Minewolf Flail and Tiller Machines: Testing the Differences Between Two Demining Technologies

Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction

Volume 10 Issue 2 The Journal of Mine Action Article 48

November 2006

MineWolf Flail and Tiller Machines: Testing the Differences between two Demining Technologies

Heinz Rath MineWolf Systems GmbH

Dieter Schröder MineWolf Systems GmbH

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Recommended Citation Rath, Heinz and Schröder, Dieter (2006) "MineWolf Flail and Tiller Machines: Testing the Differences between two Demining Technologies," Journal of Mine Action : Vol. 10 : Iss. 2 , Article 48. Available at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-journal/vol10/iss2/48

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for International Stabilization and Recovery at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction by an authorized editor of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rath and Schröder: MineWolf Flail and Tiller Machines: Testing the Differences between two Demining Technologies

a small machine. Whether larger machines Soil type was the primary factor deter- could throw mines even greater distances mining throw patterns. Mine size and depth MineWolf Flail and Tiller Machines: than the maximum seen here of 65 metres were relatively unimportant. The depth set- remains to be tested, as throw distance is ting of the flail is likely to affect some val- Testing the Differences between a function of length of chain, design of ues in the data, but the overall trends found chain head, speed of rotation, and amount for mine size and depth should be similar. two Demining Technologies of protection around the flail head. Larger Clearly, more tests of this sort on dif- machines have longer chains but may use a ferent makes and sizes of flails are desir- slower rotation speed. able. The Geneva International Centre for Ian McLean worked for five years at MineWolf is the first demining concept, manufactured in Germany by Arthur Willibald Maschinenbau This flail tended to throw mines to the Humanitarian Demining plans to continue the Geneva International Centre for right. Given that it is impossible to prevent these tests, but the manufacturers can also Humanitarian Demining, conducting research on dog detection systems, GmbH (AHWI), that overcomes the limitations of flail and tiller machines by combining the advantages throw completely, it might be possible to ad- conduct tests so they can give advice to environmental effects on landmine just the action of the chains and design of purchasers on laterality of throw, propor- detection, and Remote Explosive Scent of both systems. Extensive tests with live anti-tank and fragmentation mines were carried out at the the deflector plate to force an even higher tion of mines thrown beyond the flail, and Tracing (REST) systems. Prior to that proportion of throw to one side. Whether likely maximum throw distance under dif- time, he was an academic biologist the laterality of throw is a characteristic of ferent operating conditions. Consideration specialising on conservation issues German Army proving ground to determine whether the MineWolf meets the operational requirements with endangered species. He now this individual flail or of the model generally should be given to including information works at the University of Otago in does not matter. What matters is that with about throw patterns in the Mechanical New Zealand, where he teaches wildlife for humanitarian demining. The aim was to discover the effects of detonations on the operator, laterality of throw known, the machine can Demining Equipment Catalogue, and even- management and is building a research be deployed to ensure that the main direc- tually to developing a standard test to be programme on biosecurity issues. MineWolf, clearing tools and cabin, and to work out instructions for reparability. tion of throw is into areas that are not yet incorporated into the International Mine processed. For example, this machine would Action Standards. Ian McLean be best deployed either in a clockwise direc- We thank the Swedish EOD and Department of Zoology by Heinz Rath and Dieter Schröder [ MineWolf Systems GmbH ] tion from the perimeter of the minefield, or Demining Centre for supplying equipment, University of Otago an anti-clockwise direction from the centre. resources and the field site to support the P.O. Box 56 Dunedin / New Zealand 9022 With respect to mine throw, working back study. Funding was provided by the govern- Tel: +643 479 