig . 4 shows the standard type of lamp usually supplied with this outﬁt . Various types o f switchboard are provided to suit

a individual t stes , but all have an am meter and two — controls one for charging the battery , and the other

. 0 for selecting the particular lights required . Fig 4 illustrates one ’ 4 0 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS A ﬁeld fuse is provided to protect the dynamo should anything go wrong with the wiring .

Fi 0 . F 1 i . g . 4 g 4 .

The accumulators supplied with the set have a 0 1 2 W capacity of 4 ampere hours at volts , and eigh l s The c 4 8 b . battery box is provided with deta hable

i 2 F . g . 4

C t atches , so hat it can readily be removed for cleaning a nd examination .

A V — A o f C. . . very popular dynamo simple design ELECTRO - MAGNETICALLY GOVERNED SYSTEM 4 1

A T r C . V is the . . ( Fig . his machine is ve y

similar to the ordinary shunt wound dynamo , except that it is ﬁtted with tw o auxiliary unwound poles The o f S . N , ( Fig effect these poles is to shunt

Fi g . 43 . the distorted magnetic ﬂux back through the body m of the achine when high speeds are attained , instead o f allowing it to traverse the armature itself, thereby keeping the output practically constant even at Th . e . u high speeds armature (Fig 44) is dr m wound ,

8 - Th having a 4 part copper commutator . e brushes 4 2 DYNAMO L IGHTING F OR MOTOR CARS

(two in number) are sufﬁciently wide to short - circuit tw o s m windings of the armature , thereby cros agnetising shu ntin f e the the armature , and aiding the g ffect of

F ig . 44 .

u r s bsidiary poles as above desc ibed . At the end of the armature shaft withi n the driving pulley is found the free wheel which takes the place o f the cut - out

’ T r as ordinarily known . his f ee wheel is similar to

F i 6 . Fi . . g . 45 g 4

r that usually found on bicycles , but with stronge

‘ o r m o to rin springs , ﬁtted so that , when free wheeling g , the ticking noise draws attention to the fact that the ff dynamo has not been switched o . ELECTRO - MAGNETI CALLY GOVERNED SYSTEM 4 3

The working of the free wheel is as follows : as soon as the pulley is driven by the engine at a speed sufﬁcient to e n able the dynamo to begin to gen e ra te (about 50 0 R . t h e

pawl engages , and the dynam o commences to be driven until such time as the pulley speed falls below 00 5 , when the d y n a m o t a k e s current from the battery and runs as a motor , the free wheel over r u n n i n g t h e engine or mo

t o r i n g . Th i s m o t o r i n g w i l l co nunu e even when the engine is stopped , but t h e m a x i m u m cu rrent taken will only be about 1 5 amperes which is practically negli o a an F 1 n a a ibl g e . When the S3 8 3 d WV car is left for

b e any considerable period , the charging switch must o ff turned , the ticking of the free wheel drawing attention to this fact . The current wasted in the free 4 4 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

no t m wheel is very small , probably ore than that co n

s - umed in the coils of a magnetic type of cut out .

F 8 . ig . 4

T d his dynamo is made in six sizes , the stan ard o r E 6 r 1 2 type giving ampe es at volts , and weighing 2 1 lbs .

Fi g . 49.

The . 6 standard switchboard ( Figs 4 5, 4 ) provided o f with these sets is the slanting desk pattern . co m

4 6 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

' g iven to the excellent system of w iring ( Fig . Special spirally wound brass armoured conductors are

F 2 . ig . 5

s . upplied to conform to the conditions required , viz , c onductors for the lamps , ditto for the main wires from

Fig . 53 . the battery and from the dynamo (this also carries a th e . O third wire . for ﬁeld circuit) wing to the strength Of the armouring there is no need t o ' ‘ S EL EC I RO- MAGNETI CALLY GOVERNED SY TEM 4 7

d raw the wires through Copper tubes , etc . , and the d wiri ng of the car is much facilitate .

V‘ ”

RI G KI WK

i . F g . 54

Fi . g. 55

R C r ﬁ T his dynamo has been awarded an . e ti cate for m iles performance . DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS — Brolt The principle o f the Brolt dynamo is somewhat similar to that of the last machi ne described in that it has two auxiliary poles ( Figs . 53 , T 54 , hese auxiliary poles carry no winding but

TYPEC4 .

REV O UTONS PER MINUTE L I .

6 . Fig . 5 are excited by the cross magnetisation caused by the working current in the armature . This machine has also but two brushes which are wide enough to short - circuit several armature coils

Fig 57 .

u b during the period of comm tation , as shown y the

l - b ack dots in the diagram . Any increase in speed causes a consequent short - circuiting current in t hese

' e k coils which reacts and weakens the mai n ﬁ ld, eeping F r the output current constant ( F ig . o conveni ence ELECTRO - MAGNETI CALLY GOVERNED SYSTEM 49

tw o each wide brush is actually divided into halves , the

be ing electrically connected together . This dynamo reaches its full output at a very lo w s the peed , thereby saving undue wear and tear of ea The Fi b rings and commutator . armature itself ( g.

- 57 ) is devoid of any cut out ﬁttings , being the onl y

- moving part in the system , the cut out proper being a magnetic one of the usual type ﬁtted within the switch

Fi 8 g . 5 .

n board , which has several novel points of desig

( Fig . A combined ammeter and voltmeter is employed

located at the top of the board , while directly under it is a window indicating the lamps turned on by the Th knob at the side . e combinations given by the switch are

1 D a . yn mo and lamps o ff.

2 D a . n yn mo chargi g . 50 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

D . a r S 3 yn mo cha ging , ide and tail .

