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STONE, Dimension by Thomas P STONE, DIMENSION By Thomas P. Dolley Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Samir Hakim, statistical assistant. Dimension stone is a natural rock material quarried for the Description and Terminology purpose of obtaining blocks or slabs that meet specifications as to size (width, length, and thickness) and shape (Barton, 968, p. Scientific and commercial descriptions of various dimension 4). Color, grain texture and pattern, and surface finish of the stone stone types overlap. The scientific description of dimension also are normal requirements by both customers and the stone stone types is focused primarily on the stone’s geographic industry. Durability (essentially based on mineral composition, locality and mineralogical composition, whereas the commercial hardness, and past performance), strength, and the ability of the description is focused primarily on the locality and color of the stone to take a polish are other important selection criteria. stone. Furthermore, various combinations of the scientific and Although various igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary commercial descriptions are used by stone producers to market rocks are used as dimension stone, the principal rock types are their stone products effectively. The descriptions that follow were granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, and slate. Other varieties adapted from Currier (960, p. -0) and Barton (968, p. 2-8). of dimension stone that are normally considered to be special Granite.—Commercial granites include all feldspathic minor types include alabaster (massive gypsum) and soapstone crystalline rocks of mainly interlocking texture and with (massive talc). individual mineral grains that are visible to the naked eye. This Trade data in this report are from the U.S. Census Bureau. category includes such rock types as anorthosite, gneiss, granite, All percentages in the report were computed using unrounded granodiorite, monzonite, syenite, and all other intermediate data. igneous and coarse-grained metamorphic rock types. Primary U.S. production of dimension stone in 2004 was estimated to colors of commercial granites are white, gray, pink, and red; be .46 million metric tons (Mt) valued at $28 million, which green and brown are secondary colors. Although black granites was about a 4.8% increase in value compared with that of 2003 are also included in this category and range in color from dark (table ). U.S. production tonnage of dimension stone in 2004 gray to black, they are not true granites mineralogically but increased by about 9% compared with that of 2003. Exports rather mafic rocks, such as diabases, diorites, gabbros, and increased slightly in value to $63.7 million, and imports for similar rocks. consumption increased by about 29% in value to about $.8 Limestone.—Commercial limestones are rocks of billion. The value of apparent consumption was estimated to be sedimentary origin that primarily are composed of calcium $2 billion. carbonate with or without magnesium. Included in this category In recent years, most dimension stone has been used in are calcitic limestone, dolomite, dolomitic limestone, and construction applications with the largest portions being sold or travertine, which is a calcitic rock that is precipitated from hot used as ashlars and partially squared pieces, curbing, flagstone, springs. and rough block for building and construction. Monumental Marble.—Commercial marble includes metamorphosed stone, another major type, includes memorials of various kinds. limestones and serpentine rocks, all of which are capable of Dimension stone production data for the United States taking a polish. An important member of this classification are derived by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from a is serpentine marble, which is also known as verde antique, voluntary canvass of U.S. quarry producers of rough and and comprises green-to-black serpentine, which is a hydrous dressed dimension stone. Of the 2 dimension-stone- magnesium silicate mineral that is crisscrossed by veins of producing operations included in the survey for 2004, 09 lighter minerals, such as calcite or dolomite. (52%) responded, which represented 66% of the tonnage; the Sandstone.