7986 he MineWolf is a mine-clearing device developed especially for were laid one by one centrally and offset in front of the clearing device. and forth along parallel lines would not be a ments of Germany, Norway and Sweden. E-mail: [email protected]. Thumanitarian mine-clearance. It is used for area clearing and After a detonation, the vehicle was stopped immediately and the effects good way to use this machine. See Endnotes, page 112 ac.nz clears up to 2,800 square metres per hour (3,349 square yards/hour), were documented. If required, the clearing device was repaired prior to allowing for fast quality control on a demined area. The MineWolf the next test run. system consists of a fragment-proof AHWI crawler tractor, a protected Test schedule. The testing of the method and timing were con- driver’s cab and a mechanically driven mine-clearing device. Both a ducted in the following order: flail device and a tiller are available. 1. MineWolf remote-control tests with flail and tiller and a fully The flail is likely to initiate or destroy anti-tank mines. With instrumented test dummy (ATD) the tiller, the remains of AT mines, the fuzes and all AP mines left 2. AT mine tests (DM 21, TM 57 and TM 62) are crushed or initiated. Clearance depths of up to 30 centime- 3. Biomechanical tests with an ATD tres (11.8 inches) in the 4. MineWolf manned tests with flail and tiller using three soil are achieved with the different operators tiller. Live AT mines, in- 5. Fragmentation mine tests (DM 31) cluding DM 21, TM 57 6. Tests with three detonations without repair to investigate and TM 621 mines, have quality of demining operations Dr. Rebecca J. Sargisson com- LTC Johannes Dirscherl is the Havard Bach heads the Operational pleted a PhD in Psychology before desk officer in charge for mine Support Unit for the GICHD. Projects been cleared. joining the Geneva International action at the German Foreign under his responsibility currently The MineWolf was sub- Centre for Humanitarian Demining Office, overseeing projects in include studies on mine-detection ject to extensive tests with in April 2003. In her three years at almost 30 countries worldwide. dogs, mechanical mine clear- live anti-tank mines, under- the GICHD, Rebecca specialised in He was seconded to the U.N. Mine ance, manual mine clearance and research and operational support Action Coordination Centre in risk management. He also gives taken in Meppen, Lower Figure 1: The MineWolf in action. in the area of landmine detection by Kosovo in 2000/2001 and to the consultancy advice, often related Saxony, Germany, at the ALL PHOTOS COURTESY OF THE GERMAN ARMY/WTD 91 animals. Rebecca is now working as Geneva International Centre for to operational demining activities Army proving ground. The a Research Fellow at the University of Humanitarian Demining from 2002 and demining technology. Prior to tests were conducted with Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. to 2005. employment at the GICHD, Havard a fully operational MineWolf using both types of mine-clearing devices worked as a Norwegian military engineering officer before being (i.e., flail and tiller). The vehicle was operated by both remote- and Dr. Rebecca Sargisson Johannes Dirscherl employed by Norwegian People’s operator-control. During four tests an instrumented Anthropometric Department of Psychology German Federal Foreign Office Aid, managing several mine-action Test Device (fully instrumented test dummy) was placed on the driver’s University of Otago Task Force Humanitarian Aid programmes worldwide. seat. The measured values had to be evaluated to view possible risks to Tel: +643 479 5639 Mine Action E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +49 30 50000 3098 the operator during mine clearance. E-mail: [email protected] Havard Bach A total of six remote clearance tests were conducted against live Geneva International Centre for anti-tank mines. Four of these tests led to the detonation of the cleared Humanitarian Demining AT mines and thus to measurable results that could be used to analyze P.O. Box 1300 the damage to the demining tool and the MineWolf. Two tests each 1211-Geneva / Switzerland Tel: +41 22 906 1678 with the two mine-clearing devices (flail and tiller) were conducted E-mail: [email protected] against one DM 21 and TM 57 AT mine each. In order to be able to rule out uncontrolled movements of the MineWolf, it was secured to a Figure 2: A fully instrumented dummy. recovery tank during the tests by a steel rope. The mines to be cleared

Figure 7: Damage after clearing a TM 62 P3 AT mine.