’ D n h d u n d . d si a ea e . 4 ynamo chargi g , , , tail D . h a nd 5 ynamo charging , ead tail

The voltage can be read by pressing a button on

the right - hand side which momentarily disconnects the main charging cur

rent . Should the tail lamp o u t go , a small lamp lights up behind the red w On windo , the left hand th e b side of oard , thereby

acti ng as . a tell tale with Fig 59 o u t the necessity of carry o f f ing a double quantity spare bulbs . A plug o r i s r o inspection lamp p ovided , als a fuse to protect

the battery . The standard type dynamo g i v es an output of 6 amperes at 1 2 volts R P M at W and

2 . weighs 5 lbs , the switchboard weighing The 3& lbs . battery usually supplied has a capacity o f 3 3 a mpere 1 2 a n d hours at volts , is put up in a neat teak case for ﬁxing on the 6 0 Fig . . running board o f the car ; ‘ o f su lied w ith a very neat set lamps is also pp this set . — L eitner . The L e . 60 eitn r dynamo (Figs 59 , ) was " o ne o f the ﬁrst machines to “ b e su ccessfu lly used o n cars and is simply an ordina ry shunt wound dynamo

r r with an additional subsidia y brush o brushes . ELECTRO - MAGNETI CALLY GOVERNED SYSTEM 51

T he following description applies to a 4 - brush — 6 1 e m achine N and s ( Fig . ) represent the two pol s C C the b a re piece and and , two main rushes which connected to the main circuit through the auto switch

t - u The C o r cu t o t. shunt windings , have one of their

6 1 . Fig .

n r e ds connected to these b ushes , the other ends being C h D D W . onnected it the subsidiary brushes and , If the direction o f rotation be counter - Clockwise there will be a difference of pressure between the D D thIS . and will aid the rapid o f N Bu t excitation the poles and S. as the current o u t C C on load ﬂows of the armature through and ,

D 2 ~ 52 DYNAMO . LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS the armature magnetisation distorts the field magnet ism in the direction of rotation and in conseq u ence the voltage between the subsidiary brushes is fi rst S T lowered and then reversed in ign . his voltage , which increases with speed and load , opposes that of the field , so that the latter is weakened in proportion EM F by counter . The machine itself is strongly constructed and well enclosed , the armature runs on ball bearings and gives its rated output at revolutions in the small size and th at in e large , the machine being wound to give

F i . 6 . 6 2 . Fig . g 3

1 2 W 6 0 1 . 1 20 volts . eights of machines , watts 7 lbs ,

— The - 6 2 watts 1 9 5lbs . auto switch or cut out ( Fig ) is of the electro - magnetic type already described and is generally ﬁxed within the switchboard (Fig . This latter is of the sloping desk variety and contains a w volt and ammeters , also progressive s itch or “ ” combinator by which various selections of lamps

and cha rging may be obtained . These are a s follows DAY RUNNING

— n i Off Dy na mo runni g l ght . — ha r e n r - r rs o r fu c a r e e en in o n e C g 0 . Th ee q ua te ll h g (d p d g ty p 3

I sel ected) .

' 54 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

If all four are at the top the acid is too strong , and T water should be added . hree beads indicate the t cell is fully charged , two beads that the cell is abou

- - two thirds charged one bead one third charged , and no beads ﬂoat i ng Indicates that the battery is p ra cti The s cally fully discharged . capacity of the batterie varies from 20 to 55 ampere hours depending o n

8 Fig . 6 . how much night running is anticipated in relation to the day charging .

. 66 6 S F igs , 7 how the general appearance of the lamps usually employed with this set , also a section ELECTRO - MAGNETICALLY GOVERNED SYSTEM 55 o f t h e h e ad 6 8 lamp ( Fig. ) showing the s c i e n t i fi c a l l y designed para b olic reﬂector. AS in some early patterns the la mp holders

are non - focus

sing , the bulbs supplied by the makers Should be used in o rder to get the fila ment in the exact focus . 6 Fig . 9 shows the output curve characteristic of one of the stan dard machines . The steadiness of the output will be noticed , also the early cutting in speed . The wiring of this system i s g e n e ral l y carried o u t in flexible metal - M N - O m ' fl La n d Q OO F to d N lic tubing with F 9 1 7 04 special bushes fitted at the ends and j unctions to prevent fraying of the conductors . C H A PTER V II

EL ECTRO MAGNETICAL L Y CONTROL L ED SYSTEM

M i ia n —The M a g c . agician dynamo , while giving a

large output , achieves its end in a very ingenious way . 0 The wh ole body of the dynamo (Fig . 7 ) is pivoted

concentrically with the spindle , thereby allowing it

Fi 0 g . 7 .

to swing through an a rC ' w hich is lim ited by The stops . dynamo is normally kept i n position

against one stop when at rest by a spring , but as soon as the armature commences to rotate and in g enerate , the carcass begins to follow the same ELECTRO - MAGNETI CALLY CON TROLLED SYSTEM 57

d Th irection till it meets the further stop . e main brushes are mounted o n the swinging carcass a nd C the ollect the current in usual way , but a third ﬁxed

brush is connected to the ﬁeld winding , so that when the speed is lo w (bei ng in the maximum position) it e nergises the ﬁelds strongly , but as the speed increases a nd n the carcass begins to tur , the brush gradually

F i 1 . g . 7

r eaches a more and more inefﬁcient collecting spot , the reby weakening the ﬁeld and keeping the output constant . The turning of the carcass is furthermore uti lised 8 to effect the cutting in and out ( 7 , , 9 ,

F ig . 58 DYNAMO LIGHTI NG FOR MOTOR CARS

T - 2 0 s he 1 . automatic cut out switch , Fig 7 , thu

u 80 0 . e r act ated , closes the circuit at about revs p

minute .

S a - c u u e hould short circuit o c r , the r sh of curr nt

. u s rocks the ﬁeld . magnets over , and the dynamo c t

- IS out and cuts in until the short circuit rectiﬁed ,

FI EL D WINDING

F i . 2 g 7 .

ﬁ . making a suf cient noise in the process. to attr ’ the driver s attention . Another advantage is that the direction of rotatio n

‘ may be altered by moving the excitation brush , a different brush cover obtainable from the makers bei ng all that is necessary . S S 59 ELECTROM AGNETICALLY CONTROLLED Y TEM 6 0 C S . DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR AR

The ebonite brush cover is a special feature ; a ll wire connections except the excitation carbon are c 1 ontained in this cover . Fig . 7 shows the brushes

being taken out .

2 Wi rIn The o r Fig . 7 shows the g system . ﬁeld E excitation terminal is here shown , and may be seen

' It w ith a t . 0 Fig 7 , which connects the excita

Fi . g . 7 4

‘ t 1 I Thi b r hf is r a n d . s us a usta ble ion brush , car ied on j b racket ; by moving this bracket the output of the d ynamo can be varied to any value between 8 and 20 a mperes .

