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The Case of the Molopo District of the North West Province

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The Case of the Molopo District of the North West Province THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF THE MOLOPO DISTRICT OF THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE by MALESELA ALPHEUS MAHLAKO SHORT DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER ARTIUM in DEVELOPMENT STUDIES in the FACULTY OF ARTS at the RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: PROF. C.S. VAN DER WAAL NOVEMBER 1996 (i) Acknowledgement Acknowledgement of assistance is the quintessence of ubuntu. Even though there is no adequate expression of the debts I have incurred in the preparation of this work, I should, however, particularly like to mention some of the people who have spent an inordinate amount of time assisting me. With the tireless and superb supervision of Professor C.S. van der Waal, this work safely reached its destination. To him, I am deeply indebted. I am also deeply grateful to my parents for their unequivocal support during my study period. Thanks again to my colleague, Mr P.G. Mpolokeng, with whom I travelled to the rural areas for data collection. I have definitely benefited from his advice and support. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of the problem 3 1.2 Methodology 5 1.3 Overview of the thesis 7 CHAPTER TWO: WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Women's role in production and development 9 2.3 Women and patriarchy 12 2.4 The participation of women in rural development projects 15 2.5 Case study on women and development: Zimbabwe 19 2.6 Women and poverty 22 2.7 Theoretical perspectives on the marginalisation of women in the development process 27 2.8 Conclusion 30 CHAPTER THREE: THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE 3.1 Introduction 34 3.2 The area 35 3.3 Historical background 36 3.4 Social background 37 3.5 Economic background 40 3.6 Conclusion 49 CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Signalhill self-help project 51 4.3 Miga rural development project 57 4.4 Loporung rural development project 62 4.5 Conclusion 72 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Summary 75 5.2 Recommendations 81 References 88 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE Percentage of men and women living in poverty 25 Poverty: female and male - headed house holds 26 Percentage contribution of the informal sector in 1994 43 Employment by economic sector and the 1994 unemployment rate 45 NWP Poverty head count and head count ratio 46 Reasons for withdrawal from the project 56 Male response to proposition that men and women should be equal at home 68. Female response to proposition that domestic duties should be shared equally 69 (iv) LIST OF MAPS MAP PAGE North West subregions/ Districts 32 Molopo Subregion/District of the North West Province 33 (v) SUMMARY Just like in many other provinces of the new South Africa, the majority of the people in the North West Province are located in the rural areas, the majority of them being women. Women, especially those in the rural areas, are marginalised in the development process regardless of the new focus on women in development literature. Most women are not involved in the decision-making process, and the few that are involved only appear at the implementation stage where there is need for manpower. Again, many women in the rural areas are exposed to poverty and there is a close link between their marginalisation and the poverty situation in which they fmd themselves. Development projects which are geared towards poverty alleviation are planned by men for men and women are very seldom in the planning stage. Women are therefore objects and not subjects of the development process. Most policy-makers are not gender- sensitive and women often find themselves left behind. Rural development projects also seem to be devoid of attention to local needs and local preferences are therefore sometimes irrelevant. Many rural development projects do not achieve their intended objectives and others even produce unwanted results and perpetuate the existing socio-economic bottlenecks experienced in the rural areas. It is believed that rural development projects will not reach their intended objectives if women continue to be marginalised. This study is prompted by the continued marginalisation of women in the development process, despite the proliferation of literature on women and development. Three rural settlements in the North West Province were selected to determine the extent to which rural women participate in the development process: Miga, Loporung and Signalhill. In each of these settlements, a rural development project was studied, which was then used in a comparison of the three case studies. The most important method used to collect data in the field was the interview method. This method has got its own inherent problems, for example it is time-consuming. However, this method was preferred specifically because this (vi) research is about rural people and rural development projects. Apart from the fieldwork, a literature study was done on the role of women in the development process, both internationally and in Africa, especially in the context of rural projects. In view of the fact that the majority of the people in the rural areas are not educated, this method was seen to be viable. This method provides the researcher with ample opportunity to clarify issues which are not understood by the interviewee. The researcher has the opportunity to give a detailed explanation of the importance of the study and to ensure that they fully know what is expected of them. The findings of this research have indicated that the North West Province is not much different from other provinces of South Africa. It was found that the majority of the people are found in the rural areas and these people share many common characteristics. Among these characteristics, poverty seems to be a more salient one and women and children are the most hard-hit. Regardless of this appalling state of affairs, most policy-makers seem to be obsessed with pandering to urban interests at the expense of the rural ones. It is therefore areas moving into the urban centres. In the three settlements that were studied, the majority of the people moved into the urban areas of Mmabatho and Mafikeng to look for employment opportunities. The majority of the migrants venture into informal activities. Most of these people are women. Due to the poverty situation, many women are forced to commercialise their domestic chores. One of the most important findings of this research is that rural people are not homogeneous and should therefore be treated according to their particular needs. It was also found from this research that rural people sometimes do not accept their poverty situation as given. Therefore, rural people should not be seen as passive objects which need to be injected with Western values as the modernisation perspective asserted. Rural people have proved to be ready and eager to improve their conditions of life. What needs to be done, therefore, is to make facilities available and accessible for them. Generally, this research has shown that women in the rural areas are still marginalised and aspects of social life such as poverty, patriarchy and tradition play a very significant role to this effect. Lack of access to resources also contributes towards the marginalisation of women. These are the major issues which need to be dealt with without any delay. 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Studies (Wilson and Ramphele 1989, Rogers 1984, Dominelli 1995) show that the majority of the people in African countries live in the rural areas, the majority of them being women. These studies also indicate that rural people are disadvantaged in a variety of ways: firstly, they do not have access to basic services such as education, clean water, food and shelter, recreational facilities, credit facilities, etc. In the rural areas, most women are unemployed, but this does not automatically mean that they do not work. Most of them are engaged in 'cheap' and unpaid agricultural labour such as tilling the land and ploughing the fields, harvesting and hoeing. Most women are employed in the agricultural domain where they are remunerated on a low level. Women play a significant role in reproduction and child rearing. They perform domestic tasks which include fuel collection, fetching water and preparation of food, and are not regarded as being significant in the overall development mainstream. Women in the industrial sector are paid low wages and are not involved in the decision-making processes. The activities that women engage in are very important. Households, and eventually the society as a whole, cannot survive without these . However, there seems to be very little recognition attached to the contribution that rural women make in the development process although now literature on women and development abounds. Literature on women and development which stresses the importance of women in development has, to some extent, brought some positive changes in the practice of development. For example, these studies have, in the words of Kandiyoti (1990:6), "alerted us to the fact that rural development policies will not have their intended effects or might even produce unintended negative outcomes" if women continue to remain outside the development mainstream. Through literature on women and development, it was realised that resources have to be made available to women and forces that perpetuate their marginalisation have to be removed. 2 However the tendency to accord little significance to women's activities and their continued marginalisation in the development process still persists. This has elicited much concern and debate among policy makers and development researchers, especially during the 1970's. As a consequence, this decade saw some concerted efforts being made by these policy makers and researchers to divert and increase their attention and focus on the rural majority, especially women, in designing their development strategies and research programmes.
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