are expected. Temporary light disturbances like headaches or muscular As the biomechanical measurements with the fully instrumented pain, however, cannot be excluded. dummy did not show any risk, manned tests were approved by the During the four tests, all human-related criteria were tested to the firing controller. Figure 3: A typical mine crater after clearing a TM 57 or TM 62 AT mine. extent that they could be evaluated. Tests were tightened by clearing mines off-centre—detonation Due to the principle of operation of the MineWolf, the detonation occurred on the left- or right-hand side of the demining tool with of a mine underneath the vehicle hull or a track during mine-clear- both flail and tiller—to find out whether the drive train would suf- Recording. Tests performed on the Figure 6 are mainly welding work, which ing is not very likely but cannot be ruled out. Based on the available fer irreparable damage and whether the demining quality would MineWolf included the following: could be performed on-site the same day. measured data, the effects that an explosion underneath the hull or be affected. • Video recording from outside a track would have on the vehicle and the mounted operator cannot The three consecutive manned tests, using the tiller to clear live 2 • Video recording inside the driver's cab Biomechanical Results be assessed. It is definitely possible, however, that this would lead to AT mines, were carried out, without repair after each detonation. • Blast pressure measurement inside The remote-control tests were a necessary critical loads. It is therefore recommended that these cases be inves- This was to find out whether tiller, drive train and the quality of the driver's cab prerequisite to performing the manned tests. tigated—e.g., detonation underneath the vehicle hull or a track—by demining were still acceptable. Two typical examples of consecutive • Acceleration measurement inside the The results of the biomechanical assessment static contact detonation tests to ensure the highest degree of safety for tests, taken from the German Federal Armed Forces Technical Center driver's cab and the blast-pressure measurement had to the MineWolf operator. for Weapons and Ammunition’s Final Report: MineWolf Clearing of • Measurements taken by the ATD rule out any hazard to the operator when Live Mines,3 are described below. Figure 4: Damage after clearing TM 62 AT mine. • Pictures of damage to flail and tiller clearing live anti-tank mines. Manned Tests The AT mine TM 62 P3 detonated on-site upon contact with the • Pictures of flail and tiller repaired The results of the biomechanical mea- Test personnel conducted the manned tests with the AT mines TM mine-clearing device. The hit occurred approximately 0.5 metre (1.6 surements with the fully instrumented dum- 57 (6.5 kg TNT) and TM 62 P3 (6.5 kg TNT). feet) off the left-hand side of the device. Remote-control Tests my were within a very acceptable range. This Tests performed remotely using the flail statement applies to the examined AT mine and tiller apparatuses were conducted with types DM 21, TM 57 and TM 62 and refers AT mines TM 57 (6.5 kg TNT), TM 62 P3 to mine detonations that occurred in the area (6.5 kg TNT) and DM 21 (5 kg TNT). of the clearing device. The remote-control tests were necessary to The assessment of the blast pressure load record the physical effects and potential risks in the driver’s cab showed that the blast pres- for the operator and MineWolf. These effects sure load is very low in the cabin and dam- were measured by means of an instrumented age to the ears is not expected if adequate ear test dummy, in order to be able to perform a Figure 5: Damage after clearing TM 57 AT mine. protection is worn. human-related biomechanical assessment. In summary, it can be stated that the op- To record the measured values, an ATD erator in the driver’s cab of the MineWolf is was placed on the driver’s seat and was fitted not subjected to an intolerable risk of injury with various sensors to measure human- by the explosion of a DM 21 or TM 57 anti- relevant impact information. tank mine if the mine detonates in the area A total of six remote clearing tests were of the mine-clearing device (both types were conducted against live AT mines. Four of successfully detonated during the test). The these tests led to the detonation; two of the risk of injury is very low and far below the mines were crushed. Little or no flail repair allowed limits for mine-protected vehicles of work was necessary after the unmanned the German Army, which are based on inter- test. Damage to the tiller device is shown national standards. Even in the case of repeat- Figure 6: Tiller repaired. Figure 8: Damage after clearing a TM 57 AT mine. in Figures 4 and 5. The repairs shown in ed successive loads, no serious consequences

