LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 153

Bibliography

Aitken, M J, 1998 , Middle , 76, 388-396 Oxford Introduction to Optical Dating Ashton, N M, and White,Antiquity M, 2003 Bifaces and raw Alabaster, C, and Straw, A, 1976 The Pleistocene materials: flexible flaking in the British Early context of faunal remains and artefacts Palaeolithic, in M Soressi and H L Dibble (eds discovered at Welton-le-Wold, Lincolnshire, ), 41, Multiple Approaches, University to the of Study Pennsylvania, of Bifacial 75-94Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society Philadelphia, 109-123 Aldhouse-Green, H S, Peterson, R, and Walker E A, Ashton, N M, Dean, P, and McNabb, J, 1991 Flaked 2012 flakes: what, when and why? , inOxford Wales: Pontnewydd and the 12, Lithics:1-12 The Journal Allen,Elwy J ValleyR L, 2001 Late Quaternary stratigraphy in Ashton,of the LithicsN M, Cook, Studies J, SocietyLewis, S G, and Rose, J, 1992 the Gwent Levels (southeast Wales): the sub - surface evidence, High Lodge: excavations, London by G de G Sieveking 1962– 112, 289-315Proceedings of the Geologists’ Ashton,68 and N J CookM, Lewis, 1988 S G, and Parfitt, S A, Allen,Association L G, and Gibbard, P L, 1993 Pleistocene 1998 , British evolution of the Solent river of southern MuseumExcavations Occasional at Barnham, Paper 125, 1989-1994 London England, 12, 503-528 Ashton, N M, Jacobi, R, and White, M, 2003 The ALSF AnnualQuaternary Report 2002-3, Science English Reviews Heritage, dating of Levallois sites in West London, http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/ 99, 25-32 publications/extract-02-03/ Ashton,Quaternary N M, NewsletterLewis, S, Parfitt, S, Candy, I, Keen, D, ALSF Annual Report 2003-4, English Heritage, Kemp, R, Penkman, K, Thomas, G, Whittaker, J, http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/ and White, M J, 2005 Excavations at the Lower publications/extract-03-04/ Palaeolithic site at Elveden, Suffolk, UK, ALSF Annual Report 2004-5, English Heritage, 71, 1-61 http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/ Ashton,Proceedings N, Lewis, of the S, Prehistoric Parfitt, S, Societyand White, M, publications/extract-04-05/ 2006 Riparian landscapes and habitat ALSF Annual Report 2005-6, English Heritage, preferences during the Hoxnian (MIS 11) Inter - http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/ glacial, 21, 497–506 publications/extract-05-06/ Ashton, N JournalM, Lewis, of Quaternary S G, Parfitt, Science S, Penkman, K E H, ALSF Annual Report 2006-7, English Heritage, and Coope, G R, 2008 New evidence for http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/ complex climate change in MIS 11 from Hoxne, publications/extract-06-07/ UK, 27, 652-668 ALSF Annual Report 2007-8, English Heritage, Ashton,Quaternary N, Lewis, ScienceS G, and Reviews Hosfield, R, 2011 http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/ Mapping the human record: population change publications/extract-07-08/ in Britain during the early Palaeolithic, in Antoine, P, Limondin-Lozouet, N, Auguste, P, N M Ashton, S G Lewis and C B Stringer (eds), Locht, J-L, Galheb, B, Reyss, J-L, Escude, É, , Carbonel, P, Mercier, N, Bahain, J-J, C, F, and Amsterdam,The Ancient Human 39–52 Occupation of Britain Voinchet, P, 2006 Le tuf de Caours (Somme, Austin, L, 1994 Life and death of a Boxgrove biface, France): mise en évidence d’une séquence in N M Ashton and A David (eds), eemienne et d’un site paléolithique associé, , London, 119-27 Stories in 17, 281–320 Stone Aram,Quaternaire J, Hambly, J, and Rackham, J, 2004 Towards Banham, P H, Gibbard, P L, Lunkka, J P, Parfitt, S P, an understanding of the ice age at Welton-le- Preece, R C, and Turner, C, 2001 A critical Wold, Lincolnshire, unpubl rep., Heritage assessment of ‘A new glacial stratigraphy for Lincolnshire, Heckington eastern England’, 93, 5–14 Ashton, N M, and McNabb, J, 1994 Bifaces in Barham, A J, and Bates,Quaternary M R, 1994 Newsletter perspective, N Ashton and A David (eds), Strategies for the , Studies Occasional Paper 4,Stories use of boreholes in archaeological evaluations:, Institute a of London,in Stone 182–191 ,review of methodologies University and College, techniques London, Ashton, N M, and Lewis, S G, 2002 Deserted Geoarchaeological Service Facility, Technical Britain: declining populations in the British late Report 94/01, London

153 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 154

Lost Landscapes of Palaeolithic Britain

Basell, L S, Brown, A G, and Toms, P S, 2011 Chard record, Project Number 3279, unpubl. rep. for Junction Quarry and the Valley gravels, in English Heritage, London L S Basell, A G Brown, and P S Toms (eds), Bates, M R, Bates, C R, and Whittaker, J E. 2007b The Mixed method approaches to the investigation Quaternary of Research the Exe Valley Association and Adjoining Field Guide, Areas, and mapping of buried Quaternary deposits: London, 93-102 examples from southern England, Bassinot, F C, Labeyrie, L D, Vincent, E, 14, 104-129 Archaeological Quidelleur, X, Shackleton, N, Lancelot, Y, 1994 Bates,Prospection M R, Bates, C R, and Briant, R M, 2007c The astronomical theory of climate and the age Bridging the gap: a terrestrial view of shallow of the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal, marine sequences and the importance of the 126, 91-108 transition zone, Bates,Earth M and R, 1993Planetary Quaternary Science Lettersaminostratigraphy in 34, 1537-1551 Journal of Archaeological Science north-western France, Bates, C R, Bates, M R, and Dix, J, 2009 Contiguous 12, 793-809 Quaternary Science Reviews Palaeo-Landscape Reconstruction (Transition Bates, M, 2001 The meeting of the waters: raised Zone Mapping for marine-terrestrial archaeo - beaches and river gravels of the Sussex coastal logical continuity) ALSF rep., University of St plain/Hampshire basin, Andrews , 7, 27-45Lithic Studies Society Bates, M R, Bates, C R, Gibbard, P L, Keen, D H, Bates,Occasional M R, and Papers Heppell, E, 2007 Assessment Parfitt, S A, Peglar, S M, Schwenninger, J-L, report: Middle Thames northern tributaries, Wenban-Smith, F F, and Whittaker, J E, 2009 unpubl. rep., University of Wales Lampeter and West Street, Selsey, in: R M Briant, M R Bates, Essex County Council R T Hosfield, and F F Wenban-Smith (eds), Bates, M R, and Wenban-Smith, F F, 2011 Palaeolithic geoarchaeology: palaeolandscape The Quaternary, Quaternaryof the Solent ResearchBasin and Association West Sussex modeling and scales of investigation, FieldRaised Guide, Beaches London 2012 (1) 69-96 Landscapes Bates, M R, Briant, R M, Rhodes, E J, Schwenninger, Bates, M R,, and Stafford, E, 2013, J L. and Whittaker, J E, 2010 A new chrono - Thames : logical framework for Middle and Upper A Geoarchaeological Approach to the InvestigationOxford of Pleisto cene landscape evolution in the Sussex/ Wessexthe River Archaeology Floodplain for Monograph, High Speed 1, Salisbury Hampshire coastal corridor, Bates, M R, Roberts, M B, and Parfitt, S A, 1997 The 121 369–392Proceedings of the chronology, palaeogeography and archaeological Bates,Geologists’ M R, Nayling, Association N, Bates,, C R, Dawson, S, significance of the marine Quaternary record of Huws, D, And Wickham-Jones, C, 2012 A multi- the West Sussex coastal plain, southern England, disciplinary approach to the archaeological UK, 16, 1227 – 1252 investigation of a bedrock-dominated shallow- Bates, MQuaternary R, Lambrick, Science G, Welsh,Reviews K, and White, M J, marine landscape: an example from the Bay 1999 Evaluation of Palaeolithic deposits at of Firth, Orkney, UK, Purfleet, Essex, 19, 72-87 42,International 24-43 Journal of Bates, M R, Barham,Lithics A J, Pine, C A, and Bates,Nautical M R, Archaeology Wenban-Smith, F F, Bello, S M, Bridg - Williamson, V D, 2000 The use of borehole land, D R, Buck, L T, Collins, M J, Keen, D H, stratigraphic logs in archaeological evaluation Leary, J, Parfitt, S A, Penkman, K, Rhodes, E, strategies for deeply stratified alluvial areas, in Ryssaert, C, and Whittaker, J E, 2014 Late persis- Roskams, S (ed.), tence of the Acheulian in southern Britain in an Interpreting Stratigraphy: Site MIS 8 interstadial: evidence from Harnham, Evaluation,, BAR Recording Int. Ser. Procedures 910, Oxford, and 49–69Stratigraphic Wiltshire, 101, 159-186 Bates,Analysis M R, Keen, D H, Whittaker, J E, Merry, J S, Behre, K-E, 2007,Quaternary A new Science Holocene Reviews sea-level curve and Wenban-Smith, F F, 2002 Middle Pleistocene for the southern North Sea, 36, 82-102 molluscan and ostracod faunas from Allhallows, Bell, M, 2007, Boreas Kent, UK, Prehistoric Coastal, CBA Res.Communities: Rep. 149, the York Meso - 113, 223–236Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association Bell,lithic M, in and Western Walker, Britain M J C, 2005 Bates, M R, Keen, D H, and Lautridou, J-P, 2003 (2nd edn),Late Harlow Quaternary Pleistocene marine and periglacial deposits of Bell,Environmental M, Chisham, Change C, Dark, P and Allen, S, 2006 the English Channel, sites in coastal and riverine contexts 18, 319–337 Journal of Quaternary in southern Britain: current research and the Bates,Science M R, Wenban-Smith, F F, Briant, R M, management of the archaeological resource, in Marshall, G, 2004 Palaeolithic archaeology of the E Rensink and H Peeters (eds), Sussex/Hampshire coastal corridor, Project Preserving the Number 3279, unpubl. rep. for English Heritage, Early Past: Investigation, Selection and Preservation, London Nederlandseof Palaeolithic Archeologischeand Mesolithic Sites Rapporten and Landscapes 31, Bates, M R, Briant, R M, Wenban-Smith, F F, Bates, Amersfoort, 25-39 C R, 2007a Curation of the Sussex/Hampshire Berendsen, H J A, and Stouthamer, E, 2001 coastal corridor Lower/Middle Palaeolithic Palaeogeographic Development of the Rhine-Meuse