The 1 80 1 2 output is watts at volts , which is

6 2 DYNAMO L IGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

The only feature of importance is the do uble

w . e indings on the ﬁ ld , which are somewhat like

' those u sed o n a compound - . machine but act i ng In The first e . the . opposite sens winding is the usual shunt winding connected over the brushes a nd The e nergising the field in the usual way . second w o f fe inding consists a w turns of coarse wire , but wound to energise the field in the opposite way to h In s unt , ‘ and connected series with the battery The o f and main circuit . action this arrangement is as follows : At low speeds the shunt coil begins to magnetise the fields , and a current is generated in T the . armature his current is at first , owing to the the a i low speed of rmature , qu te feeble , and the magnetism due to the shunt coil will mount with S f the I o . W ncreasing peed the dynamo hen , however , the h speed of the mac ine rises , and therefore the strength o f the current begins to approach the point a t which it might be "injuri ous to the battery and i lamps , the current in the ser es coil will be found strong enough to excite a co u nteracting influence on the shunt coil , and any further increase of speed will be neutralised by the current flowing round the main or series coil , which , as we have said , acts in opposition

r - u to the shunt o building p coils . In this way a very simple and efﬁcient machine has been constructed giving an excellent output curve

( Fig . s F ig . 7 7 show a section of this machine and g i ves

/ details o f the working parts . It will be no ticed tha t these are of the smallest number to give efﬁcien t

. working. and are generously proportioned ELECTRO ~ MAGNETI CALLY CONTROLLED SYSTEM 6 3 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

8 a Fig . 7 shows one of these machines installed on

chassis and driven from the ﬂywheel .

— F a es G G u ri a t rs R EF ERENCE A A S a t : n ca rca ss ; C co mm u ta tor ; E ock nut ; c ; , , c o , , h f , , , l , bl l b ;

i n ver 1 a rma tu re K u e ke R R a ea rin s. 11 H ins ect o co ; ; , , , , p , , p ll y y b ll b g F ig . 7 7 .

1 8 . F g . 7

The output given by these machines is consider o f 2 1 2 able , that the large type being 5 amperes at 0 volts or 3 0 watts . ELECTRO - MAGNETI CALLY CONTROLLED SYSTEM 6 5

In order to prevent the current running back from n i the battery to the dynamo whe the eng ne is stopped ,

Fi g . 7 9 .

a cut - ou t of the usual electro - magnetic type is inter Fi posed ( . being usually ﬁxed to the dashboard ,

Fi . 80 g .

‘ or where its satisfactory operation can from time

to time be observed . Owing to the large output of this machine the E 6 6 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS make rs prefer to supply their own special accumulator T 0 ( Fig . his should be of at least 4 ampere hours 1 2 The capacity at volts . cells are of celluloid put up in a polished Case with outside terminals plainly N 0 w h marked . standard s itchboard is issued with t is set , the various ammeters , voltmeters , and switches being mounted in accordance with the require ments o f each car . The switch controlling the lamps is progressive in a ction , the sequence of lighting being as follows

Fi 8 1 . g .

— o n First stop Side a nd tail . — S . econd stop H ead , side , and tail on — Third stop H ead only . — o ff Fourth stop All .

A separate switch controls the dynamo circu it . 8 1 8 2 S and Figs . , how the head side lamps supplied with this set , the reﬂectors being parabolic and con o f n structed silver rolled o copper .

P lk - rr — The o ey "a o tt. method of maximum con

lk - 8 trol of the Po ey "arrot t dynamo ( Fig . 3 ) is very similar to that of the l a st descri bed m a chine p z n that it ha s a differentially w ou nd series coil in opposition to the mai n ﬁeld for lim i t i ng the maximum output S S 6 7 ELECTRO - MAGNETI CALLY CONTROLLED Y TEM

1 2 - The dynamo itself is designed to charge a volt

8 . Fig . 3

8 . Fig . 4

n - 6 , 7 4 , b attery , at 5 amperes givi g actual candle power

f 2 e - o 4 l p , that is , two head lamps cand ower two side

E 2 6 8 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTO R CARS“

6 — r lamps of candle power in se ies , also the tail and

r inspection lamp in se ies . The dynamo is very substantially constructed , run s

Fi g . 85.

n r on ball beari gs , and has a heavily constructed coppe

commutator , each of the three brushes being divided

Fi 86 g .

tw o r T into parts having ci cular brushes . w o of these

‘ are the th r x brushes usual main collectors , e thi d oa rries u r l ' c rent to the ﬁeld regu ating coil i . n

7 0 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

8 Fig . 5 shows the switchboard , which is ﬁtted with an ammeter and four switches controlling respectively

Fi 8 . g . 8

S in the charging head lamps (in parallel) , ide lamps ( series) , and the tail lamp . The battery with connecting plug at the side is

8 . Fig . 9

The 86 . shown in Fig . cells have a capacity of 55

ampere hours at 1 2 volts. The res ec head , side , and tail lamps are shown p

8 8 8 . tiv el . 8 u y in Figs 7 , , 9 A novelty in their man facture is the abolition o f hinges and ca tches the fronts ELECTRO - MAGNETI CALLY CONTROLLED SYSTEM 7 1

of the lamp ﬁttings are like the face of a watch , thereby giving a very clean ﬁnish , and rendering the lamps

water and dust proof. R A T . . C his set has gained an excellent C. ertiﬁcate fo r m iles running with all lamps on , night running

only being allowed .

— F a cile The Facile dynamo ( Fig . 90 ) is a The machine of strong and simple construction . dynamo itself is an ordinary shunt wound machine o n totally enclosed , the armature runs ball bearings and is ﬁtted with a rna ssiv e commutator from which

F i . 0 . Fi 1 . g 9 g . 9

the current is collected by spring loaded carbon

bru shes . The dynamo is connected to the controller ( Fig . 1 9 ) by three wires , the two main leads and the shunt Th lead respectively . e controller consists of the

- - usual electro magnetic cut out , with the addition of a u f rther contact , the use of which is to cut a resistance n into the s hu t circuit , and thereby weaken it on the o f speed the dynamo becoming excessive . The series of ope rations will therefore be as follows : When the dynamo generates sufﬁcient voltage to begin charging

- o ut the battery , the cut armature is attracted and closes the circuit ; this should occur at a car speed of 1 2 Th about miles an hour . e output will now rise till

the armatu re o f the cut - out is further attracted by the 7 2 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS magnet and an additional resistance is interposed in

the shunt circuit , thereby weakening the ﬁeld so that any further speeds u p to say 55 miles an hour will not

“ r r damage the accumulato s o lamps . The current from the controller is taken to the

battery , thence to the switchboard ( Fig . from

which it is distributed to the lamps in the usu al way .

F 2 i . . Fi g 9 g . 93 .