ENDNOTES The Mine Action Express, Barlow [from page 8] 4. Editor‘s Note: Some countries and mine-action organizations are urging the use of the term “mine 1. Kjellman, Kjell and Harpviken Kristian. “National Ownership in Mine Action.” International free,” while others are espousing the term “mine safe” or “impact free.” “Mine free” connotes a condi- Peace Research Institute Policy Brief 1/2006. September 21, 2006. http://snipurl.com/ynqw. tion where all landmines have been cleared, whereas the terms “mine safe” and “impact free” refer to Accessed October 10, 2006. For more info on the International Peace Research Institute please the condition in which landmines no longer pose a credible threat to a community or country. visit http://www.prio.no. 2. U.N. Millennium Development Goals. Can be viewed at http://snipurl.com/ynqs. Accessed October Explosive Remnants of War in Azerbaijan, Ismaylov and Hasanov [from page 20] 10, 2006. 1. Editor’s Note: Some organizations consider mines and ERW to be two separate entities, since they 3. Editor’s Note: Some organizations consider mines and ERW to be two separate entities, since they are regulated by different legal documents (the former by the Ottawa Convention and Amended are regulated by different legal documents (the former by the Ottawa Convention and Amended Protocol II of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the latter by CCW Protocol V). Protocol II of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the latter by CCW Protocol V). However, since mines are explosive devices that have similar effects to other ERW and it is often However, since mines are explosive devices that have similar effects to other ERW and it is often impossible to separate the two during clearance operations, some in the community have adopted a impossible to separate the two during clearance operations, some in the community have adopted a “working definition” (as opposed to a legal one) of ERW in which it is a blanket term that includes “working definition” (as opposed to a legal one) of ERW in which it is a blanket term that includes mines, UXO, abandoned explosive ordnance and other explosive devices. mines, UXO, abandoned explosive ordnance and other explosive devices 2. Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be 4. Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, Geneva, Switzerland, October 10, and on Their Destruction, Oslo, Norway. September 18, 1997. http://snipurl.com/yccr. Accessed 1980. http://snipurl.com/yi7e. Accessed August 31, 2006 October 10, 2006. The document was opened for signature in Ottawa, Canada, December 3, 1997, 3. Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and thus is commonly known as the Ottawa Convention. and on Their Destruction, Oslo, Norway. September 18, 1997. http://snipurl.com/yccr. Accessed Figure 9: The operability of the MineWolf was not affected by fragment hits from the AP fragmentation mine DM 31. 5. Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be October 13, 2006. The document was opened for signature in Ottawa, Canada, December 3, 1997, Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, Geneva, Switzerland, October 10, and thus is commonly known as the Ottawa Convention. 1980. http://snipurl.com/yi7e. Accessed October 10, 2006. 4. See “ANAMA Work Plan 2006” at http://www.anama.baku.az and “Azerbaijan is in Favour of Ottawa 6. Nergaard, Per. “Intervention on NPAs Land Release Concept to the RMCG.” Norwegian People’s Process.” December 7, 2005. http://snipurl.com/yy7z. Accessed October 13, 2006. Damage to the clearance machine included the cabin glass. At a five-metre (16.4-foot) Aid. September 19, 2006, speech at the seventh Meeting of States Parties to the Ottawa Convention, Protection of Soft Vehicles Against ERW, Hvidtfeldt [from page 22] one worn chisel and two bent cross-spars (the distance, the fragment hits were more severe: Geneva, Switzerland. Speech text available at: http://snipurl.com/yoes. Accessed October 10, 2006. 7. Kidd, Richard. “Mine Free: Note Anytime Soon.” Journal of Mine Action. Issue 9.2, February 2006, 1. Editor’s Note: Some organizations consider mines and ERW to be two separate entities, since they cross-spars, or strut braces, were deformed slight dents in the six-millimetre (0.24-inch) pg. 4. http://snipurl.com/yoeq. Accessed October 10, 2006. are regulated by different legal documents (the former by the Ottawa Convention and Amended by an area of 30 by 130 centimetres [11.8 by armour plates. No fragment penetrations 8. The European Roadmap Towards a Zero Victim Target. The EC Mine Action Strategy and Multi- Protocol II of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the latter by CCW Protocol V). annual Indicative Programming 