154 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 155

Bibliography

Assen Bridgland, D R, 1994 , Blinkhorn,Delta, the E, Netherlands, and Milner, N, 2014 London Quaternary of the Thames Mesolithic, York Bridgland, D R, 1996 Quaternary river terrace Boëda,Research E, 1986. and ConservationApproche technologique Framework 2013 du deposits as a framework for the Lower Palaeo - concept Levallois et évaluation de champ lithic record, in C Gamble and A Lawson (eds), d’application, unpubl. PhD thesis, Univ. Paris , Salisbury, 23–39 Boëda, E, 1988 Le concept Levallois et évaluation Bridgland,The English D R,Palaeolithic 1999 Wealden Reviewed rivers’ north of the de son champ d’application, in M Otte M (ed.), Thames: a provenance study based on gravel 4 , Etudes et clast analysis, RecherchesL’Homme de ArchéologiquesNéandertal : la Techniquede l’Université de 110,Proceedings 133–148 of the Geologists’ Liège 31, Liège, 13-26 Bridgland,Association D R, 2000 River terrace systems in Boeda, E, 1993 Le débitage discoïde et le débitage north–west Europe: an archive of environmental levallois récurrent centripète, change, uplift and early human occupation, 90,Bulletin 392-404 de la 19, 1293–1303 Boëda,Société E, Préhistorique1995 Levallois: Française a volumetric reconstruc- Bridgland,Quaternary D R,Science 2003 ReviewsThe evolution of the river tion, methods, a technique, in H L Dibble and Medway, SE England, in the context of O Bar–Yosef (eds), Quaternary palaeoclimate and the Palaeolithic The Definition, Madison, and Interpret41–68 - occupation of NW Europe, Boëda,ation E,of 2001Levallois Détermination des unités techno- 114, 23–48Proceedings of the fonctionnelles de pièces bifaciales provenant de Bridgland,Geologists’ D AssociationR, 2006 The Middle and Upper la couche acheuléenne C’3 base du site de Pleistocene sequence in the Lower Thames; a Barbas, in D Cliquet (ed.), record of Milankovitch climatic fluctuation and Les Industries á early human occupation of southern Britain. Outils Bifaciaux, Études du Paléolithique et Recherches Moyen Archéo d’Europe - Henry Stopes Memorial Lecture, logiquesOccidentale de l’Université de Liège 98, Liège, 51–75 117, 281–305Proceedings Boismier, W A, 2003 A Middle Palaeolithic site at Bridgland,of the Geologists’ D R, 2010 Association The record from British Lynford Quarry, Mundford, Norfolk: interim Quaternary river systems within the context of statement, 69, global fluvial archives, 315-324 Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 25, 433–446 Journal of Quaternary Boismier, W A, Gamble, C, and Coward, F, 2012 Bridgland,Science D R, 2014 Lower Thames terrace strati - graphy: latest views, in D R Bridgland, P Allen Neanderthals Amongst Mammoths:, London Excavations at and T S White (eds), Bos,Lynford J A A, Quarry, and Janssen, Norfolk C R, 1996 Local impact The QuaternaryQuaternary of Research the Lower of Palaeolithic Man on the environment during AssociationThames and EasternField Guide, Essex, London, 5–17 the end of the Last Glacial in the Netherlands, Bridgland, D R, and Sutcliffe, A J, 1995 East Mersea 23, 731-739 Hippopotamus Site, in D R Bridgland, P Allen Bos,Journal J A A, of van Archaeological Geel, B, Groenewoudt, Science B J, and and B A Haggart (eds), Lauwerier, R C G M, 2005 Early Holocene The, QuaternaryQuaternary of Research the environmental change: the presence and AssociationLower Reaches Field of the Guide, Thames London, 275-276 disappearance of early Mesolithic habitation Bridgland, D R, and Allen, P, 1996 A revised model near Zutphen (The Netherlands), for terrace formation and its significance for 15, 27-43Vegetation the lower Middle Pleistocene Thames terrace Bowen,History D andQ, Hughes, Archaeobotany S, Sykes, G A, and Miller, aggradations of north east Essex, U.K. in C G H, 1989 Land-sea correlations in the Pleisto - Turner (ed.), cene based on isoleucine epimerization in non- , Rotterdam,The Early 121–134 Middle Pleistocene in marine molluscs, 340, 49–51 Bridgland,Europe D R, and Gibbard, P L, 1997 Quaternary Briant, R M, Bates, MNature R, Schwenninger, J-L, and river diversions in the London Basin and the Wenban-Smith, F, 2006 An optically stimulated eastern English Channel, luminescence dated Middle to Late Pleistocene 51, 337–346 Géographie Physique et fluvial sequence from the western Solent Basin, Bridgland,Quaternaire D R, and Maddy, D, 2002 Global corre- southern England, lation of the long Quaternary fluvial sequences: 21, 507 – 523 Journal of Quaternary Science a review of baseline knowledge and possible Briant, R M, Bates, M R, Marshall, G D, Schwenn - methods and criteria for establishing a database, inger, J-L, and Wenban-Smith, F F, 2012 Terrace 81, 265–281 reconstruction and long profile projection: a Bridgland,Netherlands D R, Journal and Westaway, of Geosciences R, 2007 case study from the Solent river system near Climatically controlled river terrace staircases: Southampton, England, a worldwide Quaternary phenomenon, 123,Proceedings 438–449 of the 98, 285–315 Bridgland,Geologists’ D AssociationR, 1988 The Pleistocene fluvial Bridgland,Geomorphology D R, Currant, A P, and Preece, R C, stratigraphy and palaeogeography of Essex, 1995 East Mersea Restaurant site, in D R 99, 291– Bridgland, P Allen, and B A Haggart (eds), Proceedings314 of the Geologists’ Association , The Quaternary of the Lower Reaches of the Thames

