Volume 6, Number 5 March-April, 2011 PeaceOps.com SouthIndependence Sudan in South Sudan An Interview with Sir John Holmes Local Solutions to Global Problems JIPOJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE OPERATIONS The Publication of the Africa 10 Years in the International Stability Future Operations Association Future Stability Operations Industry U.S. $8.95 U.K. £4.95 ISBN 978-0-9826386-6-8 9 780982 638668 > ISOA’s 10th Anniversary Edition | Contents Volume 6, Number 5 March-April, 2011 JIPOJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE OPERATIONS THE PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL STABILITY OPERATIONS ASSOCIATION Feature | The Future of the Stability Operations Industry (FORMERLY THE INTERNATIONAL PEACE OPERATIONS ASSOCIATION) Founded in 2004 as the IPOA Quarterly Arthur Keys ISSN 1933-8189 ISBN 978-0-9826386-6-8 Forging Peace in the Midst of Conflict Founding Editor ............... J. J. Messner 09 Meeting the challenges of stabilization to secure the future Acting Editor ......... Kristen Blandford Chief Copy Editor ... Caitlin Tyler-Richards Shawn James and Nicholas Bell Publisher.......................... Doug Brooks Supervising Editor................... Jessica Vogel Undercurrents in Stability Business Manager ............ Melissa Sabin Contributing Editor ........... Naveed Bandali 11 How contingency contracting can support U.S. foreign policy 1634 I St. NW, Suite 800, Washington, D.C. 20006, U.S.A. E-mail ............ [email protected] Web site .................. www.peaceops.com Ignacio Balderas Getting Nation-Building Right Regulars | President’s Message 13 Developing new partnerships to build a better future Doug Brooks Chris Taylor A Decade in Stability What the Future Holds 04 ISOA’s rise from Sierra Leone to Washington D.C. and around the world 15 Figuring out what’s next for the industry Leader | South Sudan Q & A | Sir John Holmes Mark Quarterman Naveed Bandali Implementing Independence Improving Humanitarian Response 05 What comes after a successful referendum in South Sudan 19 An Interview with Sir John Holmes Insight | Peace, Stability and Development Regulars | Government & Legal Affairs Meg Manthey Heather Price Local Solutions to Global Problems The Future of S/CRS—What’s in a Name? 23 Sustainable development and the role of local nationals 17 How the QDDR could save or sink post-conflict operations at State Jack Segal The Afghanistan Transition Regulars | Columnists 25 A road yet to be traveled Ambassador Herman J. Cohen Dr. Brent Musolf Africa Ten Years into the Future Treating a Nation 33 Will the cup runneth over or under? 27 The fragile state of healthcare in Juba Sarah Holewinski Gary Sturgess In Defense of Human Rights The East India Company 29 How the ICoC can assist the fight for human rights 35 A model of corporate governance Regulars | Development ISOA Membership Directory Development Resources The Association of the Stability Operations Association Academic and Professional A Directory of the Members of ISOA 38 Relevant academic programs, conferences and events 43 Providing a vast array of services in conflict and post-conflict environments Copyright © 2011 International Stability Operations Association (ISOA). All rights reserved. The ISOA logo is a trademark of ISOA. The Journal of International Peace Operations (JIPO) and its logo are trademarks of ISOA. The opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent the opinions of ISOA, its officers, Board of Directors, members or affiliates. ISOA bears no responsibility for the editorial content; the views expressed in the articles are those of the authors. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the Editor-in-Chief. Journal of International Peace Operations 03 Volume 6, Number 5 — March-April, 2011 President’s Message Doug Brooks A Decade in Stability ISOA’s rise from Sierra Leone to Washington D.C. and around the world Finding ways to make missions end better and faster. Photo: Eric Kanalstein/UN ate 2000 saw contractors holding together governments to perform specific tasks necessary infrastructure. Fortunately, there was silver lining: the U.N. peacekeeping mission in Sierra to support international peacekeeping policies. A many of the U.N. peacekeeping problems brought L Leone. Of course, 17,000 blue helmets small group of academics and analysts followed to light bolstered the landmark Brahimi Report, from around the world were also contributing to from afar the role these companies played and which advanced many vital peacekeeping reforms. the largest U.N. operation in the world at that debated the their strategic implications and Another positive outcome was the creation of point, but their forces had been routed in May problems. As a part of my academic fellowship at what