The head lamp usually supplied with this set is shown in Fig . 9 3 . The size of accumulator recommended fo r use with

6 0 - 8 Th this set is a ampere hour battery at volts . e weight of an 8 - volt dynamo giving 8 amperes is

4 5 lbs . , extreme strength and simplicity being the main object . — The Bo sch The dynamo introduced by the well - known ﬁrm o f Robert Bosch follows in principle

- conventional lines , the great aim being to secure

The . constant output . machine , F ig 94 , is of the usual

- shunt wound type , the output being controlled by sw itchb x o . variable resistances located w. ithin the Shutters are provided at the end o f the machine to ELECTRO - VIAG NETICAL L Y CONTROLLED SYSTEM 7 3 inspect the commutator and to remove the brushes Th easily . e dynamo begins to generate its correct

f 0 R. P. M voltage ( 1 2 volts) at the low speed o 3 5 .

Fi . g 94 . Owing to the efﬁciency of the regulators provided the output of the generator is independent o f any

r aid the batteries , and these latte may be

F i . g . 9 5

disconnected , if so required , without in the least

endangering the bulbs . Th e r . o f n switchboa d , Fig 9 5, is metal , and contai s 7 4 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

b ut - not only the ﬁeld regulator also the cut out , which brings the battery into circuit when the correct pressure Th he is attained by the dynamo . e instrument at t top is a combined volt and ammeter . Tw o switch levers a re provided ; o ne connects the to battery direct the lamps , or puts the dynamo and battery together into action the second lever switches o n I 2 S ( ) the side and tail lamps , ( ) the head , ide , and o r The tail lamps , ( 3 ) the head and tail lamps only .

Fig 96 .

o f system wiring is very complete and thorough , employing a single insulated conductor with a braided

to 20 . earth return similar that described on pp . 1 and 3 . The 6 lamps , Fig . 9 , are of the usual parabolic d esign , with carefully curved reﬂectors which project .

the light ahead in an effective manner, yet without Th . e a nd dazzle lamps are quite water and dust tight ,

of handsome appearance . ELECTRO - MAGNETI CALLY CONTROLLED SYSTEM 7 5

The output of the dynamo itself is 1 0 0 watts at

1 2 . volts , at a normal rate of revolution

The Eisema nn . dynamo , Fig 9 7 , has several

v points of no elty in its construction , although machine itself is of standard design .

Fi 8 . g . 9

The body consists of an enclosed carcass with the

The upper pole only excited with a single winding .

. 8 armature , Fig 9 , is drum wound , easily demountable DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS brushes and holders collecting the current from the commutator .

Situated at the top of the machine (Fig . 9 9) are T the organs o f regulation . hese consist of three

- The electro magnets interconnected . ﬁrst magnet acts — as the o rdinary magnetic cut o u t ; the second breaks the circuit Should the current rate become excessive ; while the third breaks the circuit should the voltage

Fi g . 99 .

o f r The o f the cells rise above ce tain limits . output . t 1 80 o r 1 2 1 his model is watts , volts 5 amperes , cut ting in at 40 0 and attaining its maximum o R P M utput at . . . The system o f wiring is with armoured cable having a central line conductor , the return being

o r r by the armourin g ea th as described on p . 1 3 .

7 8 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

f The . 1 0 2 o switchboard , Fig , polished mahogany , is arranged for concentric wiring , with the tail and dashboard lights in series .

Fi 1 0 2 g . .

An armoured braided concentric cable is used the o u ter braiding taking the place o f a negative wire

(see p . C H A PTER V I I I

MECH AN ICAL L Y- CONTRO L L ED SYSTEM

L u ca S — The L . ucas dynamo is of notably simple con Th struction . e machine

. 1 0 1 0 itself ( Figs 3 , 4) is excited by a Single shunt

coil , this Coil being cut o f ”m am out action when the o ff dynamo is switched , thereby reducing fric 1 0 . Fig . 3

tion to the minimum .

A 1 6 - section drum wound armature rotates on ball bearings and is fur n ished with a very m a s s i v e c o pp e r commutator of con v entio na l design COMMUTATOR from which two BRUSHHOL DER stout Morgan i te AND BRUSHES brushes collect the Th c urrent . e main o l nt Of 1 11 p novelty END covea nsmovso 5 HOWING COMMUTATOR BRUSH G EAR th i s mach i ne IS the m eans adopted o f ensuring the limita tion of excess cur o h rent , which is FIXING SC REW ta ined by the use ENo covm Fi 1 0 of a slipping clutch g . 4 . v T placed inside the dri ing pulley . his clutch con 8 0 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS sists o f a ﬁb re - covered cone attached to the dynam o shaft but free to slide and pressed into contact with Of W the cone the pulley by a strong spring . ithin the clutch are four small balance weights which a ct

u l by centrif ga force , and tend to fo rce the clutch o u t o f engagement against

r the Sp ing . When the speed o f the dynamo is high enough , t h e s e w e i g h t s a c t i n g against the spring par tia ll y withdraw the clutch , allowing slipping to take i 1 0 . F g . 5 place , thereby limiting the output of the machine . The slipping point of the clutch (and therefore a pre determined output) can be arranged by an adj usting nut at the end o f the shaft which compresses or loosens the spring gove rn

1 0 6 . Fig .

The , is ing the slipping point at will . clutch itself

enclosed and kept lubricated with thin oil . The output o f the dynamo is 1 0 0 watts (weight

2 20 . 5 lbs . ) in the small size and 0 watts (weight 3 5 lbs ) 1 2 in the large , pressure volts . To break the circuit an ordinary electro - magnetic

cut - out is employed located within the MECHANI CALLY- CONTROLLED SYSTEM 8 1

1 0 5) which also carries an ammeter and voltmeter and switches controlling the charging , head , side , and tail

w - lamps , also a switch for orking the tell tale or pilot S bulb on the board itself. hould the tail lamp go out

- the tell tale bulb will light up , thereby indicating that

n The e - somethi g is wrong . t ll tale can also be worked

independently . S L 1 6 pecial ucas accumulators ( Fig . 0 ) are supplied

- of 50 - ampere hour capacity in acid proof wooden The boxes . elements in this battery are cylindrical s in shape , separated by porous pot

to eliminate short - circuiting and pre

vent buckling . 8 1 0 . 1 0 1 0 F igs 7 , , 9 show the set

o f lamps . A point about the head lamps worth noticing is that the back of the projector (which is of the parabolic type) is detachable together with the h bulb and holder , so t at the whole outﬁt is readily

inspected without opening the front of the lamp , an operation always liable to allow the ingress o f mud

or dust .

P a nd R dfo rd —The Pete R eto a . and adford

dynamo is of the totally enclosed four - pole shunt 8 2 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTO R CARS

W to ound type , with a centrifugal slipping pulley prevent excess speeds ( Fig . An aluminium casing at one end admits of ready

access to the brush gear, which is simple and sub

sta nti a l .