155 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 156

Lost Landscapes of Palaeolithic Britain

Quaternary Research Association Field Guide, Junction Quarry, Hodge Ditch, Phases II and III. London, 271–274 Assessment Stage (5695). Project report Stage II, Bridgland, D R, Field, M H, Holmes, J A, McNabb, unpubl rep., University of Southampton J, Preece, R C, Selby, I, Wymer, J J, Boreham, S, Brown, T, and Basell, L, 2008 New lower Palaeo - Irving, B G, Parfitt and S A, and Stuart, A J, 1999 lithic finds from the Axe Valley Dorset, 60, Middle Pleistocene interglacial Thames/ 1–3 Past Medway deposits at Clacton-on-Sea, England: Brown, A G, Basell, L S, and Toms, P, 2015 reconsideration of the biostratigraphical and A stacked Late Quaternary fluvio-periglacial environmental context of the type Clacton ian sequence from the Axe valley, southern England Palaeolithic , with implications for landscape evolution and 18, 109–146 Quaternary Science Reviews Palaeolithic archaeology, Bridgland, D R, Crowe, K, Preece, R C, Roe, H M, 116, 106-121 Quaternary Science Tipping, R M, Coope, G R, Field, M H, Brown,Reviews T, Hosfield, R, Basell, L, Toms, P, Hounsell, Robinson, J E, and Schreve, D C, 2001 Middle S, and Young, R, 2008 The Palaeolithic Rivers of Pleistocene interglacial deposits at Barling, South-West Britain, York: Archaeology Data Essex, England: evidence for a longer chrono - Service (doi:10.5284/1000027) logy for the Thames terrace sequence, Bull, W B, 1991 16, 813-840 Journal of , OxfordGeomorphic Responses to Climatic Bridgland,Quaternary D R,Science Schreve, D C, Keen, D H, Meyrick, Buteux,Change S, Brooks, S, Candy, I, Coates, G, Coope, R, R, and Westaway, R, 2004 Biostratigraphical Currant, A, Field, M, Greenwood, M, Greig, J, correlation between the late Quaternary Howard, A, Limbrey, S, Paddock, E, Schreve, D, sequence of the Thames and key fluvial Smith, D, and Toms, P, 2003 The Whitemoor localities in central Germany, Haye Woolly Rhino Site, Whitemoor Haye 115, 125–140Proceedings of the Quarry, Staffordshire (SK 173127): assessment Bridgland,Geologists’ D AssociationR, Antoine, P, Limondin-Lozouet, N, report on scientific investigations funded by the Santisteban, J I, Westaway, R, and White, M J, ALSF through a grant administered by English 2006 The Palaeolithic occupation of Europe as Nature, unpubl. rep., University of Birmingham revealed by evidence from the rivers: data from Field Archaeology Unit IGCP 449, 21, 437– Buteux, S, Chambers, J, and Silva, B, 2009 455 Journal of Quaternary Science Digging Bridgland, D R, Westaway, R, Howard, A J, Innes, up the Ice Age. Recognising, Recording and Under - J B, Long, A J, Mitchell, W A, White, M J, and standing Fossil and Archaeological Remains Found , White, T S, 2010 The role of glacio-isostasy in Oxfordin British Quarries: a Guide and Practical Handbook the formation of post-glacial river terraces in Butzer, K W, 1982 , relation to the MIS 2 ice limit: evidence from Cambridge Archaeology as Human Ecology northern England, 121, 113–127Proceedings of the Geologists’ Castro-Curel, Z, and Carbonell, E, 1995 Wood Bridgland,Association D R, Harding, P, Allen, P, Candy, I, pseudomorphs from level I at Abric Romani, Cherry, C, Horne, D J, Keen, D H, Penkman, Barcelona, Spain, 22, K E H, Preece, R C, Rhodes, E J, Scaife, R, 376-384 Journal of Field Archaeology Schreve, D C, Schwenninger, J, Slipper, I, Ward, Chambers, J C, 2003 Like a rolling stone? The G R, White, M J, White, T S, and Whittaker, J E, identification of fluvial transportation damage 2012 An enhanced record of MIS 9 environ- signatures on secondary context bifaces, ments, geochronology and geoarchaeology: 24, 66–77 Lithics data from construction of the High Speed 1 Chen, W, Xuanqing, Z, Naihua, H, and Yongyhong, (London–Channel Tunnel) rail-link and other M, 1996 Compiling the map of shallow-buried recent investigations at Purfleet, Essex, UK, palaeochannels on the North China Plain, 124/3, 18, 47–52 417–76Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association Chew,Geomorphology K J, 1995 Data modelling: a general-purpose Bridgland, D R, Howard, A J, White, M J, and petroleum geological database, in: J R A Giles White, T S, 2014 , Oxford (ed.), , Geological Bridgland, D R, Howard,Quaternary A J, White, of the Trent M J, White, T SocietyGeological Special PublicationData Management 97, London, 13–23 S, and Westaway, R, 2015 New insight into the Clayton, C R I, Matthews, M C, and Simons, N E, Quaternary evolution of the River Trent, UK, 1995 , Oxford , http:// Cliquet,Site D, Ladjadj,Investigation J, Lautridou, J-P, Leportier, J, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2015.06.004Proceedings of the Geologist’s Association Lorren, P, Michel, D, Pruvost, P, Rivard, J-J, and Brown, J, 1840 Notice of a fluvio-marine deposit Vilgrain, G, 2001 Le Paléolithique moyen à outils containing mammalian-remains occurring in bifaciaux en Normandie: état des connaissances, the parish of Little Clacton on the Essex coast, in D Cliquet (ed.), Ser. 2/4, 197–201 Les Industries á Outils Bifaciaux, Brown,Magazine T, 2012 of Natural Monitoring History and modeling of the Étudesdu Paléolithique et Recherches Moyen Archéologiques d’Europe Occidentale de Palaeolithic archaeological resource at Chard l’Université de Liège 98, Liège, 115–27

156 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 157

Bibliography

Cohen, K M, 2005 3D geostatistical interpolation Dewey, H, 1926 The river gravels of the south of and geological interpretation of palaeo-ground- England. Their relationship to Palaeolithic man water rise in the Holocene coastal prism in the and to the glacial period, Netherlands, in L Giosan and J P Bhattacharya, (1922), 1429-1446XIII Congnis Geologique , Duller,International G A T, 2008 SEPMRiver Deltas: Special Concepts, Publication Models 83, andTulsa, Examples 341–64 Luminescence Dating: Guidelines, Cohen, K M, MacDonald, K, Joordens, J C A, Englishon using Heritage,luminescence London dating in archaeology Roebroeks, W, and Gibbard, P L, 2012 The earliest occupation of north-west Europe: a coastal Edwards, R, 2013 perspective, 271, 70-83 , ArchaeologicalSociety of Museum Archives Archae and - Cohen, K M, Gibbard,Quaternary P L, International and Weerts, H J T, 2014 ologists,Museums, http://www.socmusarch.org.uk/docs/ 2012 North Sea palaeogeographical reconstructions Archaeological-archives-and-museums-2012.pdf for the last 1 Ma, English Heritage and The Prehistoric Society, 1999 Geologie en93, Mijnbouw/Nether 7-29 - Coles,lands B, Journal 1998 Doggerland: of Geosciences a speculative survey, Research Frameworks for the Palaeolithic, Salisbury and 64, 45-81 EssexMesolithic County of Council Britain and IrelandKent County Council, Conneller,Proceedings C, 2007of the Inhabiting Prehistoric newSociety landscapes: 2004 Archaeological Survey of Mineral Extraction settlement and mobility in Britain after the last Sites in the Greater Thames Estuary, Aggregates glacial maximum, Levy Sustainability Fund 1, unpubl. rep. 26, 215-37 Oxford Journal of Archaeology Essex County Council and Kent County Council, Conway, B W, McNabb, J, and Ashton, N, 1996 2011 Archaeological Survey of Mineral Extraction Sites around the Thames Estuary BritishExcavations Museum at Barnfield Occasional Pit, Swanscombe, Paper 94, London 1968-72, [data set], York: Archaeology Data Service Cook, J, and Jacobi, R, 1998 Discoidal core (doi:10.5284/1000016) technology in the Palaeolithic at Oldbury, Kent, Evans, J, 1860 On the occurrence of imple- in N Ashton, F Healy and P Pettitt (eds), ments in undisturbed beds of gravel, sand, and Stone clay, 13, 280-307 Oxford,Age Archaeology: 124–136 Essays in Honour of John Wymer, Archaeologia Coope, G R and Tallon, P W J, 1983 A full glacial Féblot-Augustins, J, 1999 Raw material transport insect fauna from the Lea Valley, Enfield, North patterns and settlement systems in the European London, 40, 7–12 Lower and Middle Palaeolithic: continuity, Cooper, L, Thomas,Quaternary J S, Newsletter Beamish, M G, Gouldwell, change and variability, in C Gamble and W A, Collcutt, S N, Williams, J, Jacobi, R M, Roebroeks (eds), Currant, A, and Higham, T, 2012 An early The, Leiden,Middle Palaeolithic 193-214 Upper Palaeolithic open-air station and mid- Fischer,Occupation A, 2004 of EuropeSubmerged : Danish Devensian hyaena den at Grange Farm, Glaston, examples and North Sea potential, in N C Rutland, UK, Flemming (ed.), 78, 73–93 Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society Submarine Prehistoric Archae- Corcoran, J, Halsey, C, Spurr, G, Burton, E, and ology of the North Sea: Research, CBA Priorities Res. Rep. and 141, Jamieson, D, 2011 York,Collab oration21-36 with Industry Mapping Past Landscapes in the Fitch, S, Thomson, K and Gaffney, V L, 2005 Late Lower Lea Valley: a Geoarchaeological, Museum of London Study of the Pleistocene and Holocene depositional systems ArchaeologyQuaternary Sequence Monograph 55, London and palaeogeography of the Dogger Bank, Culshaw, M G, 2005 From concept towards reality: North Sea, 64, 185-96 developing the attributed 3D geological model Flatman, J, Short,Quaternary J, Doeser, Research J, and Lee, E (eds) 2008 of the shallow subsurface, Quarterly Journal38, 231–284 of Sustainable Heritage: ,Aggregates ALSF Dissemination Extraction and the Currant,Engineering A P, and Geology Jacobi, and R Hydrogeology M, 2001 A formal Project,Historic 2002-07,Environment benchmark report, London mammalian biostratigraphy for the Late Pleisto - Flemming, N C, 2002 cene of Britain, 20, The Scope of Strategic 1707–1716 Quaternary Science Reviews Environmental Assessment of North Sea Areas SEA3 and SEA2 in Regard, SEA3_TR014, to Prehistoric Dale, W, 1912 The implement-bearing gravel beds DepartmentArchaeological of Remains Trade and Industry, London of the lower valley of the Test, Flemming, N C, (ed.) 2004 24, 108–116Proceedings of the Submarine Prehistoric Dale,Society W, 1918 of Antiquaries Report as local secretary for Hamp - Archaeology of the North Sea: Research, CBA Res.Priorities Rep. shire, 30, 141and CollaborationYork with Industry 20–23 Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries Foley, ,R A, 1981 Department for Communities and Local Govern - Off-site Archaeology, Cambridge and Human ment, 2012, National Planning Policy Frame - MonographsAdaptation in Easternin African Africa Archaeology 3, BAR Int. work (NPPF), https//www.gov.uk/government/ Ser. 97, Oxford uploads/attachment_data/file/6077/2116950.pdf