2005–2007. http://snipurl.com/ynqi. Accessed October 10, 2006. However, since mines are explosive devices that have similar effects to other ERW and it is often 51.2 inches]). The damage seemed to be mi- through the protected operator cab were de- 9. The ninth International Meeting of Mine Action Programme Directors and U.N. Advisors was held impossible to separate the two during clearance operations, some in the community have adopted a nor as compared to the previous tests with the tected. The operability of the MineWolf was in Geneva, Switzerland, July 3–6, 2006. Presentations and documents of these proceedings are avail- “working definition” (as opposed to a legal one) of ERW in which it is a blanket term that includes mines, UXO, abandoned explosive ordnance and other explosive devices. TM 57. The mine crater in the ground was not affected by the fragment hits. able at: http://snipurl.com/yoel. Accessed October 10, 2006. 10. Keeley, Robert. “Are We Setting the Wrong Target?” Journal of Mine Action. Issue 9.1, August 2005, 2. The purpose is to provide common operational and administrative procedures and logistics, of normal size. The machine could continue pg. 40. http://snipurl.com/ynqo. Accessed October 10, 2006. so one member nation’s military may use the stores and support of another member’s military. See http://snipurl.com/yo2e. Accessed 10 October 2006. Heinz Rath is Chairman of the clearing despite the damage it suffered. Final Summary of Results 3. A fully armoured SUV is normally designed to withstand rifle ammunition (usually complies to Supervisory Board of MineWorlf The Rise of ERW as a Threat to Civilians, Nema [from page 10] The TM 57 also detonated on-site upon The complete and final summary of re- 1. Editor’s Note: Some organizations consider mines and ERW to be two separate entities, since they the norm EN [European Standards] 1522 Level FB6 in Europe, or the National Institute of Justice Systems GmbH, inventor of the contact with the mine-clearing device. The hit sults from testing is taken from the German are regulated by different legal documents (the former by the Ottawa Convention and Amended Standard 0101.04 Level III in the United States, both of which define a level of protection against MineWolf Toolbox concept and Protocol II of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the latter by CCW Protocol V). 7.62-mm rifle ammunition), whereas flexible solutions are primarily designed to defeat fragments occurred approximately 0.2 metre (0.66 foot) Federal Armed Forces Technical Center for founder of MineWolf Systems GmbH. However, since mines are explosive devices that have similar effects to other ERW and it is often (and in addition are capable of stopping powerful pistol rounds). To provide protection against rifle off the right-hand outer edge of the tiller. Weapons and Ammunition’s Final Report: In 1996, Rath retired as International impossible to separate the two during clearance operations, some in the community have adopted a projectiles with flexible solutions would require either steel or ceramic, which would be very difficult 3 Director for Research and Quality at “working definition” (as opposed to a legal one) of ERW in which it is a blanket term that includes because there are limited flat surfaces on the outside of an SUV. Damage to the Minewolf included one MineWolf Clearing of Live Mines. 4. It is important to note that in some contexts, different types of landmines are sometimes described TRW Automotive Holding Corporation. mines, UXO, abandoned explosive ordnance and other explosive devices. outer tooth that was bent outwards and four The mine-clearing MineWolf system indifferently as “mines,” but in connection with passenger’s safety there is a huge difference between Rath is also the recipient of the 2. The F-117 is a precision-strike aircraft that deploys such weapons as laser-guided bombs and air- to-surface missiles. More information is available online at http://snipurl.com/ykv5. Accessed the aforementioned anti-personnel mines and anti-vehicle or anti-tank mines. In general, it is not cross-spars that were deformed by an area of with both accessory devices is suitable for Bundesverdienstkreuz, the highest October 9, 2006. possible to provide any good level of protection against the effects from AV or AT mines in a light 30 by 130 centimetres (11.8 by 51.2 inches). clearing live anti-tank mines. The use of award from the Federal Republic of 3. The B-52 is a long-range, heavy bomber that deploys such weapons as gravity bombs, cluster bombs and low vehicle like the SUV. Two cross-spars were torn off at the end of the flail device for clearing live anti-tank Germany. and precision-guided missiles. More information is available online at http://snipurl.com/yku6. Explosive Remnants of War and Their Consequences, Rajabov [from page 24] the weld seam. The depth-control device was mines caused only minor damage that Accessed October 9, 2006. 