JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS
ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 POWERING THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE WITH A DYNAMO USING WIND ENERGY
Mr. Kamalpreet Singh1, Dr. Harbinder Singh2, Dr. Harpal Singh3, Dr. Mohit Srivastava4
1Computer Science Engineering, Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran, Mohali, India. 2,3,4Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran, Mohali, India. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Received: 14 March 2020 Revised and Accepted: 8 July 2020
ABSTRACT: The main objective of this paper is to represent a method for powering the electric car with a dynamo using wind energy. We want to solve the major disadvantage faced by an electric vehicle that is the discharge of the battery in case there is no power source. In case there is no power station nearby then electric vehicle can’t reach its desired destination. To solve this problem dynamo can be used. Dynamo is a device that converts mechanical energy into electric energy. Hence by using this property of a dynamo, this problem can be solved. The description of this technique is placing a dynamo behind the radiator and fan in front of the radiator. A hole is created at the centre of the radiator to connect the dynamo with the fan using a shaft. Due to locomotion of a car fan will rotate and current will be produced with the help of a dynamo. This technique has one more benefit that is efficiency of heat dissipation from the radiator will increase with the help of a fan. Due to the repetition of this process, electric vehicles can cover longer distances.
KEY WORDS: Electric Vehicle, Wind Energy, Dynamo, Battery.
I. INTRODUCTION The topic of discussion is how to solve the problem faced by the entire population that is lack of natural resources. This world is moving forward by using advanced technologies. There are many developing and under developing countries competing with each other to bring recent innovations in the advancement of under developing countries [1]. There is a sudden growth in the production of electric cars. Tesla Model 3’s (221,274) sales, 2 BAIC EU-Series (82,000) and 3 BYD Yuan/S2 EV (64,000), and 4 Nissan LEAF (59,000) are other models to cross 50,000 sales [2]. Due to the rapid increase in population, stress on natural resources has been increased to a larger extent. Hence there is a sudden increase in the greenho use effect which had made the united nation Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to take strict action on over utilization of natural resources. They planned to reduce at least 50 % of global carbon dioxide emissions by 2050[3]. Nowadays, some individuals are showing great interest to protect environment and raise awareness to conserve natural resources for future generations (i.e. doing sustainable development). Electric vehicle generates fewer pollutants; hence they can rely on renewable resources. Despite there are many developments in battery technology but still long recharging time is considered barriers before buying an electric vehicle. There are some largest emitting countries: India (7%), United States (14%), European Union (30%) and china (29%) as shown in Figure 1. Therefore steps should be taken to slow down the increase in global Co2 emissions [4]. Usage of an electric vehicle is the best way to overcome this major problem faced by society. Decarbonization can also play an important role to reduce Co2 emissions. But, advancements in technology are required to reach this outcome. This problem is being faced by both developing and under-developing countries/regions. To reduce the Co2 emissions from internal combustion engines the government has approved many plans [5,6]. Electric vehicles are acquiring attention because of the reduction of Co2 emissions. The electric vehicle does not emit pollutants in the form of fuel vapors. Thus, it can be considered a zero-emission vehicle [7]. Not only Co2 emissions should be considered while purchasing an electric vehicle. The operational cost of a vehicle is the main factor to be considered while purchasing an electric vehicle. The aim of this article is to illustrate the use of energy due to the locomotion of the vehicle with the help of a fan connected with dynamo. With the help of this article, we want to recover all the environmental concerns related to our ecosystem.
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Fig. 1. Representation of Data for Largest Co2 Emitting Countries
A. Our Contributions To meet the requirements of recharging and to overcome the challenges, we develop this technique, a recharging platform to support electric and hybrid electric vehicle. This paper has been significantly extended from previous work [15], which discussed preliminary work and the technique aspect on distributed power management. The work for presents here represents latest results and development, and has a major new focus on the research and development aspects of recharging battery.