157 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 158

Lost Landscapes of Palaeolithic Britain

Gaffney, V L, Thomson, K, and Fitch S, (eds) 2007 Graf, A, 2002 Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Leicestershire and Rutland: progress and Mapping Doggerland: the, Oxford Mesolithic landscapes of potential, Gaffney,the southern V L, Fitch, North S, Sea and Smith, D, 2009 Transactions of the 76,Leicester 1–46 Archaeo - Europe’s, CBA Green,logical C andP, and Historical McGregor, Society D F M, 1980 Res.Lost World:Rep. 160, the YorkRediscovery of Doggerland Quaternary evolution of the river Thames, in D Gamble, C, 1992 Southern rivers Palaeolithic K C Jones (ed.), , project, 66, 38-40 London, 177–202The Shaping of Southern England Gamble, C,Quaternary 1996 Hominid Newsletter behaviour in the Green, C P, Branch, N P, Coope, G R, Field, M H, Middle Pleistocene: an English perspective, in Keen, D H, , J M, Schwenninger, J-L, C S Gamble and A J Lawson (eds), Preece, R C, Schreve, D C, Canti, M G, and , Salisbury The English Gleed-Owen, C P, 2006 Marine Isotope Stage 9 Gamble,Palaeolithic C, and Reviewed Kruszynski, R, 2009 John Evans, environments of fluvial deposits at Hackney, Joseph Prestwich and the stone that shattered North London, UK, the time barrier, 83, 461-475 25, 89–113 Quaternary Science Reviews Geneste, J-M, 1989 EconomieAntiquity des resources Green, C P, 1984 lithiques dans le mousterien du sud-ouest Pontnewydd ,; Cardiff a Lower Palaeo - France, in L Freeman and M Patou (eds), Gupta,lithic S,Hominid Collier, Site J, Palmer-Felgate, in Wales A, Dickinson, J, 6 , Etudes Bushe, K, and Humber, S, 2004 Submerged etL’ HommeRecherches de Néandertal Archéologiques : la Subsistance de l’Université de Palaeo-Arun River: reconstruction of prehistoric Liège 33, Liège, 75-97 landscapes and evaluation of Archaeological Gibbard, P L, 1977 Pleistocene history of the Vale Resource Potential Integrated Projects 1 and 2 of St Albans, unpubl. rep., English Heritage, London , PhilosophicalB280, Transactions 445–483 of the Gupta, S, Collier, J S, Palmer-Felgate, A, and Potter, Gibbard,Royal Society P L, 1979 of London Middle Pleistocene drainage in G, 2007 Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf the Thames Valley, 116, 35–44 valley systems in the English Channel, Gibbard, P L, 1985 Geological Magazine 448, 342–345 , CambridgePleistocene History of the Middle Nature Gibbard,Thames P Valley L, 1994 Harding, P, and Gibbard, P L, 1983 Excavations at , CambridgePleistocene History of the Lower Northwold Road, Stoke Newington, north-east Gibbard,Thames P Valley L, 1995 Formation of the Strait of London, 1981, Dover, in R C Preece (ed.), Transactions of the34, London 1–18 and GeologicalIsland Britain: Society A Special Harding,Middlesex P, Gibbard, Archaeological P L, Lewin Society J, Macklin, M G, PublicationQuaternary Perspective,96, London, 15-26 and Moss, E H, 1987 The transport and abrasion Gibbard, P L, 2007 Europe cut adrift, 448, of flint handaxes in a gravel-bed river, in G. de 259-260 Nature G. Sieveking and M H Newcomer (eds), Gibbard, P L, and Cohen, K M, 2008 Global , ProceedingsThe of the chronostratigraphical correlation table for the FourthHuman InternationalUses of Flint and Flint Chert Symposium Held at last 2.7 million years, 31, 243-7 Brighton Polytechnic, Oct-15 April 1983, 115– Gibbard, P L, and Lewin,Episodes J, 2003 The history of the 126, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge major rivers of southern Britain during the Harding, P. Bridgland, D R, Allen, P, Bradley, P, Tertiary, , London, Grant, M J, Peat, D, Schwenninger, J-L, Scott, R, 160, 829–845Journal of the Geological Society Westaway, R, and White, T S, 2012 Chronology Gibbard, P L, and Lewin, J, 2008 River incision and of the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in north- terrace formation in the Late Cenozoic of west Europe: developer-funded investigations Europe, 474, 41–55 at Dunbridge, Hampshire, southern England, Gijssel, K van,Tectonophysics 2006 A continent-wide framework 123, 584– for local and regional stratigraphies: application 607Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association of genetic sequence and event stratigraphy to Hazell, Z J, 2008 Off shore and intertidal peat the Middle Pleistocene terrestrial succession of deposits, England: a resource assessment and north-west and central Europe, unpubl. PhD development of a database, thesis, Univ. Leiden 13, 101–10 Environmental Gowlett, J A J, Chambers, J C, Hallos, J, and Hijma,Archaeology M P, Cohne, K M, Roebroeks, W, Pumphrey, T R J, 1998 Beeches Pit: first views of Westerhoff, W E, and Busschers, F S, 2012 the archaeology of a Middle Pleistocene site in Pleistocene Rhine-Thames landscapes: geo - Suffolk, UK, in European context, logical background for hominin occupation 36, 91-97 Anthropologie of the southern North Sea region, Gowlett, J A J, Hallos, J, Hounsell, S, Brant, V, and 27, 17-39 Journal of Brant, N C D, 2005 Beeches Pit: archaeology, Hosfield,Quaternary R T, Science1999 assemblage dynamics and early fire history of The Palaeolithic of the Hampshire a Middle Pleistocene site in East Anglia, UK, Basin: a regional model, BARof hominid Brit. Ser.behaviour 286, Oxford during 3, 3–40 Hosfield,the Middle R T, Pleistocene and Chambers, J C, 2004 The Journal of Eurasian

158 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 159

Bibliography

Archaeo logical Potential of Secondary Contexts, , University of English Heritage Project Report (Project No. WalesCeltic Myth:Press, Land, Cardiff Sea and Sky 3361), London Keen, D H, 2001 Towards a late Middle Pleistocene Hosfield, R T and Chambers, J C, 2009 Genuine non-marine molluscan biostratigraphy for the diversity? The Broom biface assemblage, British Isles, 20, 1657– 75, 65-100 1665 Quaternary Science Reviews Hosfield,Proceedings R, and of theGreen, Prehistoric C P (eds), Society 2013 Keen, D H, Hardaker, T, and Lang, A T O, 2006 A Quaternary Lower Palaeolithic industry from the Cromerian History and Palaeolithic Archaeology ,in Oxford the Axe (MIS 13) Baginton Formation of Waverley Wood HosfieldValley atR Broom,T, Brown, South-west A G, Basell, England L S, Hounsell, S, and Wood Farm Pits, Bubbenhall, Warwickshire, and Young, R, 2007 The Palaeolithic Rivers of UK, 21, 457–470 Southwest Britain: Final Report (Phases I and II), Kennard,Journal A S, 1942of Quaternary Faunas of Science the High Terrace at English Heritage Project Report (Project No. Swanscombe, 3847), London 53, Proceedings105 of the Geologists’ Hosfield, R, Green, C, Toms, P, Scourse, J, Scaife, R, Kerney,Association M P, 1971 Interglacial deposits in Barnfield and Chambers, J, 2011 The Middle Pleistocene Pit, Swanscombe, and their molluscan fauna, deposits and archaeology at Broom, in L S 127, 69–93 Basell, A G Brown, and P S Toms (eds), Kiden,Journal P, andof the Törnqvist, Geological SocietyT E, 1998 of London Can river terrace The flights be used to quantify Quaternary tectonic Quaternary of Research the Exe Valley Association and Adjoining Field Guide, Areas, uplift rates? 13, 573– London, 103-127 575 Journal of Quaternary Science Howard, A J, Bridgland, D R, Knight, D, McNabb, Kiden, P, Denys, L, and Johnston, P, 2002 Late J, Rose, J, Schreve, D, Westaway, R, White, M J, Quaternary sea-level change and isostatic and and White, T S, 2007 The British Pleistocene tectonic land movements along the Belgian- fluvial archive: east Midlands drainage evolu- Dutch North Sea coast: geological data and tion and human occupation in the context of the model results, 17, British and NW European record, 535–46 Journal of Quaternary Science 26, 2724-2737 Quaternary Howard,Science AReviews J, Carney, J N, Greenwood, M T, Keen, Laban, C, 1995 The Pleistocene glaciations in the D H, Mighall, T, O’Brien, C, and Tetlow, E, 2011 Dutch sector of the North Sea: a synthesis of The Holme Pierrepont sand and gravel and the sedimentary and seismic data, unpubl. timing of middle and late Devensian floodplain dissertation, Univ. Amsterdam aggradation in the English Midlands, Laban, C, Cameron, T D J, and Schiittenhelm, R T 122, 419–431Proceedings E, 1984 Geologie van het Kwartair in de zuide- Huntley,of the Geologists’ D J, Godfrey-Smith, Association D I, and Thewalt, M lijke bocht van de Noordzee, L W, 1985 Optical dating of sediments, Mededelingene 21,van 313, 105-7 Nature 139–154de Werkgroep Tertiaire en Kwartaire Geologi Hublin, J-J, Weston, D, Gunz, P, Richards, M, Lake, R D, Ellison, R A, Hollyer, S E, and Simmons, Roebroeks, W, Glimmerveen J, and Anthonis, L, M, 1977 2009 Out of the North Sea: the Zeeland Ridges Buried Channel Deposits in the South-East Neandertal, 57, Essex Area:, Institute Their Bearing of Geological on Pleistocene Sciences Palaeo- 777–85 Journal of Reportgeo graphy 77/21, London Lake, R D, Ellison, R A, Henson, M R, and Isaac, G L, 1989 Towards the interpretation of Conway, B W, 1986 occupation debris: some experiments and Geology, Memoirs of the of Country the British Around observations, in B Isaac (ed.), GeologicalSouthend and Survey, Foulness 1: 25 000 sheets 258 and 259, The Archaeology, New Series, London Cambridge,of Human Origins: 191-205 Papers by Glynn Isaac Lang, A T O, and Keen, D H, 2005a ‘At the edge of the world...’. Hominid colonisation and the Jelgersma, S, 1979 Sea-level changes in the North Lower and Middle Palaeolithic of the West Sea Basin, in E Oele, R T E Schuttenheim and Midlands, 71, A J Wiggers (eds), 63–83 Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Uppsala,The 233–48 Quaternary History of the Lang, A T O, and Keen, D H, 2005b A further Jones,North T A,Sea 1992 Extensions to three-dimensional: andesite handaxe from Waverley Wood Quarry, introduction to the sections of 3D geologic block Warwickshire, 24, 32–36 modelling, in D E Hamilton and T A Jones (eds), Last, J, Brown, E J,Lithics Bridgland D R, Harding P, 2013 Quaternary geoconservation and Palaeo - Computer, AAPG Modelling Computer of Geologic Applications Surfaces and in lithic heritage protection in the 21st century: GeologyVolumes 1, Tulsa, 175–182 developing a collaborative approach, 124, 625–637Proceedings Kavanagh, K E, and Bates, M R, in press ‘Semantics Lee,of Jthe R, Geologists’Rose, J, Hamblin, Association R J O, and Moorlock, of the Sea’ in N. Campion and J. Bezant (eds), B S P, 2004 Dating the earliest lowland glaciation