The armature , which is tunnel wound , runs on ball bearings .

Fi 1 1 1 . g .

The S dynamo is supplied in three izes , giving 0 1 0 2 0 l 9 , 5 , and 5 watts respective y and wound for

1 2 volts . The 8 x 6 x 6 small set which measures , weighs

2 1 lb s - , and the large , which is a four pole machine , x x measures 9 7 5. VIECH ANICAL L Y- CONTROLLED SYSTEM 8 3

The maximum output o f the dynamo is controlled

o f r by two types gove ned pulleys , one of which is

‘ 1 Th . 1 1 e shown ( Figs , . mechanism is arranged

Fi 1 1 2 g . . o n one side of the pulley F and consists of two D D K L weights , acting through toggle levers and T which work against the action of a spring ". his

Fi 1 1 g . 3 . rspira l spring presses the friction plates M sliding o n : the shaft A against the cheeks of the pulley a n itself and its tension , d therefore the governing

F 2 8 4 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

speed can be varied by means of an adj ustable H The collar . pulley itself runs on a ball race E B G kept in place by a collar . is a detachable dust

cover . o f 8 P R. 0 M . At speeds or 5 , . for the

to respective dynamos , the governor weights begin compress the spring and allow slipping to take place u between the friction disc and the pulley , th s limiting

the output of the dynamo .

A cut - in and cut - out of the ordinary electro - magnetic type is employed to prevent the cur rent from the battery ﬂowing

into the dynamo when at rest , 1 1 Fig . 3 , which also shows a distribution box combined with the cut - out and with fuses in

series with each circuit , thereby

locating any short - circuit which might occur more easily than with the more usual single main

fuse .

1 1 de "a x e Fi . 1 1 . Fig . 4 shows the g 4 switchboard supplied with set . It has a separate ammeter and voltmeter with an illuminating bulb wired in series with the tail lamp for reading the dials at night . Separate switches con trol the two head , side , and tail lamps independently , and another switch is supplied to control the battery Pin ignition . plugs are provided for the installation O of inspection lamps , etc . ther types are supplied . The batteries recommended for use should hav e 2 0 1 2 a capacity of 4 to 5 ampere hours at volts ,

1 1 s according to the system chosen . Fig . 5 show the battery complete in its tray ready for lifting out of

i . 1 1 6 s the polished wood case for nspection . Fig show

8 6 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

— E B T - C. . . his dynamo is of the shunt wound I drum totally enclosed type . rregular speed is counter

= acted by the armature being driven through a . cone

- slipping clutch , actuated by a centrifugal four arm governor which exerts an axial pressure over the inside face o f the clutch ; the governor is arranged to control the armature speed at but by means of an accessible ring bolt this action can be

' o f altered and the amperage varied , thus any number

F i . 1 1 g 7 .

candle - power lamps may be used without under a In 1 1 . or over lo ding . Fig . 7 shows the various parts

- ou t - place of a cut there is a free wheel clutch , and the dynamo is permanently connected to the accumula the tors as long as switch is o n . Should the switch be o n left whilst the car is at rest , the accumulators run T no the dynamo as a motor . here is thus danger of

- the armature short circuiting the batteries , but the

- no t - W ve switch should be left on , and the free heel g i s

a clicking noise as a warning . MECHANI CALLY - CONTROL L EI) SYSTEM 8 7

N I The o . dynamo is supplied in three sizes , having

- a n 80 8 . watt output , and wound for volts 44 amperes

- 8 N . 2 l o . o is a 3 watt dynamo , volts 55 amperes

- No 20 fo r . . 3 is a 0 watt equipment large vehicles The commutators are of hard drawn Copper , insulated

- o f with mica ; the brush holders , box type , contain square brushes and ample section .

Fi . 1 1 g 8 .

1 1 8 shows the switchboard , which is provided with volt and ammeter , and switches for the control of each circuit it is of p o lished rosewood with hinged metal front . The accumulators are constructed to withstand a nd discha r in The heavy charging g g . positive plates P e are of the improved lant form , in celluloid cells , the whole bein g ﬁtted int o teak boxes . C H A PTER IX

H OT W I RE CON TRO L L ED SYSTEMS — L itha no d e The standard voltage adopted for use L 1 1 with the ithanode dynamo (Fig . 9 ) is 4 volts , it being claimed that this voltage is quite sufﬁcient with properly designed lamps and bulbs , with the additional advantages that the ﬁlaments of the l amp are stronger and last longer, the set is easier to instal , and that a 4 - volt battery is easily obtainable anywhe re in the

Fi . 1 1 g 9 .

i event o f the cells b rea king dow n ; short - circuiting is

Bu t - r also greatly minimised . as a higher candle powe 8 1 2 is frequently called for , and volt dynamos are also supplied these work o n exactly the same principle as

- the 4 volt set described . The o f dynamo itself is very simple construction , consisting of an ordinary shunt wound machine with

a - ou t the ddition of a simple centrifugal cut , noticeable

T - on the left hand o f the machine . his cut out consists o f simply two arms carrying circular weights , kept in 1 2 0 the normal position by two springs ( Fig . ) when at W rest, thereby opening the circuit . hen the dynamo P attains sufﬁcient speed to generate (about R. . HOT WIRE CONTROLLED SYSTEMS 8 9 the o u t weights ﬂy and two levers are pressed under. the 1 2 1 live contact spring ( Fig . ) so that the circuit is closed .

Fi . 1 20 . Fi 1 2 1 g g . .

The weights themselves also complete the contact in pressing against the brackets . The two levers and the

1 2 2 Fig . .

c ontact spring form a rubbing contact , which keeps clean e r In ven in the event of any spa king taking place . order to p revent abno rmal currents being generated at high

speeds , the current is led through a nickel

wire resistance ( Fig . The resistance of nickel wire rises pro portionally to the heat ing effect due to the

current , so that when a certain predetermined current (in this case Fi 1 2 . g . 3 about 1 0 amperes) is ho t p assing, the wire gets and the consequent resist ance is sufﬁcient to choke back any further rise in

c u rrent that would otherwise take place . 9 0 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

The heat engendered in the wire is never sufﬁcient e to cause danger from burning , and the whole wir An frame is enclosed in a perforated metal cover . incidental use for the resistance is to employ it as a

Fi 1 2 F i . 1 2 g . 4. g 5.

a carriage warmer in cold weather , and by ﬁtting second resistance outside the car and operating a

- . ca n two way switch , the resistance heater in the car

Fi 1 2 1 6 . . Fi . 2 g . g 7

ca r be thrown out of action , the one outside the

coming into action in warm weather . The 1 2 switchboard ( Fig . 3 ) for this set comprises an

ammeter and voltmeter , also ﬁve switches controlling tw o the head , two side , and tail lamps individually . H OT WIRE CONTROLLED SYSTEMS 9 1

- The L . 1 2 4 volt ithanode battery is shown in F ig 4 , 1 2 and the set of head , side , and tail lamps in F igs . 5,

F o r use in foggy weather , the makers supply an

amber - coloured bulb which improves the light when T to driving through fog . his saves any alteration no t the lamps , as when the fog bulbs are required

the ordinary clear bulbs can be replaced . It should be remarked that as the voltage used in

i 1 28 . F g .

this set is lo w in order to avoid resistance and con

In a re sequent drop voltage , special heavy conductors supplied by the mak e rs and these should be always

used to Obtain satisfactory results .