II. ABOUT THE INNOVATION This invention is related to electrically powered vehicles and particularly to fan connected with dynamo for enhancement of storage of electrical generator capacity. The craze of purchasing an electric vehicle is increasing day by day. This invention will be helpful for providing additional power to an electric vehicle to cover a Long-range of distance or to recharge reserve battery in emergency cases like discharge of the battery in case there is no nearby Gas station. A fan is installed in front of the radiator. The radiator is generally placed in the front of the vehicle. Then in next step fan is connected to a dynamo placed in the rear of the radiator. Fan is connected to the dynamo with the help of shaft. When air strikes or fall on the fan. Then fan will rotate and dynamo will generate electricity for recharging the vehicle’s battery. There is one more benefit of using this technique that is when vehicle came in position of rest then the vehicle could be parked in the direction of the wind at night or at any time for recharging the battery. When a vehicle is parked in the direction of wind then fan starts rotating and electricity is produced with the help of dynamo/generator which is further fed into a rechargeable battery by passing through the current amplifier [8]. To explain this invention in more refined way Figure2 is drawn.
Fig. 2. Front View of the invention
Now we will try to describe the figure one by one. Here, Figure 2 depicts the front side of the invention. A fan is placed in front of the radiator which will rotate when the vehicle will move at higher speed. Dynamo is connected with a fan through shaft to produce electricity to recharge the rechargeable battery. This invention is also helpful for the reduction of heat which is generated by the electric motor during performing operations. A fan which is placed in front of the radiator is sufficient to replace the usage of a radiator fan which is used in the recent electric vehicles. Due to high and efficient heat flow from the radiator with the help of the fan efficiency will increase to a great extent. With the help of Figure 2 we have defined all the procedures until the production of electricity by the dynamo. Now we will use a current amplifier to increase the amplitude of electric current generated before storing in the rechargeable battery. After storing current in the rechargeable battery we can use the stored current for further operations of an electric vehicle. Due to the lesser production of pollutants and high efficiency, this can
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attract the interest of customers who are willing to purchase an electric vehicle. The operational cost of a vehicle is the main factor to be considered while purchasing an electric vehicle. The operation cost of the vehicle will decrease to a greater extent. Thus, it can be considered a zero-emission vehicle. To show procedure of this invention flow chart of the invention is drawn in the Figure 3.
Fig. 3. Flow Chart
III. ASSETS OF PURCHASING AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE In gasoline-powered vehicles, temperatures inside the combustion chamber of an engine can reach 4,000 Fahrenheit. Big amount of energy in gasoline combustion chamber changes to heat rather than rotary power used for locomotion of vehicle or to perform different operations. Not only it wastes heat but also results in low fuel efficiency, hence these high temperatures themselves create a major problem. In the case of an electrically powered vehicle, electric motors do not waste lots of heat to make required torque for locomotion of vehicles. There are some heat losses but they can be neglected. In fact, electric cars are three to four times more efficient than gasoline cars. In the case of electric vehicle 80% of energy from a rechargeable battery reaches the wheels of an electric car. Therefore, electric vehicles are more efficient than gasoline powered vehicles. Due to the high efficiency of electric cars countries like Japan, Europe, the United States, Canada, and many other countries have proposed high interest in research and development of electric vehicles. There are some governments providing fewer tax incentives for consumers to buy an electric car. While discussing electric cars we should not forget a fact about Tesla Roadster, which proves it’s capability of accelerating from 0 to 60 miles per hour in less than 4 seconds. So, we can’t say electric vehicles are not powerful enough to perform daily operations. Electric vehicles can run over different renewable resources like solar energy and wind energy etc. There is one more advantage of electric cars over gasoline cars is that various power sources can be used for locomotion of an electric car. As the electric vehicle requires electricity to recharge the battery. Therefore, electricity can be generated with the help of hydro power-plant, thermal power-plant or solar power-plant which will make charging of electric vehicles highly dependent on renewable sources. We can’t say that electricity is cheap but in the case of cars, we can say it can be cheaper when compared to gasoline powered vehicles. Electric vehicles require 7-8 hours for a complete charge which will definitely affect the electricity bill but with the help of this invention which is discussed above would try to lower the overall electricity bill. This invention will be useful to increase the efficiency of an electric motor by providing better heat flow from the radiator used in the electric vehicle. In the upcoming 8-10 years, an electric vehicle will take place of gasoline-powered vehicles. Electric vehicles are simple to use, easy to maintain and highly reliable for a longer period of time. The electric vehicle requires less maintenance than gasoline-powered vehicles. Electric cars still require maintenance but in a simple way. Only one part of the electric motor needs maintenance and repair rather than maintaining a bulky combustion engine used in a gasoline powered vehicle. During the repair of an electric car, electric motors can be easily understandable than understanding a complex engine system used in gasoline-powered vehicles. Experience gained by companies like Toyota, Tesla usually predicts battery replacements [9]. Electric vehicles are much lighter in weight than gasoline-powered vehicles which are useful to increase the vehicle economy. This reason makes electric cars more practical. To further increase the efficiency of electric motor small electric motors can be fitted in wheels. Installation of an electric motor in wheels will be useful to provide good traction control, high stability and is quite operational. By putting electric motor near wheels would save the space and weight of the vehicle. With the use of wheel motors, there is no requirement to install transmission devices [10].