159 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 160

Lost Landscapes of Palaeolithic Britain

of eastern England: a pre-MIS 12 early Middle Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone in Pleistocene Happisburgh glaciation, a European mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed, 23, 1551–1566 Quaternary 33, 1310–1318 Lewin,Science J and Reviews Gibbard, P L, 2010 Quaternary river McCarroll,Journal of D, Archaeological 2002 Amino-acid Science geochronology and terraces in England: forms, sediments and the British Pleistocene: secure stratigraphical processes, 120, 293–311 framework or a case of circular reasoning? Lewis, S G, Parfitt,Geomorphology S A, Preece, R C, Sinclair, J, 17, 647–51 Coope, G R, Field, M H, Maher, B A, Scaife, R G, McNabb,Journal J,of 1996aQuaternary More Sciencefrom the cutting edge: and Whittaker J E, 2004 Age and palaeoenviron- further discoveries of Clactonian bifaces, mental setting of the Pleistocene vertebrate 70, 428–436 fauna at Norton Subcourse, Norfolk, in D C McNabb,Antiquity J. 1996b Through a glass darkly: An Shreve (ed.), historical perspective on archaeological research The Quaternary, Quaternary Mammals Research of Southern at Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe, 1900–1964, in Associationand Eastern EnglandField Guide, London, 5–17 B Conway, N M Ashton and J McNabbc (eds), Lewis, S G, Ashton, N, and Jacobi, R, 2011 Testing , human presence during the Last Interglacial BritishExcavations Museum at Barnfield Occasional Pit, Swanscombe, Paper 94, London 1968–72 (MIS 5e): a review of the British evidence, in N McNabb, J, 2001 An Archaeological Resource M Ashton, S G Lewis, and C B Stringer (eds), Assessment and Research Agenda for the , AmsterdamThe Palaeolithic of the East Midlands (part of Lisiecki,Ancient L HumanE, and Raymo,Occupation M E,of Britain2005 A Pliocene- Western Doggerland), East Midlands Archaeo - Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed logical Research Framework, unpublished report benthic ␦18O records, 20, McNabb, J, 2006 The Palaeolithic, in N J Cooper PA10003, doi:10.1029/2004PA001071Palaeoceanography (ed.), The Archaeology of the East Midlands, Locht, J L, Sellier, N, Coutard, S, Antoine, P, and Feray, P, 2010 La détection de sites du Paléo - An Archaeological LeicesterResource AssessmentArchaeology and lithique ancien et moyen dans le nord de la MonographsResearch Agenda, 13, 11–51 France : une approche particulière, in P. Depaepe McNabb, J, 2007 and F. Séara (eds) The British, London Lower and Palaeolithic: New York Le Diagnostic, Les Cahiers des Sites de l'Inrap,Paléo - 3 McNabb,Stones in J, Contention2012 Lovell,lithiques J H, et and Mésolithiques Nancarrow, P H A, 1983 The sand Dissent with Modification: Human and gravel resources of the country around Origins, Palaeolithic Archaeology– and, Oxford Evolutionary Chichester and north of Bognor Regis, Sussex, McPherron,Anthropology S P, in 1999 Britain, Ovate 1859 and1901 pointed handaxe assemblages: two points make a line, British 138,Geological London Survey Mineral Assessment 14, 9-32 Préhistoire Lowe,Report J J, and Walker, M J C, 1997 McPherron,Européenne S P, 2006 What typology can tell us about , HarlowReconstructing Acheulian handaxe production, in N Goren-Inbar Lowe,Quaternary J, and Walker, Environments M, 2015 and G Sharon (3rdReconstructing edn) Routledge, , Axe, London, Age: Acheulian 267–286 Toolmaking from AbingdonQuaternary Environments Miller,Quarry J, Poulter, to Discard A, Hewson, M, and Penrose, S, 2008 Rich deposits: aggregates extraction and Maddy, D, 1997 Uplift-driven valley incision and the knowledge pool, ALSF Dissemination river terrace formation in southern England, Project, 2002-07, Benchmark Report, Atkins 12, 539–545 Heritage, London Maddy,Journal D, of and Quaternary Bridgland, Science D R, 2000 Accelerated Mineral Products Association, 2012 The mineral uplift resulting from Anglian glaciostatic products industry’s contribution to the UK, rebound in the Middle Thames Valley, UK? London, (http://www.mineralproducts.org/ Evidence from the river terrace record, documents/MPA_MTL_Document.pdf) 19, 1581–1588 Mitchell, G F, Penny, L F, Shotton, F W, and West, Maddy,Quaternary D, Coope, Science G R,Reviews Gibbard, P L, Green, C P, R G, 1973 and Lewis, S G, 1994 Reappraisal of Middle A CorrelationGeological of Quaternary Society of DepositsLondon in Pleistocene fluvial deposits near Brandon, theSpecial British Report Isles, 4, London Warwickshire and their significance for the Morigi, A, Schreve, D, and White, M, 2011 Wolston glacial sequence, The 151, 221–233Journal of the Geological Thames Through Time: The Archaeology of the Martinson,Society of DLondon G, Pisias, N G, Hays, J D, Imbrie, J, Gravel Terraces of the Upper and Middle Thames, , Moore, T C, and Shackleton, N J, 1987 Age ThamesEarly Prehistory Valley Landscapesto 1500 BC, Part32, Oxford 1 – the Ice Ages dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: Murray, A S, and Wintle, A G, 2000 Luminescence development of a high resolution 0-300,000 year dating of quartz using an improved single- chronostratigraphy, 27, 1–29 aliquot regenerative-dose protocol, Mazza, A P P, Martini, QuaternaryF, Sala, B, Magi, Research M, Perla, 32, 57–73 Radiation M, Colombini, G G, Landucci, F, Lemorini, C, Murton,Measurements D K, and Murton, J B, 2012 Middle and Modugno, F, and Ribechini, E, 2006 A new Late Pleistocene glacial lakes of lowland Britain

160 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 161

Bibliography

and the southern North Sea Basin, 260, 115-142 Quaternary investigations of Lower and MiddleLondon, Palaeo lithic81–97 International Pope,landscapes, M, Roberts, locales M and B, artefacts,Maxted, A, and Jones, P, National Planning Policy Framework, 2012, see 2009 The Valdoe: archaeology of a location Department for Communities and Local within the Boxgrove landscape, Government, 2012 75, 239–263 Proceedings of the Posnansky,Prehistoric M, Society 1963 The Lower and Middle Palaeo - O’Connor, A, 2007 lithic industries of the English east Midlands, Finding Time for the Old Stone 29, 357–394 Age: a History of Palaeolithic Archaeology– and, Oxford Preece,Proceedings R C, Gowlett, of the Prehistoric J A J, Parfitt, Society S A, Bridgland, Quaternary Geology in Britain, 1860 1960 D R, and Lewis, S G, 2006 in the Parfitt, S A, Barendregt, R W, Breda, M, Candy, I, Hoxnian: habitat, context and fire use at Beeches Collins, M J, Coope, R G, Durbridge, P, Field, Pit, West Stow, Suffolk, UK, M H, Lee, J R, Lister, A M, Mutch, R, Penkman, 21, 485–496 Journal of Quaternary K, Preece, R C, Rose, J, Stringer, C B, Symmons, Preece,Science R C, and Parfitt, S A, 2012 The Early and early R, Whittaker, J E, Wymer, J J, and Stuart, A J, Middle Pleistocene context of human occu pation 2005 The earliest record of human activity in and lowland glaciation in Britain and northern Northern Europe, 438, 1008–1012 Europe, 271, 6–28 Parfitt, S A, Ashton, NNature M, Lewis, S G, Abel, R L, Prestwich, QuaternaryJ, 1855 On aInternational fossiliferous deposit in the Coope, G R, Field, M H, Hoare, P G, Larkin, N gravel at West Hackney, R, Leis, M D, Karloukovski, V, Maher, B A, 11, 107–110Quarterly Journal of the Peglar, S M, Preece, R C, Whittaker, J E, and Prestwich,Geological J, Society1860 On the occurrence of flint- Stringer, C B, 2010 Early Pleistocene human implements, associated with the remains of occupation at the edge of the zone in animals of extinct species in beds of a late northwest Europe, 466, 229–233 geological period, in France at Amiens and Paterson, T T, and Tebbutt,Nature C F, 1947 Studies in Abbeville, and in England at Hoxne, the Palaeolithic succession in England no. III: palaeoliths from St. Neots, Huntingdonshire, Philosophical150, 277–317Transactions of the Royal Society of 13, 37–46 London Peeters,Proceedings H, Murphy, of the Prehistoric P, and Flemming, Society N, 2009 Reid, C, 1904 On the probable occurrence of an Eocene outlier off the Cornish Coast, North Sea Prehistory Research, Amersfoort and Management 60, 1–4 Quarterly Penkman,Framework K E(NSPRMF) H, Collins, M, Keen, D, And Preece, Reid,Journal C, 1913 of the Geological Society, Oxford R C P, 2008 An improved chronology using Reumer, J, Rook,Submerged L, van der Forests Borg, K, Post, K, Mol, D, amino acid racemization and degradation of and de Vos, J, 2003 Late Pleistocene survival of intercrystalline amino acids (IcPD) English the sabre-toothed cat in North - Heritage Research Department Report, Series western Europe, Homotherium no. 6-2008, London 23, 260-263Journal of Vertabrate Palae - Penkman, K E H, Preece, R C, Bridgland, D R, Richards,ontology J, 2008 The sands of time: aggregates Keen, D H, Meijer, T, Parfitt, S A, White, T S, extraction, heritage and the public. ALSF and Collins, M J, 2011 A chronological frame- Dissemination Project 2002-2007 benchmark work for the British Quaternary based on report, English Heritage, London Bithynia opercula, 476, 446–449 Rhodes, E J, 1988 Methodological considerations in Pettitt, P, Gamble, C, andNature Last, J (eds), 2008 the optical dating of quartz, 7, 395–400 Quaternary Science Research and Conservation, London Framework for the Roberts,Reviews M B, 1986 Excavation of the Lower Palaeo - Pettitt,British P, Palaeolithicand White, M, 2012 lithic site at Amey’s Eartham Pit, Boxgrove, West The British Sussex: a preliminary report, Palaeolithic: HumanLondon Societies at the Edge of the 52, 215–245 Proceedings of the Pope,Pleistocene M I, 2002 World, The significance of biface-rich Roberts,Prehistoric M B, Society and Parfitt, S A, 1999 : assemblages: an examination of the behavioural Boxgrove a controls on lithic assemblage formation in the Middle Pleistocene HominidEnglish Site Heritageat Eartham Quarry, Lower Palaeolithic, unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. ArchaeologicalBoxgrove, West Sussex, Report 17, London Southampton Roberts, M B, and Pope, M I, 2009 The archaeolog- Pope, M, 2004 Placing Boxgrove in its Prehistoric ical and sedimentary records from Boxgrove and Landscape: The Raised Beach Mapping Project. Slindon, in R M Briant, R T Hosfield and F , 2003/4 (7), 13–16 Wenban-Smith (eds), Pope,Archaeology M I, and InternationalRoberts, M B, 2005 Observations on The Quaternary, Quaternary of the Solent the relationship between Palaeolithic individuals ResearchBasin and Associationthe Sussex Raised Field Beaches Guide, London, 96–122 and artefact scatters at the Middle Pleistocene site Roe, D A, 1968 of Boxgrove, UK, in C Gamble and M Porr (eds), A Gazetteer, CBAof British Res. LowerRep. 8, and LondonMiddle Palaeolithic Sites The Hominid Individual in Context: archaeological