— h 1 2 Rushmore T e . 8 b dynamo (Fig ) supplied . y Messrs Rushmore depends upon the action o f a hot

wire similarly to the last machine described , but the

application is somewhat different . The dynamo itself follows standard lines except that it has a compound or differential coil (bucking coil) u superimposed pon the ordinary shunt w inding ( Fig . 9 2 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

The iron wire resistance or ballast coil (which is wound on an asbestos spool) carrying the main current has both the terminals o f the shunt and differential coils The connected to its far end . action is therefore as follows : At low and moderately low speeds the shunt winding is in action and the differential coil , being small , has practically no effect , therefore a moderate current is passed , sufﬁcient to keep the

a o f . ccumulators in a proper state charge As soon , however , as the speed increases , the current tends to r ise , and passing through the L AMPS ballast coil , heats it and there fore throws a resistance in circuit . The effect o f this is not only to choke the main current but to d rive current through the hitherto e" “w almost inoperative differential coil iii? which no w begins to act in o p to S position the main hunt , there by weakening the main current o f and setting up a state balance . i 1 S th F g . 30 hows very well e

Fi 1 2 sudden rise in resistance which g . 9, sets in with heating at a certain o f A a p oint iron wire as compared with , say , german B silver resistance . By making the ballast coil weaken the magnetic

ﬁeld through the differential winding , considerable energy is saved in driving the dynamo , which , were the ballast coil used as a choking resistance alone , Th would be rather wasteful . e dynamo begins to

R P. M generate current at about 2 0 0 . and gives its full output 1 4 amperes at 60 0 the voltage 6 supplied being % volts . The dynamo in appearance is a simple two - pole e nclosed type with steel poles , the tips being combed

9 4 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CAR S circulating through the cells which tends to keep

rs - t hem in ﬁ t class condition . A simple magnetic

1 Fi 1 2 Fi . . g . 3 . g 33

- u t . I c u t o (Fig placed above the dynamo , interposed to break the circuit when the mach i ne 15

Fi 1 g . 34 .

Tw o o e o n a t rest . plain switches are pr vid d the

: o ne a nd : switchboard controls the side tail lamps , the other the head lamps , at the same time paralleling HOT WI RE CONTROLLED SYSTEM S 95

the ballast coil with the differential winding , and a utomatically increasing the dynamo output to meet

the increased curren t used by the head lamps . 1 2 1 d S Figs . 3 , 3 3 , 3 4 show the hea , ide , and Th tail lamps respectively . e reﬂectors are of coppe r s r The uitably silvered and of pa abolic design . bulbs o f the side lamps are a little out of focus so as to

throw a scattered ray . The 1 weight of the small dynamo , giving 5

6 1 r a 2 . mperes at 2 volts , is 3 lbs , and the la ge size , 2 r g iving 5 ampe es at the same voltage , is 3 5 lbs . G EN ERAL L Y speaking the makers of lighting sets a re content Wi th supplying the outﬁt complete with the

F i . 1 g 3 5.

, , head side and tail lamps , leaving the accessories to ’ the customer s choice , and we here propose to draw

Fi 1 6 . g . 3

’ ' the reader s attention to a few of the more useful ﬁ m n t e ts.

1 A steering colum n lamp ( Fig . 3 5) is very useful to read the various dials o f the voltmeter and oil and

98 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS Cigar lighters are best avoided if the purchaser can

bring himself to do without this luxury , as they always burn out quickly , and take a considerable amount of current , besides which they will not lig ht a pipe satisfactorily .

a sine u a non A good horn is q , and any of the better class types on the market may b e depended on S to give atisfaction . A word may be said here r e the wiring of interior b b lamps y coach uilders , as they should be carefully d I l watche in this respect . nsist on proper cab es being installed under the upholstery and not bell wire which the maj ority of carriage builders seem to think

Fi 1 0 . g . 4

sufﬁcient , the efﬁcient wiring of a car being with them f quite subservient to the effects o brocade and varnish . Shoddy bell wire and poor electrical connections have

been the making of many nasty ﬁres . All wires from the bodywork should be brought to a terminal board so that if the body is removed it will

not be necessary to rewire the carriage work .

r s —The Sp a e . following spare parts should always be carried L 1 . . ength of fuse wire

2 . Spare brushes .

S t . 3 . e of bulbs

B - k . o ne 4 elt and half lin for Vee belts .

- t . Cu t o u 5 contacts (if electrical) . C H A PTER X I

U P K EEP AN D MAI NTENAN CE

IT should be fully realised that all dynamo lighting sets require attention in the same way as acetylene

the . v a rio u s or oil , and that components of the set should from time to time be examined to see that

they are in order .

in S — Bea r . g First , with regard to the dynamo , the bearings must occasionally be oiled or greased in

accordance with the instructions issued with the set . “ ” The V driving belt , whether ﬂat or shaped , should

be cleaned and tightened if necessary , as a slipping

belt is often a cause of diminished output .

The Co mm uta tor . brushes and com mutator Should be exam ined to see they are not wearing

unduly , and any carbon dust must be cleaned out of

the com mutator cover . Com mutators should be kept clean and bright with a little ﬁne glass paper , but beyond this the armature had best be return ed to the u makers to be tr ed up ; this , however , should be

rarely necessary .

— Co nta cts Where the cut - out is embodied in

the machine itself, the contact points should receive attention in case any burning of the contact surface

If - has taken place . the cut out is electrical , the con tact points should be examined to see they are clean 1 0 0 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

and unburned , and that the armature moves freely . Contacts that have become burned o r worn should e be touched up with a ﬁne ﬁle or mery paper , care to being taken not alter the adj ustment , and to see If that the contact points or brushes meet squarel y .

the cut - o u t is of the free - wheel type see that it works

freely and that the lubrication is not too thick , thereby using more current than is necessary to make the

dynamo motorise .