was to become ISOA in April 2001; an 2000 by a handful of Revolutionary United Front the South African Institute of International association based on a Code of Conduct originally (RUF) insurgents — essentially teenagers with no Affairs, I interviewed scores of Sierra Leoneans, written by NGOs and human rights lawyers to political aspirations who amounted to little more as well as NGO officials, contractors, government advocate for and improve the quality of the than a bloodthirsty street gang. The U.N. forces officials and U.N. personnel. Contractors were private sector support for peacekeeping missions. were ultimately rescued by a handful of highly running and maintaining the logistics trucks; flying professional British soldiers who then stayed on helicopters supporting the U.S. Department of In the ten years since its founding, ISOA has to keep the RUF rebels in check with judicious State, the Sierra Leone army and British forces; grown enormously in capability and influence, as and appropriate use of force until the country and and rebuilding much of the infrastructure. has what is asked of the industry. Certainly, the U.N. mission could stabilize. Even then, with a Whatever one thought of private contractors back fallout from the 9/11 attacks has dramatically massive international presence in the tiny country, then, they clearly had a far more central role in expanded the demand for the stability operations it was the private sector — hundreds of Sierra carrying out the mission than anyone outside of industry, which has been deployed in large Leoneans working for contractors — that Sierra Leone realized. numbers to Afghanistan and Iraq. Large-scale provided the actual logistics, construction and natural disasters, such as the tsunami in Southeast support services for the mission. Even while there were plenty of problems to go Asia, Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans and the around, concerns over contractor operations were earthquakes in Pakistan and Haiti, have also Back then, the contractors working in Sierra utterly dwarfed by the numerous social and required the critical services of contingency Leone were not considered part of an industry; criminal issues created by the enormous imported contractors. While the uninformed may speculate they were simply companies contracted by various U.N. force. While the United Nation’s presence about the industry’s durability, the reality is that did help to stabilize Sierra Leone in the long run, stability operations have always existed in one the peacekeeping mission brought with it many form or another and will continue to be essential Doug Brooks is President of the International Stability Operations Association. undesirable realities, including a thriving sex trade so long as there are foreign policies, humanitarian Contact Doug at [email protected]. industry, which strained an already inadequate 34 Journal of International Peace Operations 04 Volume 6, Number 5 — March-April, 2011 South Sudan | Leader Mark Quarterman Implementing Independence What comes after a successful referendum in South Sudan Staring into the unknown. Photo: Tim Mckulka/UN OUTH Sudan has successfully carried out the Abyei region remains an exceedingly difficult national debt — and will only be determined hard its independence referendum and the issue for the Government and the South. Whether negotiation. S government of Sudan has accepted the there will be a referendum there and who will be result — an overwhelming vote for secession. The allowed to participate, is the one matter over No issue is more important than the future of oil people of the recently –named, independent which renewed armed conflict could conceivably revenues. Sudan depends on oil for 60 percent of country South Sudan should be congratulated on occur. Third, South Sudan will inherit a country its national income; for the South, oil accounts for ending a decades-long violent conflict with a with only30 miles of paved roads, an uneducated more than 90 percent of revenue. South Sudan peaceful vote. The Sudanese government has population, significant ethnic divisions, an has 80 percent of Sudan’s oil reserves. One acted constructively by allowing the referendum untrained government bureaucracy and little possible method of cooperation is structural, to go forward and by quickly endorsing the economic base beyond petroleum production. because while the oil is pumped out of the ground outcome. Fourth, Sudan, by losing a region that produced in the South, it is refined and shipped from Port substantial amounts of national revenue, must Sudan in the North. The CPA provides for a 50- The international community played a significant face the unknown impact of the South’s 50 division of oil revenue, but expires in July role in