161 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 162

Lost Landscapes of Palaeolithic Britain

Roe, D A, 1981 Schreve, D C, 2012 The vertebrate assemblage, in The ,Lower London and Middle Palaeolithic W A Boismier, C Gamble, and F Coward (eds), Roe,Periods H M, in 1999 Britain Late Middle Pleistocene sea-level change in the southern North Sea: the record Neanderthals Among Mammoths:, Swindon Excavations at from eastern Essex, UK, Schreve,Lynford D Quarry, C, unpubl Norfolk rep. for the Kent RIGS group 55, 115–128 Quaternary International on mammalian fossils from Aylesford, Kent, Roe, H M, 2001 The late Middle Pleistocene viewed at Maidstone Museum, 2004, unpubl biostratigraphy of the Thames Valley, England: rep. for English Nature, London new data from eastern Essex, Schreve, D, Howard, A J, Currant, A, Brooks, S, 20, 1603–1619 Quaternary Science Buteux, S, Coope, R, Crocker, B, Field, M, Roe,Reviews H M, and Preece, R C, 1995 A new discovery Greenwood, M, Greig, J, and Toms, P, 2013 A of the Middle Pleistocene Rhenish fauna in Middle Devensian woolly rhinoceros ( Essex, 35, 272–273 ) from Whitemoor Haye Quarry,Coelodonta Roe, H M,Journal Coope, of GConchology R, Devoy, R J N, Harrison, Staffordshireantiquitatis (UK): palaeoenvironmental context C J O, Penkman, K E H, Preece, R C, Schreve, and significance, 28, D C, 2009 Differentiation of MIS 9 and MIS 11 118–130 Journal of Quaternary Science in the continental record: vegetational, faunal, Scott, B, 2006 The early middle Palaeolithic of aminostratigraphic and sea-level evidence from southern Britain: origins technology and coastal sites in eastern Essex, UK, landscape, unpubl. PhD thesis, Univ. Durham 28, 2342–2373 Quaternary (Rebecca Scott) Roe,Science H M, Reviews Penkman, K E H, Preece, R C, Briant, Scott, B, 2009 The Crayford brickearths project, R M, and Wenban-Smith, F F, 2011 Evolution of 117, 44–48 the Thames Estuary during MIS 9: insights from Scott,Quaternary B, 2011 Newsletter , Oxford the Shoeburyness area, Essex, Scott, B, Ashton,Becoming N, Lewis, Neanderthals S G, Parfitt, S, and 122, 397–418Proceedings of the White, M, 2011 Technology and landscape use Roebroeks,Geologists’ W, Association 2005 Archaeology: life on the Costa in the early Middle Palaeolithic of the Thames del Cromer, 438, 921–922 Valley, in N M Ashton, S G Lewis, and C B Roebroeks, W, Hublin,Nature J-J, and MacDonald, K, 2011 Stringer (eds), Continuities and discontinuities in , AmsterdamThe Ancient Human Occupation presence: a closer look at north-western Europe, Shackleton,of Britain N J, 1987 Oxygen Isotopes, ice volume in N M Ashton, S G Lewis, and C B Stringer and sea-level, 6, 183– (eds), , 190 Quaternary Science Reviews AmsterdamThe Ancient Human Occupation of Britain Shackleton, N J, and Opdyke, N D, 1973 Oxygen Roep, T B, Holst, H, Vissers, R L M, Pagnier, H, isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of and Postma, D, 1975 Deposits of southward- equatorial Pacific core V28-238: oxygen isotope flowing Pleistocene rivers in the Channel region, temperatures and ice volumes on a 105 year and near Wissant, NW France, 10 6 year scale, 3, 39–55 Palaeogeography,17, 289–308 Shackleton, N J, Berger,Quaternary A, and Research Peltier, W R, 1990 Rose,Palaeoclimatology, J, 1994 Major riverPalaeoecology systems of central and An alternative astronomical calibration of the southern Britain during the Early and Middle lower Pleistocene timescale based on ODP Site Pleistocene, 6 435–443 677, Rose, J, 2009 EarlyTerra and Nova Middle , Pleistocene Transactions81, of 251–261 the Royal Society of Edinburgh: landscapes of eastern England, Shackley,Earth Sciences M L, 1974 Stream abrasion of flint imple- 120, 3–33Proceedings of ments, 248, 501–502 Rose,the GeologistsJ, and Allen, Association P, 1977 Middle Pleistocene Schick, K, Nature1987 Modelling the formation of early stratigraphy in south east Suffolk, stone age artefact concentrations, 133, 83–102Journal of the 16, 789-807 Journal of Rose,Geological J, Lee, SocietyJ A, Candy, of London I, and Lewis, S G, 1999 Shotton,Human F EvolutionW, Keen, D H, Coope, G R, Currant, A P, Early and Middle Pleistocene river systems in Gibbard, P L, Aalto, M, Peglar, S M, and eastern England: evidence from Leet Hill, Robinson, J E, 1993 The Middle Pleistocene southern Norfolk, deposits of Waverley Wood Pit, Warwickshire, 14, 347–360 Journal of Quaternary Science England, 8, 293–325 Journal of Quaternary Science Schreve, D C, 2001 Differentiation of the British Singer, R, Gladfelter, B G, and Wymer, J J, 1993 late Middle Pleistocene interglacials: the ChicagoThe evidence from mammalian biostratigraphy, Smith,Lower B PalaeolithicW, Aitken, SiteM J, at Rhodes, Hoxne, EEngland, J, Robinson, 20, 1693–1705 P D, and Geldard, D M, 1986 Optical dating: Schreve,Quaternary D C, Science2006 The Reviews taphonomy of a Middle methodological aspects, Devensian (MIS 3) vertebrate assemblage from 17, 229–33 Radiation Protection Lynford, Norfolk, UK, and its implications for Smith,Dosimetry W G, 1883 Palaeolithic implements of north- Middle Palaeolithic subsistence strategies, east London, 27, 270–274 21, 543–556 Smith, W G, 1884Nature On a Palaeolithic floor at north- Journal of Quaternary Science