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IV. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTRIC VEHICLE The main problem faced by the electric vehicle is the limited range of distance covered. There are only a few electric vehicles that would cover distance more than 50 miles which is a major drawback of an electric vehicle. In the 19th century, more electric cars were sold in America than gasoline cars. Electric cars are naturally clean, quiet, and highly efficient. So we can say electric vehicles are the future of upcoming years. Even in this modern period of time, electricity is not easy to store or transport, the major issues electric cars facing are range and recharging time. Range highly depends on cold or hot weather. In summers due to high temperatures, there is an increase in temperature which decreases the overall efficiency of an electric vehicle. It may result in battery drain issues. Not only this, high temperature will result in the production of unwanted heat energy in an electric motor which will decrease the overall efficiency of an electric vehicle. To overcome these issues which are created by the production of heat due to an increase in climate temperature can be controlled with the help of the invention discussed above. Similarly in the case of the cold climate in Northeast and Midwest of the United States parts and some portion to Canada face this problem of battery drain issues. As of now we are giving importance to electric vehicles for research and development. There is less infrastructure for charging the electric vehicle so electric vehicles buyers are unable to find any charging facility even at home or place where the car would be parked. Those who have already purchased a gasoline-powered vehicle for them it would not easy for them to buy an electric vehicle. If we want to increase the efficiency to the next level then we have to use heavy batteries but it will affect the overall cost of the electric vehicle. Therefore, the more strong structure is required to protect the vehicle in case of an accident. There are some brand manufactures of electric cars which try to boost the price of the car and make it uneconomical. Electric vehicles are designed to operate efficiently within a limited range of speeds. Whenever speeds are out of range, they quickly lose efficiency [9]. This problem can be overcome by installation of an electric motor in wheels will be useful to provide good traction control, high stability and is quite operational.
V. RESOLUTION OF PROBLEMS People can put their business ideas and innovations in the business of production and development of electric cars to lower the price and make them economical. As the market of electric vehicles has started growing now, therefore it is a great opportunity for entrepreneurs to enter into this business. It will definitely lower the price of electric cars and make them economical. The main problem faced by the electric vehicle is a limited range of distance covered. This problem of low range can be overcome by using two batteries. Consider the first battery is fully charged and the second battery is fully discharged. In the first scenario, the output would be taken from the first battery and input would be given to the second battery. With the passage of time, the first battery will start discharging and the second battery will start charging. After sometime first battery will be completely discharged and the second battery will be completely charged. This is the perfect time to switch between two batteries. Now the question arises how to switch between two batteries. We will use an automatic battery selection circuit to detect which one of the two batteries is installed and try to regulate the output voltage. Now a battery voltage selection signal will be installed which will make the selection between two batteries. Here switching means receiving a battery voltage selection signal by a dc adaptor voltage sensing. This technique is described in detail in reference [11]. The ac supply will be generated with the help of dynamo connected with a fan that is installed in the front of the radiator. To make this invention highly flexible to sustain different conditions, a battery which requires desired input is fed by dc supply. We can also use the application of solar panels to increase the efficiency of the electric car. There are several benefits of using solar rooftop this include extension of the range of electric vehicle, and the cost of using electricity will be decreased because some battery will be charged with the help of solar panels. This technique is described in reference [12]. The main disadvantage of using the invention discussed in section 3 is that fan will produce a huge amount of noise but it can be overcome by using sound absorbers. The best sound absorber which can absorb the sound produced by the fan is resonance absorbers. The resonance absorbers are more effective than any other sound absorber because they contain a mechanical system where they have plates within an air space. Those plates can be either used in a hole. Therefore it can be used in radiator grill. There is a big problem being faced by this technique that is fan will suck small dust particles which would accommodate on fan and it would decrease the efficiency of fan but this problem can be overcome with the help of radiator grille which will try to eliminate or stop the passage of dust particles as shown in Figure 4. There is one more problem with this technique that is as the fan will be placed in front of the radiator which will suffer from heat to larger extent. The maximum temperature of the radiator can easily reach 200 -300 Fahrenheit. Therefore usage of iron should be completely denied. Now question arises which material should be used?. We are all familiar with the word alloys. So we can use HAYNES R 230 alloy of this technique. This alloy comprises of nickel-chromium tungsten-molybdenum material. This alloy can easily sustain high- temperature. It have outstanding resistance to oxidizing environments (i.e. up to 2100 Fahrenheit), and
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excellent long term thermal stability. Therefore this fan material is compatible for this technique. There is one more reason to deny the usage of iron over alloys that is due to corrosion it is easily prone to rusting which may lead to a big disaster. HAYNES 230 is used in gas-turbine engines, in high-temperature heat- treatment equipment and in severe chemical processing industries. It is also high acceptable in aerospace structural components serving in high temperature conditions[14].
