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Global Food Systems and Public Health : Production Methods and Animal Husbandry, a National Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production Report

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Global Food Systems and Public Health : Production Methods and Animal Husbandry, a National Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production Report University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Veterinary Medicine -- Faculty Publications and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences Other Works May 2008 Global food systems and public health : production methods and animal husbandry, A National Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production Report. Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production M Salman John C. New Jr. University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] M Bailey Corrie Brown L Detwiler See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_compmedpubs Part of the Public Health Commons, and the Veterinary Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Salman, M; New, John C. Jr.; Bailey, M; Brown, Corrie; Detwiler, L; Galligan, D; Hall, C; Kennedy, Melissa; Lonergan, G; Mann, L; Renter, D; Saeed, M; White, B; and Zika, S, "Global food systems and public health : production methods and animal husbandry, A National Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production Report. Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production" (2008). Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_compmedpubs/32 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Veterinary Medicine -- Faculty Publications and Other Works at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors M Salman, John C. New Jr., M Bailey, Corrie Brown, L Detwiler, D Galligan, C Hall, Melissa Kennedy, G Lonergan, L Mann, D Renter, M Saeed, B White, and S Zika This is available at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange: https://trace.tennessee.edu/ utk_compmedpubs/32 Global Food Systems and Public Health: Production Methods and Animal Husbandry A National Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production Report Writing team: Mo Salman , BVMS, MPVM, PhD, DACVPM, John C. New, Jr. , DVM, MPH, DACVPM Professor & Writing Team Chair Professor & Writing Team Co-Chair College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical College of Veterinary Medicine Sciences University of Tennessee Colorado State University Knoxville, TN Ft. Collins, CO Misty Bailey , MA Corrie Brown , DVM, PhD, DACVP Technical Communication Specialist College of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia University of Tennessee Athens, GA Knoxville, TN Linda A. Detwiler , DVM David Galligan , VMD, MBA Assistant Director Professor Animal Health Economics NBC Center for Public and Corporate Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary University of Pennsylvania Medicine Kennet Square, PA College Park, MD Cheryl Hall , DVM, MAM, ACPV Melissa A. Kennedy , DVM, PhD, DACVM Area Director for HPAI/SEA Associate Professor USDA/APHIS/IS College of Veterinary Medicine Office of Agriculture Affairs University of Tennessee US Embassy Knoxville, TN Bangkok, Thailand Guy H. Loneragan , BVSc, PhD Laurie Mann , BS Epidemiologist College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Tennessee West Texas A&M University Knoxville, TN Canyon, TX David G. Renter , BS, DVM, PhD Mahdi Saeed, DVM, PhD, MPH, DACVPM Assistant Professor Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine Manhattan, KS College of Human Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing, MI Brad White , DVM, MS Sarah Zika , DVM Beef Production Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Clinical Medicine University of Tennessee Kansas State University Knoxville, TN Manhattan, KS December 2007 1 National Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production The independent National Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production (NCIFAP) was formed in 2006 to conduct a comprehensive, fact-based and balanced examination of key aspects of the farm animal industry. Commissioners represent diverse backgrounds and perspectives and come from the fields of veterinary medicine, agriculture, public health, business, government, rural advocacy, and animal welfare. Since its inception, the NCIFAP, in consultation with other national experts, has conducted assessments of the industry's impact on the public’s health, the environment, farm communities and animal health and well-being. The NCIFAP conducted public meetings around the country to gather information to produce specialized interim reports to help inform the commissioners and the public. Global Food Systems and Public Health: Production Methods and Animal Husbandry is one of the technical reports requested by the Commission and includes practical recommendations for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the general public. Additional copies can be obtain from ________________________________________________________________________ or on online at ___________________________________________________________ 2 Table of Contents Glossary of Abbreviations and Terms________________________________________ 7 Foreword _____________________________________________________________ 10 Historical Perspective: Consumer Demand for Protein and Evolution of Industry_____ 11 What has happened to agricultural food production since 1798? _______________ 11 What about global food animal production in 2007?_________________________ 13 Global trends in American production in the last 30 years: Imports/exports and the future of food animal agriculture _____________________________________14 Overview of current food animal production systems with a focus on CAFOs ____ 17 Animal production economics _________________________________________ 19 CAFO production methods ____________________________________________ 20 Selected federal and industry agencies____________________________________21 Selected CAFO Production Models ________________________________________ 23 US poultry industry __________________________________________________23 Layers _________________________________________________________ 23 Size of the egg production industry Layer raising, management, and egg production Hatching and placement Housing, caging, and management (feeding, temperature, and vaccinations) Egg production Egg collection and processing Egg production and the emergence of Salmonella Enteritidis as a public health risk ________________________________________________________ 26 Emergence of SE and its pandemic Global spread of SE Farm practices Rodent reservoir Virulence evolution in Salmonella Eradication of S. pullorum and S. gallinarum History of emergence of SE in the United States National surveys of SE in the United States How common is SE contamination of eggs? Role of human behavior in the epidemiology of SE infections Where does exposure likely happen? Emergence of broiler consumption as a risk for SE infections The true burden of SE infections Fluctuation or fall of the SE pandemic Prevention and control of SE infection in the United States Broilers ________________________________________________________36 Primary breeder industry Breeders Hatcheries 3 Placement Grow-out Feed mills Processing plants Human health threat of avian influenza________________________________40 The virus Pathogenesis of influenza virus Epidemiology of influenza virus Non-H5N1 avian influenza in humans Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in birds Human infection with H5N1 Spread of H5N1 Factors that may impact spread of H5N1 in the United States Avian influenza, globally and in the United States _______________________46 Effect on US poultry industry Status of H5N1 global spread Hong Kong (China) Indonesia Vietnam Thailand Dairy cows and the US dairy industry ___________________________________49 Dairy cow production life cycle _____________________________________49 Unique aspects of the dairy cow as a production animal __________________50 Feeding Production response Food safety Structural demographics ___________________________________________ 51 Consumer trends _________________________________________________ 52 Technologies employed on US dairy industries _________________________ 53 General Impact of dairying ________________________________________________54 Local impact Environmental impact Diseases and conditions of dairy cattle and potential animal health impacts ___54 Disease and production in the dairy industry Epidemiological reviews NAHMS disease incidence reports Mastitis Johne’s disease Other diseases Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Human and animal health risks__________ 59 Characteristics of the BSE agent Atypical BSE Stability of the infectious agent Feed-borne and food-borne outbreaks 4 Characteristics of the disease Bodily distribution of infectivity Government regulatory measures Methods of detection BSE in the United States and Canada Conclusions The US Beef Industry ________________________________________________70 Beef production life cycle __________________________________________70 Biological life Unique aspects of beef cattle as production animals Structural demographics of the US beef industry Consumer trends Technologies employed on US beef industries Local impact of the beef industry Potential human health impact of E. coli O157:H7_______________________77 O157:H7 and cattle Pastured and confined cattle production systems
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