162 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 163

Bibliography

east London, remains and on the mineral composition of the 13, 357–384Journal of the Anthropological Arctic Bed, by various authors, Smith,Institute W G, 1894 Quarterly68, 213–251 Journal Man, the Primeval Savage: His Warren,of the GeologicalS H, 1915 SocietyFurther of observations London on the Late Haunts and ,Relics London from the Hill-tops of Bedfordshire Glacial, or Ponder’s End, stage of the Lea Valley, Steffensen,to Blackwall J P, Andersen, K K, Bigler, M, Clausen, H B, Dahl-Jensen, D, Fischer, H, Goto-Azuma, K, Quarterly71, Journal 164–178 of the Geological Society of Hansson, M, Johnsen, S J, Jouzel, J, Masson- Warren,London S H, 1926 The classification of the Lower Delmotte, V, Popp, T, Rasmussen, S O, Palaeolithic with especial reference to Essex, Rothlisberger, R, Ruth, U, Stauffer, B, Siggard- 31, 38–50 Andersen, M-L, Sveinbjornsdottir, A E, White, Weerts,South HEast J T, Naturalist Westerhoff, W E, Cleveringa, P, J W C, 2008 High-resolution Greenland ice core Bierkens, M F P, Veldkamp, J G, and Rijskijk, data show abrupt climate change happens in K F, 2005 Quaternary geological mapping of the few years, 321, 680–684 lowlands of the Netherlands: a 21st-century Stephens, M, ScienceChallis, K, Graf, A, Howard, A J, perspective, 133–134, Rose, J, and Schreve, D, 2008 New exposures of 159–78 Quaternary International Bytham river deposits at Brooksby, Leicester - Wenban-Smith, F F, 1994 Managing the Palaeolithic shire, UK: context and importance, heritage: looking backwards, looking forwards, 115, 14–27 Quaternary in N Ashton and A David (eds), , Straw,Newsletter A, 2005 Lithic Studies Society OccasionalStories Paper in 4, Stone Glacial and Pre-Glacial, Exeter Deposits at London, 104–11 Welton-le-Wold, Lincolnshire Wenban-Smith, F F, 1995a Square pegs in round Tester, P J, 1965. An Acheulian site at Cuxton, holes: problems of managing the Palaeolithic 80, 30–60 heritage, in M Cooper, A Firth, J Carman and Thieme,Archaeologia H, 1997 Cantiana Lower Palaeolithic hunting D Wheatley (eds), , from Germany, 385, 807–810 London, 146–62 Managing Archaeology Tizzard, L, Bickert,Nature A, and De Loecker, D, 2015 Wenban-Smith, F F, 1995b Managing the Palaeo - lithic heritage IV: the end of the beginning, in Seabed Prehistory. Investigating the Palaeogeography J Schofield (ed.), and Early Middle Palaeolithic, Wessex Archaeology Archaeology in Report the Lithics in Context: Suggestions, Lithic 35,Southern Salisbury North Sea Studiesfor the Future Society Direction Occasional of Lithic Paper Studies 5, London, Trigger, B G, 1989 115–24 , CambridgeA History of Archaeological Wenban-Smith, F F, 2004 Stopes Palaeolithic Project: Turq,Thought A, 1989 Exploitation des matières prémières final report, unpubl rep., English Heritage, lithiques et occupation du sol: l’exemple du London Moustérien entre Dordogne et Lot, in H Laville Wenban-Smith, F F, 2009 Henry Stopes (1852–1902): (ed.), engineer, brewer and anthropologist, VariationParis, des Paleomilieux 179–204 et Peuplement 30, 65–84Lithics: the Tyldesley,Préhistorique, J A, 1987 Wenban-Smith,Journal of the LithicF F (ed), Studies 2013 Society The, BAR Bout Brit. Coupé Ser. Handaxe: 170, Oxford A The Ebbsfleet Elephant: Typological Problem Excavations at Southfleet Road. Swanscombe, Oxford in Vandenberghe, J, 2003 Climate forcing of fluvial ArchaeologyAdvance of High Monograph Speed 1, 2003-2004 20, Oxford, 17–56 system development; an evolution of ideas, Wenban-Smith, F, and Bates, M, 2011 Palaeolithic 22, 2053–2060 and Pleistocene investigations, in A Simmonds, Vandenberghe,Quaternary Science J, 2007 Reviews The fluvial cycle at cold– F Wenban-Smith, M Bates, K Powell, D Sykes, warm–cold transitions in lowland regions: a R Devaney, D Stansbie and D Score, refinement of theory, 98, 275–284 , OxfordExcavations Archae - Van Peer, P, 1992 Geomorphology , ologyin North-West Monograph Kent 11,2005-2007 Oxford Monographs inThe World Levallois Archaeology Reduction 13, Strategy Madison Wenban-Smith, F F, Allen, P, Bates, M R, Parfitt, Vos, Pm, 2015 Origin of the Dutch Coastal Land - S A, Preece, R C, Stewart, J R, Turner, C, and scape, Barkhuis, Groningen Whittaker, J E, 2006 The Clactonian elephant butchery site at Southfleet Road, Ebbsfleet, UK, Waddington, C, 2008 21, 471–483 Mineral Extraction, London and Wenban-Smith,Journal of Quaternary F F, Bates, Science M R, and Marshall, G, Walker,Archaeo M, logy: 2005 A Practice Guide , 2007a Medway Valley Palaeolithic Project Final Chichester andQuaternary New York Dating Methods Report: the Palaeolithic resource in the Medway Warren, S H, 1911 On a Palaeolithic (?) wooden Gravels (Kent), unpubl. report for English , Heritage, http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/ 67, xcixQuarterly Journal of the Geological Society archives/view/medway_eh_2009/ Warren, S H, 1912 A Late Glacial stage in the valley Wenban-Smith, F F, Briant, R M, and Marshall, G, of the river Lea, subsequent to the epoch of 2007b Medway Valley Palaeolithic Project Final River-Drift Man, with reports on the organic Report: the Palaeolithic Resource in the Medway

163 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 164

Lost Landscapes of Palaeolithic Britain

Gravels (Essex), unpubl. report for English White, M J, and Ashton, N, 2003 Lower Palaeo - Heritage http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/ lithic core technology and the origins of the archives/view/medway_eh_2009/ Levallois method in North-Western Europe, Wenban-Smith, F F, Bates, M R, Schwenninger J-L, 44, 598-609 2010 Early Devensian (MIS 5d–5b) occupation at White,Current M, Anthropologyand Pettitt, P, 2011 The British late Dartford, southeast England, Middle Palaeolithic: an interpretative synthesis 25 1193–1199Journal of of Neanderthal occupation at the northwestern WessexQuaternary Archaeology, Science 2008, Seabed prehistory: edge of the Pleistocene World, gauging the effects of marine aggregate 24, 25–97 Journal of World dredging, Round 2, final report, vol. VII: White,Prehistory M J, Scott, B, and Ashton, N M, 2006 The Happisburgh and Pakefield exposures, unpubl. early Middle Palaeolithic in Britain: archaeology, rep. 57422.37 for English Heritage settlement history and human behaviour, West, R G, and Sparks, B W, 1960 Coastal inter- 21, 525–41 Journal glacial deposits of the English Channel, White,of Quaternary T S, Bridgland, Science D R, Howard, A J, and White, M J, 2007a Philosophical Transactions of the Royal243(701), Society of The QuaternaryQuaternary of the Trent London.95–133 Series B, Biological Sciences ResearchValley and Association Adjoining Regions, Field Guide, London Westaway, R C, 2011 A re-evaluation of the timing White, T S, Bridgland, D R, Howard, A J, O’Brien, of the earliest reported human occupation of C E, Penkman, K E H, Preece, R C, and Schreve, Britain: the age of the sediments at Happis - D C, 2007b Norton Bottoms Quarry (SK 863588), burgh, eastern England, in T S White, D R Bridgland, A J Howard, and 122, 383–396Proceedings of the M J White (eds), Westaway,Geological R, Society and Bridgland, D R, 2010 Causes, The Quaternary, Quaternary of the Trent Research consequences and chronology of large-magnitude AssociationValley and Adjoining Field Guide, Areas London, 105–109 palaeoflows in Middle and Late Pleistocene White, T S, Boreham, S, Bridgland, D R, Gdaniec, river systems of northwest Europe, K, and White, M J, 2008a The Lower and 35, 1071–1094Earth Surface Middle Palaeolithic of Cambridgeshire. An Westaway,Processes R and C, LandformsBridgland, D R, and White, M J, introduction to the work of the fenland rivers 2006 The Quaternary uplift history of central of Cambridge shire Palaeolithic project, available southern England : evidence from the terraces as digital archive in Durham University (2010) of the Solent River system and nearby raised Lower and Middle Palaeolithic of the Fenland beaches, 25, 2212–2250 Rivers of Cambridgeshire, Archaeology Data White, H J O,Quaternary 1912 Science Reviews Service, York (doi:10.5284/1000113) The Geology, Memoir of the Country of the around White, T S, White, M J, Bridgland, D R, and GeologicalWinchester andSurvey, Stockbridge London Howard, A J, 2008b Lower Palaeolithic White M J, 1998 On the significance of Acheulian quartzite artefacts from the River Trent at East biface variability in southern Britain, Leake, Nottinghamshire: new light on a hidden 64, 15–44 Proceedings resource, 114, 10–19 White,of the M Prehistoric J, 2000 The Society Clactonian question: on the White, T S, White,Quaternary M J, Bridgland,Newsletter D R, and interpretation of core-and-flake assemblages in Howard, A J, 2009 Palaeolithic and Quaternary the British Lower Palaeolithic, research in the Trent Valley (UK): contributions 14, 1–63 Journal of World by early collectors, White,Prehistory M J, 2006 Things to do in Doggerland 120, 223–232Proceedings of the Geologists’ when you’re dead: surviving OIS3 at the north- White,Association T S, Bridgland, D R, Westaway, R, Howard, western-most fringe of Middle Palaeolithic A J, and White, M J, 2010 Evidence from the Europe, 38, 547–575 Trent terrace archive, Lincolnshire, UK, for White, M J,World 2012 TheArchaeology lithic assemblage, in W A lowland glaciation of Britain during the Middle Boismier, C Gamble, and F Coward, (eds.), and Late Pleistocene, 121, 141–153Proceedings of the Geologists’ Neanderthals Among Mammoths:, Swindon Excavations at Whittaker,Association K, Beasley, M, Bates, M, and Wenban- White,Lynford M J,Quarry, and Pettitt, Norfolk P, 1995 Technology of early Smith, F, 2004 The lost valley, Palaeolithic western Europe: innovation, 74, 22–27 British Archaeology variability and a unified framework. Wymer, J J, 1968 16, 27–40Lithics: the Lower Palaeolithic Archaeology in White,Journal M ofJ, andthe Lithic Schreve, Studies D C, Society 2000 Island Britain- LondonBritain as Represented by the Thames Valley, peninsula Britain: palaeogeography, colonisation Wymer, J J, 1985 , and the Lower Palaeolithic settlement of the Norwich Palaeolithic Sites of East Anglia British Isles, Wymer, J J, 1988 Palaeolithic archaeology and the 66, 1–28 Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society British Quaternary sequence, White, M J, and Jacobi, R M, 2002 Two sides to 7, 79–98 Quaternary Science every story: handaxes revisited, Wymer,Reviews J J, 1992 Bout Coupé 21, 109–133 Region 3 (The Upper Thames Valley, Oxford Journal of Archaeology the Kennet Valley) and Region 5 (The Solent