—Commercial sandstone is a lithified sand remaining tonnage was estimated based partly on prior years’ that comprises chiefly quartz or quartz and feldspar with a reporting (table ). Data in this report cover rough crude fragmental (clastic) texture. Sandstone contains interstitial quarried stone, irregular-shaped and rectangular blocks, and cementing materials, such as calcite, clay, iron oxides, or silica. more highly processed stone. A number of other terms also Arkose (abundant feldspar grains), graywacke (abundant angular are used to describe further processing, such as “worked,” rock fragments), and conglomerate (abundant rounded rock “dressed,” “finished,” and “manufactured.” These and other fragments) are included in this category. Other members of this terms used by the dimension stone industry describe such category include bluestone, which is a dense, hard, fine-grained features as the mineral composition of the rock, the shape of the feldspathic sandstone that splits easily along planes into thin, product, the method of finishing a stone, and the type of finish smooth slabs; brownstone, which is feldspathic sandstone of applied (Stone World, 2004, p. 70-84). No adjustments are brown to reddish-brown color owing to abundant iron oxide; and made in the data to account for the sometimes substantial losses flagstone, which is a sandstone, or sandy slate, typically red, tan in processing rough stone into dressed stone. Sold or used data or gray, that splits into large, thin slabs. are considered to be equivalent to production because changes in Slate.—Commercial slate is a microgranular metamorphic stocks are not surveyed. rock formed by the recrystallization of clay sediments, such as STONE, DIMENSion—2004 72. claystone, shale, or siltstone. Characterized by excellent parallel valued at $08 million. Granite production tonnage decreased cleavage, slates may be easily split into relatively thin slabs. by 7.3%, and the value decreased by 3.5% compared with those Greenstone.—Commercial greenstones are the result of the of 2003. The top five producing States, in descending order by metamorphosis of basaltic rocks. Greenstone is named because tonnage, were Massachusetts, Georgia, Vermont, South Dakota, of the predominance of greenish minerals, such as actinolite, and New Hampshire. Massachusetts accounted for 9% of the chlorite, or epidote. tonnage of U.S. granite production. Massachusetts and Georgia Basalt and Traprock.—Commercial basalt and traprock combined accounted for about 20% of the value of the U.S. includes igneous rocks that are too fine grained to be termed granite production (table 4). “black granite.” The name traprock is derived from the Swedish Cold Spring Granite, Inc., Fletcher Granite, and Rock of word “trappa,” which means step, because of the characteristic Ages, which were the leading producers, accounted for 54% terraced or steplike appearance of certain basalt lava fields. of U.S. granite production in tonnage and 55% of U.S. granite This category includes extrusive igneous rocks, such as production in value. andesite, basalt, or dacite, and intrusive igneous rocks, such as Limestone.—Dimension limestone was produced by 28 amphibolites, diabase, diorites, fine-grained gabbros, peridotites, companies from 33 quarries in 9 States. Production increased and pyroxenites. by about 5% to 564,000 t from 373,000 t in 2004, and the Miscellaneous.—This category includes commercial value increased by about 29% to $95 million from $73.7 million dimension stone types that do not easily fall into the in 2004. The top five producing States, in descending order aforementioned categories, such as soapstone, steatite, or talc, by tonnage, were Indiana, Wisconsin, Texas, Minnesota, and which contain various amounts of the mineral talc. Additional Oklahoma. Indiana produced 44% of the U.S. tonnage and miscellaneous dimension stones include diatomite, mylonite, 48% of the value (table 5). Buechel Stone, Elliott Stone Co., pumice, schist, tripoli, tuff, porous or scoriaceous volcanic Featherlite Corp., Independent Limestone Co., and Indiana rocks, or any other rocks used as building stones. Limestone, which were the leading producers, accounted for 74% of all U.S. limestone tonnage and about 59% of the value. Production Sandstone.—Dimension sandstone was produced by 23 companies that operated 26 quarries in 5 States. Production Rough stone blocks split or cut from a quarry face are increased by about 8% to 208,000 t in 2004 from 76,000 t transported to processing plants that are typically located at the in 2003. The value increased by about 8% to $24.7 million in quarry site, at least for preliminary sizing. Further dressing, 2004 from $22.8 million in 2003. The top five producing States, which includes final sizing and finishing operations, such as in descending order by tonnage, were Arizona, New York, Ohio, decorating, edging, and polishing, also may be done at the Colorado, and Arkansas (table 6). quarry site. American Sandstone, Finger Lakes Stone Co. Inc., Hackett In 2004, limestone accounted for 564,000 metric tons (t) Quarry Co., Loukonen Brothers Stone Co., and Waller Brothers (39%) of the total domestic dimension stone production of .46 Stone Co., which were the leading producers, accounted for Mt, followed by granite (29%), sandstone (4%), marble (7%), about 74% of the tonnage
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