4. The Patriot missile, also known as the MIM-104, defends against aircrafts and ballistic missiles. 1. Amended Protocol V (which addresses the effects of explosive remnants of war on civilian and bent outwards but still functioning. After could be repaired with a limited effort civilian economies after conflicts end) of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Heinz Rath It was used extensively during the first Gulf War to defend against Iraqi Scud missiles and is subject to much criticism about its actual success rate. More information is available online at Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have some provisional work lasting about 15 min- or did not necessitate any repairs at all. Chairman http://snipurl.com/ykum. Accessed October 9, 2006. Indiscriminate Effects, Geneva, Switzerland, 10 October 1980. http://tinyurl.com/yxpjqp. Accessed utes, a test run with the tiller was performed. The use of the tiller against live anti-tank MineWolf Systems GmbH 5. “Latest update on cluster munition problem in south Lebanon.” Cluster Munition Coalition. 19 October 2006. The tiller performance was still sufficient. The mines, however, resulted in considerably Sebastian-Kneipp Str. 73a http://snipurl.com/yog4. Accessed October 10, 2006. 2. Formally known as the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, Geneva, mine-clearing tool and drive train with power greater damage, which could only be re- D-56179 Vallendar / Germany Tel: +49 261 667 96 28 Closing the Circle, Banks [from page 14] Switzerland, 10 October 1980. http://tinyurl.com/yxpjqp. Accessed 25 October 2006. 3. “Landmine Fact Sheet.” Adopt-A-Minefield (UK). http://www.landmines.org.uk/325. Last updated bands were still in repairable condition. The paired with a substantially greater effort Fax: +49 261 667 96 29 1. More information about the ISO at http://www.iso.org/. Accessed September 26, 2006. 14 August 2006. Accessed 16 October 2006. clearing quality was still good as shown by the than those caused with the flail. The re- E-mail: [email protected] 2. More information about the IMAS at http://www.mineactionstandards.org/. Accessed September 26, 2006. 4. Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines ground appearance. pairs, mainly welding work, could be per- 3. Assessments and surveys refer to a multitude of documents that are based on the same or similar and on Their Destruction, Oslo, Norway. 18 September 1997. http://snipurl.com/yccr. Accessed 26 formed on-site that same day. premise but with varying differences of thought, conclusions and principles. September 2006. The document was opened for signature in Ottawa, Canada, 3 December 1997, and thus is commonly known as the Ottawa Convention. Fragmentation Mine Tests with AP The load on the operator by mine 4. The IMAS identify a framework of standards and guidelines to improve coordination of mine action activities and tasks which are conducted by the various organizations and agencies at all Mine DM 31 detonations is within the admissible and levels, including all United Nations mine action operations. IMAS documents can be found at: Industrial Ammunition Stockpile Recovery, Lauritzen, et al. [from page 29] Two contact detonations with AP frag- acceptable range. This finding is a result http://snipurl.com/15cd2. Accessed September 26, 2006. 1. International Mine Action Standard (IMAS) 11.10 Guide for Stockpile Destruction and IMAS 11.20 5. TNMA documents are designed to accompany or supplement IMAS by providing principles, advice Open Burning and Open Detonation. http://snipurl.com/10w9j. Accessed 31 October 2006. mentation mine DM 31 were performed. of the biomechanical evaluation of ATD and information relevant to a specific IMAS or technical subject. TNMA documents can be found at: 2. Nitrogen Oxides are mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen, which are often produced as air pollutants. The mines were placed on solid ground dummy measurements and through ques- http://snipurl.com/15cd5. Accessed September 26, 2006. 