Ideas Recibidas Un Vocabulario Para La Cultura Artística Contemporánea

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Ideas Recibidas Un Vocabulario Para La Cultura Artística Contemporánea ideas recibidas un vocabulario para la cultura artística contemporánea Índice 105 Documento 221 Pop Documento, ficción El arte pop: repetición, y presencia del cuerpo diferencia, contingencia Gabriel Villota Toyos Juan Antonio Suárez 7 Presentación Documento y espectáculo El pop consiste en Jorge Ribalta Jean-Louis Comolli que gusten las cosas Jonathan Flatley 9 Cine 125 Gentrificación El aparato atrapado por la cola Transformaciones en las ciudades 245 Público Eugeni Bonet Josep Maria Montaner Las paradojas de la visión pública El sujeto y el dispositivo: ¿Son los museos tan solo un vehículo Marcelo Expósito del cine al ciberespacio al servicio del desarrollo inmobiliario? Sobre «público» Arlindo Machado Neil Smith Rosalyn Deutsche 31 Conceptualismo 151 Industria cultural 265 Relación De 1966 a 2008: el conceptualismo Una referencia en los estudios Un nuevo mundo de regiones en la historia del arte culturales de Gran Bretaña Francisco-J. Hernández Adrián María Ruido Mari Paz Balibrea Una nueva región del mundo Hagámoslo nosotros mismos Industria cultural Édouard Glissant Lucy Lippard Angela McRobbie 283 Subjetividad 53 Crítica 173 Museo Una ética afirmativa del devenir Nelly Richard y las itinerancias Los museos como laboratorios Raúl Sánchez Cedillo del ejercicio crítico de gubernamentalidad Afirmación, dolor y capacitación Ana Longoni Jesús Carrillo Rosi Braidotti La crítica: entre lo artístico Museo y lo cultural Tony Bennett Nelly Richard 316 Participantes 197 Performance 73 Cubo blanco Antes de Pictures: el valor Adiós al cubo blanco crítico de la memoria Carles Guerra Jesús Carrillo La poética del espacio aumentado Acción en los márgenes Lev Manovich Douglas Crimp Presentación Jorge Ribalta Este libro recoge las aportaciones a las series de conferencias que tuvieron lugar en el Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona (MACBA) a lo largo de dos años consecutivos, en otoño de 2007 y 2008. El programa respondía a la misión continuada del Museo de proporcionar herramientas conceptuales para los debates sobre las prácticas artísticas del periodo que abarca la Colección del MACBA, la segunda mitad del siglo xx. De manera espe- cífica, se presentaba como una puesta al día del léxico de la cultura artística del siglo xxi, y proponía nuevas definiciones de conceptos centrales. A su vez, buscaba ofrecer una lectu- ra histórica de la trayectoria de tales conceptos a lo largo del siglo xx, así como un apunte prospectivo que contribuyera a sentar los cimientos para la cultura emergente. En 1976, Raymond Williams publicó su libro Keywords (Palabras clave, 2003), en el que propug- naba un vocabulario adecuado a la cultura y la sociedad surgidas en la segunda mitad del si- glo xx, tras la gran ruptura producida por la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el fin de la distinción entre cultura académica y cultura popular. Para Williams, el libro respondía a la necesidad de poner al día un lenguaje gastado, que ya no servía para hacer comprensible la realidad. Era necesario un nuevo idioma común, es decir, llegar a un nuevo acuerdo compartido sobre el significado y la relevancia de ciertos términos fundamentales. Pero también se trataba de formular, a través de ese léxico, un proyecto cultural de largo alcance para la época, que bo- rrase las distinciones categóricas entre lo artístico y lo social y se construyese precisamente sobre su superación, es decir, que partiese de la nueva intersección de los campos de las artes y las ciencias sociales. Solo así parecía posible articular un proyecto cultural con un proyecto socialmente transformador. Hoy nos parece que las hipótesis de Raymond Williams siguen plenamente vigentes y su trabajo ha sido una fuente de inspiración para este programa. Cada sesión era un monográfico en torno a una de las palabras clave, con la intervención de un ponente principal presentado y replicado por un segundo ponente. Hemos manteni- do en el libro esa misma estructura original, aunque hemos variado el orden del programa en favor de una ordenación alfabética de los conceptos que se discuten. Cine Conceptualismo Crítica El aparato atrapado por la cola Eugeni Bonet Cubo blanco El sujeto y el dispositivo: Documento del cine al ciberespacio Arlindo Machado Gentrificación Industria cultural Museo Performance Pop Público Relación Subjetividad 10 Arlindo Machado Cine 11 El aparato atrapado por la cola Eugeni Bonet La palabra clave, la idea recibida que nos ocupa es la del aparato cinematográfico. Con La novedad de estos enfoques residió, en su momento, en dos o tres puntos. Por una parte, un pie en la semiótica (su propósito sistemático) y otro en el psicoanálisis, dicha noción en un énfasis en lo tecnológico, por encima tanto de lo estilístico o estético, como de la ha sido delineada en Francia a través de una serie de textos publicados en revistas como «política de autores» que Cahiers había impulsado en una etapa previa. El aspecto tecno - Cinéthique, Cahiers du Cinéma, Communications y Tel Quel, en la primera mitad de los años lógico había sido harto