B ri s —B a tte e . atteries should receive weekly ex amination , care being taken to ascertain that all connections are sound , and all terminals free from corrosion . A little vaseline should occasionally be applied to the terminals . See that the tops Of the cells are free from acid which may have been thrown off as spray from prolonged charging , and see that the acid is well E o f over the tops of the plates . xamine the bottom the containers for any Sludge that may have been thrown down and which is likely in abnormal quantities to short - circuit the plates or at least to cause leak age f o current . See that the cells are tightly wedged in their box so that they cannot shake about and break their M connections . ake sure the screws holding down the no S box (if any) are t loose . ometimes in coming unscrewed the heads work their way through the f bottom o the celluloid cases .

' the rO e r After cleaning the battery , make sure p p leads are replaced positive or red to the or red terminal and negative or black to the o r black — terminal this is most important : failure in this matter will in many cases burn out the whole outﬁt . If the car is laid up for any considerable period for

. m repairs , etc , the cells ust be removed about once a

1 0 2 YN O L IG H TING C S D AM T FOR MOTOR AR

31 ﬂ0 r Th po celaind i sc for some little distance . e same applies to the other end o f the lamp lead where it enters the pin plug if these are used .

— o f neces Sw itchb oa rd s. l n the event it being sary to dismount the switchboard , be careful to note a nd to mark the leads belonging the various terminals , so that when replacing them no mistakes shall be In made . the event of the ammeter or voltmeter S u sticking , the instruments hould be ret rned to the makers as they are much too delicate to be tampered n with by anyone o t used to their manufacture . In o f the event the fuse blowing , be careful to replace with a piece of the correct fuse wire , and not with a hairpin o r other unsuitable wire . B n efore replaci g the fuse , the cause (if not temporary) o f the short - circuit should be ascertained and the defect remedied .

Sea rching for F a ults — Following is a table of likely defects and ho w to proceed to remedy them . Remember in searchi ng for faults to try o ne thing at to a time , otherwise it will be difﬁcult say what was tw o the defect , if parts of the system are interfered h with at t e same time .

1 . P . All lights go out suddenly robable cause , a é e ( ) fuse blown , ( ) battery connection broken , ( ) battery lug broken . 2 o r o ne o f . Fuse blows lamps go dull when set

S - r lamps are switched on . hort circuit in ei the the wiring , ﬂexible leads , or the bulb itself.

3 . L amps grow dimmer even when engine is

a P o n turning fast . ( ) ulley slipping engine shaft , ’ b e a - o u t no t ( ) belt slipping , ( ) dynamo defective , ( ) cut

w n e . orki g , ( ) broken connection Ascertain that the driving pulley is really quite U PK EEP AND MAINTENAN CE 1 0 3

firm on shaft ; sometimes a pulley seemingly fixed will give when under load owing to engine vibration . See that the belt is sufficiently tight ; if it is Slipping

the ammeter needle will generally oscillate violently . E xamine dynamo and see that all appears in order, that brushes are bearing ﬁrmly on the com . , and that

- M the cut out is really making contact . ake sure there is no break in the conductor between the dynamo and switchboard or between the board and

the battery . S No D . 4 . ynamo fails to generate ame as

(f ) broken ﬁeld coil connections . L 5. amps will not light from the battery but light B very brightly from the dynamo . (a ) roken wire to é from the battery switchboard , ( ) battery fuse 5 blown , ( ) lug or connection broken in the battery ’

a . itself, ( ) one or more cells empty of acid L 6 . amps grow dimmer when dynamo is rotated at

- in a cutting speed , ( ) broken ﬁeld connection whereby

armature only short - circuits the cells when cut - in

6 . works , ( ) battery reversed

— G enera l Instructio ns In the event of anything

going wrong , always see what is the matter at once ,

otherwise extensive damage may be done .

Short - circuits are generally easy to locate by

switching on one circuit at a time , ﬁrst the side , then B the head , and then the tail lamp circuits . efore jumping to a conclusion try the bulbs in a differen t — holder which you know to be in good order it may

be that the bulb has only burnt out . A very trouble

some short - circuit is caused by the earthing of one T only of the conductors in each of two leads . hus the negative wire of the head lamps may be earthed by

chaﬁng or other cause , and yet will not show it , as the

current has nowhere to ﬂow to , having reached earth . 1 9 4 DYNAMO LIGHTING FOR MOTOR CARS

The o f same may apply to the positive lead , say , the side lamps which will burn quite well as long as they t only are aligh , but the instant the head and side o n e lamps are switched together , the positiv and negative leaks close the circuit through the earth o r

- frame and short circuit the battery , thereby blowing In the fuse . this event there is nothing to be done but carefully examine the wiring o f both doubtful to circuits , and if nothing can be found , completely

rewire both , this is often the quickest in the end .

If fo r your lights go out , a simple way of testing o r to the fuse , partial battery discharge , is read the o r voltmeter, to blow the electric horn if one is ﬁtted to the car , as these ﬁttings are generally connected before the fuse . Where a dual ignition system is connected to your batteries particular care should be taken to look o ut fo r s shorts , as the in ulation on coils and the like is generally not up to the standa rd required by lighting P n equipment . rolonged ru ning o n the dual system (generally 4 volts) should be avoided as it tends to r u n o f down two cells unduly , thereby leaving the rest the battery in a higher state o f charge than the cells

T - used . his also applies to 4 volt horns used on an 8

' In i o r 1 2 volt battery . this event t is wise to occa sio na lly change the cells over so that all shall get an even discharge . S o f ometimes it will be found , owing to absence o r adjustment spares , that the belt cannot be tightened . A plan to get you home is to sprinkle the belt with ’ T fuller s earth o r powdered resin . his should only be done as a last resource , and the resin should be o ff scraped as soon as possible , as it tends to harden B o the belt . elts sh uld be occasionally dressed with castor or collon o il to keep them supple and to exclude If d c di i n . o o o n t o moisture the belt is not in g , the