3. Insensitive munitions are munitions that fulfill performance readiness and operational requirements 6. Socio-Economic Approaches to Mine Action—An Operational Handbook, Geneva International Centre on demand but minimize the probability of inadvertent initiation and severity of subsequent collat- 10 metres and five metres (32.8 and 16.4 tioning of the three operators. It applies to for Humanitarian Demining/United Nations Development Programme, Geneva, May 2002. This eral damage to the weapon platform logistic systems and personnel when subjected to unintentional feet) from the tiller on the left-hand (fully the examined mine types DM 21, TM 62 publication is an operational manual written to improve long-term social and economic development stimuli. See NATO Munitions Safety Information Analysis Center. http://snipurl.com/10wch. Accessed 31 October 2006. Dieter Schröder is a former through more effective mine action, and can be accessed at: http://tinyurl.com/ndw4n. Accessed armoured) side of the mine-clearing vehicle and TM 57 and only refers to mine deto- 4. Nitramines is the generic name of a group of chemical substances composed of nitrogen, oxygen and Engineering Manager at TRW September 26, 2006. and the mine fuze DM 56A1B1 was initi- nations that occur in the area of the clear- 7. IMAS 8.10: General Mine Action Assessment, United Nations Mine Action Service, New York, hydrogen. See IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Technology, Electronic Version. http://snipurl. Automotive Holding Corporation, hav- ated by a detonator placed on top of it. After ing device. January 2003, p.1. http://snipurl.com/y075. Accessed September 26, 2006. com/10yb7. Accessed 1 November 2006. ing supported Heinz Rath in all aspects 8. A Guide to Socio-Economic Approaches to Mine Action Planning and Management, Geneva International 5. A cross-linked polymeric matrix is a complex chemical structure, consisting of multiblock chains approximately two seconds, the explosive In addition, taking into account the re- of engineering and quality. Schröder Centre for Humanitarian Demining, Geneva, November 2004. http://snipurl.com/y076. Accessed (i.e., polymeric molecules—long molecules constituted by repetition of the same chemical unit) device of the mine jumped from the launch sults achieved by MineWolf during opera- retired from TRW in 1995. September 26, 2006. bound by strong chemical bonds. 9. In the Islamic Republic of Iran alone, E&I has conducted more than 100 EIAs, SIAs and baseline 6. Prepared by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the United Nations Assistance Mission to box and detonated about one metre (3.3 feet) tions in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and studies in the last five years for a variety of clients. Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme, June 2005. above the ground. southern Sudan, these results confirmed that 7. In accordance with the ANBP Project Document, Annex 2. Dieter Schröder Quality Assurance for Mined and Survey Areas, Rath and Schröder [from page 17] 8. Erik K. Lauritzen, Robert J. Scott and Max Wenbo. EU Support to Mine Action and Ammunition At a 10-metre (32.8-foot) distance, there the new concept is the basis for developing Quality Manager 1. One such publication is Philip C. Paterson’s The Use of Mechanical Means for Humanitarian Stockpile Destruction, Assessment Mission and Preparation of Formulation Proposal and Financing were only a few fragment hits on the equip- the demining process from ground prepara- MineWolf Systems GmbH Demining Operations. Handicap International, 2000. Available in hard copy or on CD-ROM Proposal, Afghanistan. February 2006. through the Handicap International Web site, http://www.handicap-international.org. Accessed Wolkener Weg 37 9. EC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, reference document on the Best Available ment. There were only small marks on the six- tion to mine clearance and shows improve- 22 September 2006. D-56220 Bassenheim / Germany Techniques for Incineration, July 2005. millimetre (0.24-inch) armour plates; there ment over other methods and systems with 2. A Study of Mechanical Application in Demining. May 2004. Geneva International Center for 10. IMAS 11.30 Guide for the Destruction of Stockpiled Anti-personnel Mines, IMAS 11.20 Principles Tel: +49 2625 6619 were two dents in the three-millimetre (0.12- regards to effectiveness, quality and cost. Humanitarian Demining, Geneva. http://snipurl.com/15cd9. Accessed 14 August 2006. and Procedures for Open Burning and Open Detonation Operations, and IMAS 11.30 National E-mail: [email protected] 3. The total area perceived to be at risk, according to surveys, is 292,050,515 square metres (113 Planning Guidelines for Stockpile Destruction. http://snipurl.com/10w9j. Accessed 31 October 2006. inch) instrument box, one hit was found on See Endnotes, page 112 square miles); however, the total area representing actual risk averaged to 6,092,268 square me- 11. Owen Greene, Sally Holt, and Adrian Wilkinson. Biting the Bullet—Briefing 18: Ammunition Stocks: tres (2 square miles), according to A Study of Mechanical Application in Demining, page 65 (see Promoting Safe and Secure Storage and Disposal. London: International Alert; Saferworld; University Published by JMU Scholarly Commons, 2006 3 endnote 2). of Bradford, 2005.