desatendido fuera de los consabidos manuales técnicos y de ins- setenta y en los aledaños de lo que se dio en llamar estructuralismo: todo es lenguaje, trucción profesional, y se consideraba casi transparente (invisible y aparentemente inocuo, todo es interpretable como sistema de signos. Y, más que a un objeto concreto, se refiere en la jerga propia de la época). Por otra parte, se establece en una interpelación ideológi- a un marco de relaciones recíprocas que rodean al film como cuerpo textual y que en - ca de los mecanismos que regulan la complicidad del espectador con la máquina social trañan una base técnica –la maquinaria de su producción y exhibición (instrumentos del cine, que acude particularmente a conceptos provenientes de la teoría psicoanalítica –de y funciones como la cámara, la iluminación, el sonido, el montaje, los procesos de Freud a Lacan– tales como el trabajo del sueño, el principio del placer, la fase del espejo, la laboratorio y la proyección)–, pero también la maquinaria psicológica que involucra identificación y el voyeurismo. En definitiva, lo que se plantea es que la tecnología no es al espectador. neutra sino que constituye un vehículo ideológico en sí mismo. Se considera que los textos fundadores de esta concepción teórica son los ensayos publi- La teoría del cine –o quizá sería más correcto decir la cultura del cine– tiene sin embar- cados por Jean-Louis Baudry en 1970 y 1975, así como otro muy célebre de Christian Metz, go un instinto conservador. El cinematógrafo (la invención de los Lumière) era original- «El significante imaginario», también de 1975. (Ambos autores han prolongado después mente una máquina única y versátil, concebida tanto para la toma de vistas como para sus reflexiones con sendos libros.) Luego esas ideas se han visto teleportadas al ámbito su proyección: la película solo abandonaba dicho chasis durante su procesado. Muchos anglosajón, a raíz del creciente auge académico de los estudios culturales en general escritos, en la órbita de la teoría del aparato cinematográfico, recalcan la necesidad de y de los film studies en particular, y han conformado la llamadaapparatus theory cobrando tomar distancias respecto al papel axial de la cámara y su desdoblamiento en la cámara nuevos despliegues y planteamientos. oscura de la sala, con la pantalla como plano óptico y el haz del proyector sobrevolando los cuerpos inmovilizados del público. Se trataría, por el contrario, de examinar –en Como se ha observado repetidas veces, dicha denominación no se corresponde exactamen- conjunto y en detalle– todos los elementos y las operaciones técnicas que intervienen en te con el vocabulario y los distingos de los textos-fuente: Metz habla de la «institución» o la elaboración ideológica de la representación que llega a las salas. Resaltar tales media- «máquina cinematográfica» y de la «maquinaria mental» o «interior», mientras que Baudry ciones técnicas es una de las premisas de las teorías del aparato y el dispositivo que distingue el «aparato de base» del «dispositivo». Pero, por otro lado, el término «aparato» buscan una concepción materialista opuesta a otros enfoques anteriores, tildados de remite además al concepto de «aparatos ideológicos del Estado», que fue formulado por idealistas y fenomenológicos. Louis Althusser a partir de su relectura de Marx. Otro elemento crucial de la teoría del apa- rato/dispositivo cinematográfico reside en los seis artículos que Jean-Louis Comolli publicó Una de las limitaciones de la semiótica del cine –admitida por el propio Metz, escudán - en Cahiers du Cinéma en los años 1971-1972, bajo el epígrafe «Technique et idéologie». dose en la necesidad de acotar su terreno– ha sido por otra parte la de ceñirse básicamen - 12 Eugeni Bonet te al estudio de la narración cinematográfica y de los géneros preponderantes de la pro - ducción industrial. Los axiomas del aparato se han decantado, en cambio, por el cine-ojo, la no-ficción de Dziga Vertov y su «kinoapparatom» (Chelovek s kinoapparatom, título habi- tualmente traducido por «El hombre de la cámara», «Man with the Movie Camera» y otras equivalencias; todas ellas son en cierto modo inexactas, puesto que Vertov se refiere al conjunto del aparato cinematográfico), tanto desde la primera exposición teorética de Baudry como en la andadura de Jean-Luc Godard de 1968 a 1974, cuando su firma se solapa con la de otros cómplices en un proyecto colectivo que toma precisamente el nombre del cineasta sóviet. Pero, fuera de esa especie de brazo armado que rodea las teorías del aparato –y que incluiría también las realizaciones en tándem de Jean-Marie Straub y Danièle Huillet o de Peter Wollen y Laura Mulvey–, sus doctrinas se han aplicado de nuevo a un análisis del cine clásico, sus mecanismos y tentáculos. Resulta un tanto inconsecuente, por ello, que dichas ideas sigan tomándose como referentes en cuanto a la elaboración de una teoría de los nuevos medios poscinematográficos; cuando la cámara, si ahora sigue cumpliendo algún papel –como tal o en la periferia de la telefonía móvil y el instrumental informático–, ya no persigue tanto unas imágenes premeditadas, guionizadas, apremiantes, sino que, más bien, las caza o cobra al vuelo.
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