Fig. 4. Radiator Grille
VI. DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINE In this case, we will use a wind turbine generator which is further categorized into a dynamo. Basically, a dynamo is a device that converts mechanical energy into electric energy. Only with the help of dynamo dc supply can be generated. Here mechanical energy is denoted by wind energy. Dynamo works on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Greater the load on the generator more mechanical force is required to generated electricity. The best dynamo which can be used in this technique is ”Missouri Wind and Solar Freedom II PMG 12/24 Volt Permanent Magnet Wind Turbine Generator from”. This dynamo is capable of producing 2000 watt of maximum output. This unit makes maximum output at 1100 rpm. It starts generating electricity at a minimum speed of 10 kph and produces electricity below the maximum speed of 129 kph. The pictorial representation of dynamo is given in Figure 5. This is discussion for the dynamo to be used in the technique. Now we will discuss fan to be used. As we know that we will use aerodynamic pressure to rotate the fan. The best fan which can be used in this technique is a simple fan as shown in Figure 6. We will use a simple fan which is capable of producing good efficiency. Wind turbine fan is also feasible for this technique because it will make less noise and we can also control the speed of the fan by rotating wings of the fan about the axis of contact of the wings connected to the center of the fan. Therefore high efficiency can be obtained by using wind turbine fan of required diameter in comparison to length of the radiator. Wind turbine fan will be made up of iron because there is requirement of heavy fan to rotate the shaft of the dynamo otherwise no electricity will be produced if we are unable to rotate the fan [13].
Fig. 5. Dynamo to be Used
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Fig. 6. Fan to be Used
VII. CALCULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS To compute output power we assume that Blade Length (l) = 0:1778m, speed (v) = 12m=sec, Air density (p) = 1:23Kg=m3), Power coefficients (Cp) = 0:4. In our case the radius is equal to length of the fan i.e. l = r = 0:1778m. With the given assumption the area can be calculated as:
Area (a) = (1)
= (2)
= 0.09926 (3)
Fig. 7. Modal Fan
Total power produced can be calculated as follows:
Power (P) = 0.5 × p × A × × Cp (4)
=0.5×1.23×0.09926× ×0.4 (5)
=42.1942mw (6)
From the above calculations we can depict high efficiency and high power generation of the predicted model [15]. Power output is calculated with respect to no. of revolution as shown in the Table 1.
Table 1. SHOWING ROTATION PER MINUTE (R.P.M.) WITH RESPECT TO VOLTAGE (V).
S.No. R.P.M. Voltage in Volts (V) 1 240 2.5 2 480 3.9 3 600 5.3 4 875 7.1
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VIII. DISCUSSION The design and development of electric vehicle has been an iterative process and driven by numerous discussions with researchers and users. During the process, we have learned many lessons.
Usability. A critical requirement for uplifting of electric vehicle is the usability of the system. This includes intuitive user interfaces and workflows for data authoring, sharing, querying and the ease of system setup. When the initial version of electric vehicle was released, the pilot users complained about multiple problems faced by user, and showed strong desires of simpler interfaces and fast response. Our conclusion is that smooth user experience of electric vehicle could much improve the interest for buyers to purchase a new vehicle.
Integration with Other Systems. This technique can be merged with hybrid vehicles. In case of low fuel, the reserve battery should be charged to reach nearby gas station.
IX. CONCLUSION With the help of this paper, we want to increase the efficiency of an electric vehicle with the help of renewable resources. Gasoline-powered vehicles are spreading major concerns to the environment. With the help of the application of dynamo, we can generate electricity during the locomotion of the vehicle. This technique can even help to regulate the temperature of an electric motor by eliminating the continuous flow of heat from the radiator. We had also proposed the importance of solar panels for the generation of electricity. This modal is highly flexible to increase the range of the electric vehicle and can be used in hybrid vehicles as well.