D EX

T RS 2 1 0 0 na mos con tinued ACCUMULA O , , Dy ( ) ci 1 0 1 8 6 A d , rma ture 2 Eisemann A , , 7 5 aci e 1 F l , 7 TT R 2 1 0 0 ei ner 8 BA E Y , , L t , 5 earin s it ano e 8 8 B g , 99 L h d , e s u cas B lt , 9 L , 7 9 erio na mo 6 1 a icia n 6 Bl t dy , M g , 5 o sc nam o 2 ira 2 6 B h dy , 7 M , Bro lt na m o 8 Pa e dy , 4 p , 7 7 rus es 2 Perfec B h , t, 3 7 u s Pe o a fo r 8 1 B lb , 5 t R d d , Polke —arro 66 y " tt, V R a . D t x C A. . 0 o ei ner 0 YNAMO , 4 (L t ), 5 Ce s 2 1 0 0 u s m ore 1 ll , , R h , 9 if a en r M . C u o vernor 2 . t g l g , 5 T , 3 7 C utc S i in 2 1 l h ( l pp g) , Co mmu a o rs 2 t t , , 99 B D B C. M 8 6 YNA O , Co m ou n co i 2 2 6 2 p , , d l ar 1 E th , 7 Co n uc o rs 1 8 6 , , 4 d t Eisemann namo dy , 7 5 Co n a cts t , 99

Cut- o u s 2 2 t , 3 , 4 D 1 FACILE YNAMO , 7 au s 1 0 2 S M S R S 20 F lt , DA H LA P IN E IE , ie m a ne s 2 ifferen ia win in 2 2 F ld g t , D t l d g,

- it in ou e in su a e wirin s s em F t g, 7 D bl l t d g y t , a e 1 6 Fl t b lt, 9 exi e ea s 1 rives for na mo Fl bl l d , 7 D dy , 9 Fo u s 1 Ducellier na mo g b lb , 9 dy , 3 3 Dynam os riction rive erio 6 1 F d , 9 Bl t, FU SG S 8 1 0 2 o sc 2 , 4 , B h , 7 Brolt 8 , 4 TV C ) 4 0 H OT W R R S STA C S 2 8 A I E E I N E , 3 , 9 , Ducellier , 3 3 9 2 INDEx m 7

A. . RT F T 1 1 STR T S 1 0 R. C S 4 IN UC ION , 3 CE I ICA E , 3 , 7 , 7 n su a ion 1 1 0 1 eac io n arma u re 2 2 I l t , 7 , R t ( t ) , Rota x na m o 0 dy , 5 us m o re na mo 1 M S R h dy , 9 LA P , 4 ei ner namo 0 L t dy , 5 i ano e na mo 8 8 S RT- R TS 1 0 2 L th d dy , HO CI CUI , u ca s nam o Sin e - insu a e wirin s s em L dy , 7 9 gl l t d g y t ,

S a res 8 G D M 6 p , 9 MA ICIAN YNA O , 5 w i oa r 1 0 2 S c , - t hb d e rcu r cut o ut 2 M y , 5 ira na m o 2 6 M dy ,

1 D M 8 . T . M YNA O , 3 7 ai am in series 2 0 T T RV S 8 T l l p , OU PU CU E , 3 9, 4 3 , 4 , SS, 6 3

R B S E D 2 0 VA IA LE P E , V ee e P D M b lt, 9 APE YNA O , 7 7 Perfec na m o t dy , 3 7 Peto a fo r n a m o 8 1 R G 1 6 1 0 1 R d d dy , WI IN , , P u s 1 ia ra m s 1 8 1 2 0 l g , 7 d g , , 9 , ,

Polke - a rro na mo 6 6 2 8 2 8 L y " tt dy , , 3 1 3 4 7 3 , 4 Pu e s 1 0 ll y ,

P r i n ted a t TH E D ARIEN RESS Edin bu r h P , g

A V ERTI EME T D S N S. V ERTI EME TS 6 AD S N . THE PETO RADFORD EL ECTRIC L IG HTING SYSTEM T M BIL E AU O O S.

Th e M o to ri st se ekin g a sim pl e E t ri i i n syst e m o f l ec c L gh t g su it a bl e fo r th e co n ditio n s m et w i th o n a u to m o i e s s o u co n si er b l , h ld d t h e PE TO R A D F O R D p ro p o si

ti o n w i c i s e r sim e i n e e . . h h v y pl d d Th e D y n a m o i s o f t h e pl a in n t - w o u n t e w i o u a n s u y , t t y h d p h . co m plic a te d o pp o se d w in d i n gs o r e l e ct ri ca l d e vice s fo r Opp o sin g th e ff s f i n r e a se s e e ct o c d p e e d . Th e m a c i n e co n str u cte u o n h , d p w e - kn o w n rin ci e s ro i e s ll p pl , p v d fo r a m e o u t u t a t a m o era te pl p , d s ee a n d te m e ra tu re co m in e p d p , b d w i si e n e i n r u n n in t h l c g . Th e n ece s sit o f m a inta in in DYN AM O y g co n sta n t s e e i s ro i e fo r y h p d p v d d b t e u se o f a cl e ve rly d esig n e d ce n tri fu ga lly o e rn e u e m a n u a ctu r e u s a s e n in e ers g v d p ll y , f d b y g t o give n o tro u bl e a n d p e rfo rm its fu n ctio n s e r e t p f c l y .

Th e sim i cit o f th e s u n t - w o u n n a m o pl y h d dy , w e ll u n d e rs to o d by ev er y e n gin e e r o f th e p re se n t d a e im i n a te s ifficu tie s i n a n i n th e m a y , l d l h dl g c i n e s w i st th e e xtre m r w it w i e e r h , h l e ca e h h ch v y d eta il h a s b e e n ca r e fu ll y c o n si d e re d re n d e rs t his o u tfit th e M o to r C a r S st m r e x n y e p a cell e ce . T h e PE TO R A D F O R D Sy st e m h a s b e e n se l e cte d a n d u se d o n th e ca r s o f m a n y w e ll - kn o w n l e a d i n g . a u th o r itie s i n th e El e ct ri ca l a n d E n gi n e e ri n g W o r a s t e i r kno w e e h a s e n a e ld , h l dg bl d t e m to a r e cia te it s o i n t s a n d e fi i n h pp p f c e cy . Th e co m o n e n t a rt s su c a s sw itc o a r s p p , h hb d , sa e t u se s co n n e cti n u s fo r a m w ire s f y f , g pl g l p , m eth o d o f r u n n i n g th e w ire s a n d m a ki n g g o o d m e c a n ica co n n e cti o n s a t e er o in t a e e e n h l v y p , h v b w o rke d o u t w ith th a t th o r o u gh n e ss w hi ch i s e x p ecte d fro m e x p eri e n ce d El e ctri ca l En gin ee r s ’ SWITOH B OARD . o f 2 e a r s sta n i n 5 y d g . COM P T L E E OU TF ITS ,

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