X. REFERENCES
[1] M.A. Hannana, M.M. Hoqueb, A. Mohamedb, A. Ayobb. (2016). Review of energy storage systems for electric vehicle applications: Issues and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69 (2017) 771–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.171. [2] Zachary Shahan. (2019) Tesla Model 3 Equals 1/8 Of World’s EV Sales In 2019. [3] International Energy Agency, Energy technology prospective 2010-scenario and strategies related to 2050. [4] Olivier JGJ, Janssens-Maenhout G, Muntean M, Peters JAHW. (2014) . Trends in global CO2 emissions: 2014 Report. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. [5] Omar N, Daowd M, Hegazy O, Mulder G, Timmermans JM, Coosemans T, Van den Bossche P, Van Mierlo J. (2012). Standardization work for BEV and HEV applications: critical appraisal of recent traction battery documents. [6] Emadi A, Rajashekara K, Williamson SS, Lukic SM. (2005). electric and fuel cell vehicular power system architectures. [7] Hacker F, Harthan R, Matthes F, Zimmer W. (2009). Environmental impacts and impact on the electricity market of a large scale introduction of electric cars in Europecritical review of literature. ETC/ACC technical paper. 2009; 4: 56–90. [8] Leon Boodman, 1445 Brooklyn Blvd., Bay Shore, N.Y. 11706; James P. Malone, 1 Odell Ct., Syosset, N.Y. (1982). Wind Turbine Generator for Electrical Powered Vehicles. [9] Edward Gordon Durney, Millbrae, CA (US). (2011). Truly Electric Car. [10] Yoichi Hori School of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan. (2002). Future Vehicle driven by Electricity and Control – Research on Four Wheel Motored Electric vehicle. [11] Hai N. Nguyen, Spring, Tex. (1994). Battery Pack Sensor for an Ac Adapter. [12] Daniel S. Shugar, San Bruno, CA Maypole(US); Thomas L. Dinwoodie, Piedmont, CA (US); Steven T. Slavsky, Natick, Ma (Us). (2003). Electric Vehicle With Hotovoltaic Roof Assembly. [13] Takuya Yabe, Kan Akatsu, Nobunori Okui, Tetsuya Niikuni and Terunao Kawai. (2012). Efficiency Improvement of Regenerative Energy for an Ev. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 5 - ISSN 2032-6653 - c 2012 WEVA. [14] Xiao Xua, Zeyu Lib, Gangfeng Xiaoc, Qinxiang Xiad (2018). Solution Treatment Process of Haynes 230 Cylindrical Blank Used for Hot Flow Spinning. [15] Krishna. S. (2015). Design and Fabrication of Wind Fans for Power Generation. International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), 4 (7):2312-2316.
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Authors Profile
Mr. Kamalpreet Singh is a student of Chandigarh Group of College, Landran, Mohali. He is pursuing B.Tech from Chandigarh Engineering College. His research interests are, machine learning, computer vision, and image processing.
Dr. Harbinder Singh received his B.Tech. degree in electronics and communication engineering from Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India, in 2003,M.Tech degree in electronics and communication engineering from Punjab Technical University, Punjab, in 2006, and Ph.D. degree from Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, India, in 2016. From August 2005 to March 2016, he was an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies, Baddi, India. Since 2016, he has been an Associate Professor with the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran, Mohali, India. His research interests are digital signal processing, machine learning, image analysis methods in microscopy, and image processing.
Dr. Harpal Singh is working as Professor in Chandigarh Engineering College, Mohali, India. He has more than 20 years of experience, many national and international journal research papers to his credit and filed three patents. His areas of interest are Image Processing, Control Automation and Watermarking.
Dr. Mohit Srivastava, Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran, Mohali, Punjab has received his B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Magadh University, Bodh Gaya; M.Tech degree in Digital Electronics and Systems from K.N.I.T. Sultanpur; and Ph.D. degree in Image processing & Remote Sensing from Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; in 2000, 2008 and 2013 respectively. He has more than 18 years of work experience at various environments includes Industries, educational and research centers. His current research interests are Satellite image and speech processing, remote sensing and their applications in Land Cover Mapping, and communication Systems.
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