164 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 165

Bibliography

, Southern Rivers Palaeolithic Wymer, J J, 1999 ProjectDrainage Report System) 1, Salisbury , SalisburyThe Lower Palaeolithic Occupation of Wymer, J J, 1993 Wymer,Britain J J, 2001 Palaeoliths in a lost pre-Anglian Region 4 (South, ofSouthern the Thames) Rivers and landscape, in S Miliken and J Cook, (eds), PalaeolithicRegion 1 (South-west Project Report England) 2, Salisbury , Oxford, 174–179 Wymer, J J, 1994 Wymer,A Very J RemoteJ, and Straw, Period A, Indeed 1977 Hand- from Region 6 (Sussex, Southern Raised RiversBeaches) beneath glacial till at Welton-le-Wold, Lincoln - Palaeolithicand Region 2 Project(Severn Report River) 1, Salisbury shire, and the distribution of palaeoliths in Wymer, J J, 1996a. Britain, 43, Regions, English 7 (Thames) Rivers and Palaeolithic 10 355–360Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society Project(Warwickshire Report Avon) 1, Salisbury Wymer, J J, 1996b Zeuner, F E, 1945 Regions 9 (Great Ouse Drainage), The Pleistocene Period:, 1st edn,Its Climate, Ray Englishand 12 (Yorkshire Rivers Palaeolithic and Lincolnshire Project Wolds) Report 2, SocietyChronology Publication and Faunal 130, Succession London Salisbury Zeuner, F E, 1959 Wymer, J J, 1997 The Pleistocene Period:2nd Its edn, Climate, London Regions, English 8 (East Rivers Anglian Palaeolithic Rivers) and Chronology and Faunal Succession, Project11 (Trent Report Drainage) 3, Salisbury

165 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 166 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 167

Index

Abric Romani, Catalonia, Spain 125 caves 6 aggregates industry 6, 8-9, 19, 58, 74, 96, 101, 131 Chard Junction Quarry, Dorset 21, 35, 40, 46, 89, Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF) 1, 8-9, 108, 110, 128 131 Clacton-on-Sea, Essex 19, 88, 117, 125 Aldingbourne Beach, Sussex 42-3, 66 Clactonian 117, 119 Allen Brown, John 110, 112 climate change 13, 15, 54-6, 62, 66, 69, 75, 78 Allerød interstadial 78 coastal erosion 62 Amino acid racemization (AAR) 39-40 coprolites, hyaena 92 amphibians, frog ( 96 cores Ancient Human OccupationRana temporaria) of Britain Project deep sea 13, 15 (AHOB) 40, 56, 123 ice 14 Archaeological Data Service (ADS) 1 Coygan Cave, Carmarthenshire 6, 125 Archaeological Potential of Secondary Contexts Crayford, London 122 Project (APSC) 89, 107-8, 110-12 Creffield Road, London 128 Aveley, Essex 6 Creswell Crags, Derbys 6, 125 Aylesford Gravel Pit, Kent 92 Cromer Forest Bed Formation 63, 123 Cudmore Grove, Essex 125 Baker’s Hole, Kent 134 Cuxton, Kent 19, 33, 88-9 Barnham, Suffolk 19, 127 bathymetry 35 Dartford, Kent 19 beach, raised 16-18, 42-3, 46, 64-6, 68-9 Dierden’s Pit, Kent 88 Brighton/ Norton 46, 66, 69 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 79 Goodwood/Slindon 46 Doggerland 55, 59-60, 70-2 Pagham 66, 69 Dunbridge, Hants 7, 30, 34-5, 119-21, 128 Westbourne-Arundel 66 Bean, Charles 112 East Anglia 76 Beeches Pit, Suffolk 19 East Mersea, Essex 87 Beeston, Notts 90 Ebbsfleet International Station, Kent 19 beetle, dung 86 English Channel 35, 54-6, 60 biostratigraphy 77 English Heritage (EH) 8 birds, crake ( sp.) 96 English Rivers Palaeolithic Project (TERPS) 1, 7, Porzana, opercula 39-40 110, 134 BøllingBithynia interstadial tentaculata 78 Evans, Sir John 110 Bone, animal butchery 104-5 Fenland Rivers of Cambridgeshire Palaeolithic human patterns of breakage 51 Project (FRCPP) 46, 89 boreholes 16, 18-19, 24, 26, 35-6, 45, 47, 66, 68 fish Boxgrove, Sussex 6, 19, 41-2, 47, 56, 64, 66, 104-6, carp (Cyprinidae sp.) 96 125, 128-9 perch ( ) 96 Brandon, Warks 91 pike ( Perca fluviatilis) 96 Britain three-spinedEsox lucius stickleback ( ) 96 colonisation of 12, 40-1, 53-4, 56, 60, 62, 78, 117, traps 58 Gasterosteus aculeatus 123-4 fluvial downcutting 75 development of landscape 53-4, 56 fluvial stratigraphy 76 isolation of 55-6, 123 foraminifera 15, 41, 66 land bridge with Continent 41 forests, submerged 58 Brooksby, Leics 91 Foxhall Road, Ipswich, Suffolk 134 Broom, Dorset 89-90, 110-12, 119, 127-8 butchery 104-5 geological models, 3D 36 geophysical survey 35-6, 68

167 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 168

Lost Landscapes of Palaeolithic Britain

marine 18, 35-6, 63 flaked flakes 117 glacials and interglacials 13-15, 54-56 2 Glaston, Rutland 6, 133 handaxes 34, 89-90, 92, 95, 105, 108-13, 117, 120-1, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk 62-3 124-5 Greater Thames Survey of Known Mineral andesitic 90 Extraction Sites (TEMES) 86-7, 112 assemblages 117 bout coupé 125 125 88 hammers ficron 34, 88 antler 105, 117 manufacture 47, 104, 117, 122, 128 bone 117 resharpening 47, 95 hard 117 117, 125, 128 Happisburgh, Norfolk 6, 19, 36, 56, 60, 62-4, 70, Levallois 117, 123, 125, 132 cores 120, 122 Harnham, Wilts 19, 122 flaking 110-12, 119-22, 124 Harrison, Benjamin 125 point 128 High Lodge, Suffolk 19, 125 point cores 128 Hilton, Derbys 90 proto- 120 Historic Environment Records (HERs) 1, 44, 46, Levalloisian 89, 92, 120 51, 67, 74 2 Holocene 78 51 hominins of Acheulian Tradition (MTA) 125 anatomically modern 78 museum collections 110, 134 cognitive capabilities 89 non-handaxe assemblages 117, 119 demography 110 notch 117, 125 Neanderthals 51, 55, 78, 93, 95-6, 112, 122, 124-5, quartzite 90 128-9 raw material 74 skull 7, 55, 59 reduction sequence 117, 127-8 Hoxne, Suffolk 19 refitting 127 hunting 95 scrapers 117, 125 2 ice sheet 56 taphonomy 125, 127 intertidal zone 62 loess 122, 129 isotopes, oxygen 13-15 (see also marine isotope Lynford Quarry, Norfolk 6, 18-19, 34-5, 40, 51, 71, stages) 78, 93-6, 125, 128-9, 133, 135

javelins 125 Maastricht-Belvedere quarry, Limburg, Netherlands 135 Kent’s Cavern, Devon 112 Mammal Assemblage-Zones (MAZ) 78, 86 Kirmington, Lincs 90 Bacon Hole 78 Banwell Bone Cave 78 Last Glacial Maximum 78, 86 Gough’s Cave 78 Late Glacial Interstadial 78 Joint Mitnor Cave 78 Lea Valley Arctic Beds 86 Pin Hole Cave 78 Lea Valley Mapping Project (LVMP) 45, 77, 79-80, mammals 85-6 aurochs ( ) 59 legislation, archaeological 6 bear, brownBos (primigenius ) 78, 96 lithics beaver ( Ursus) arctos 59 abrasion 127 bison 96Castor fiber 64, 120 steppe ( ) 78, 93 2 ( Bison) 59 priscus chaîne opératoire 117, 127 catBos bison chert 108, 112 sabre-toothed ( sp.) 60 composite tools 125 scimitar-toothedHomotherium ( ) 59 core edge flake 128 deer Homotherium latidens débordant 128 fallow ( ) 78 denticulates 117 giant ( Dama dama ) 92 discoidal cores 125 red ( Megaloceros giganteus) 59, 78, 92 discoidal flaking 125 elephant,Cervus straight-tusked elaphus ( ) edge damage 127 59, 78, 92 Palaeoloxodon antiquus eoliths 123 elk ( ) 78 flake tools 105, 117 fox Alces alces

168 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 169

Index

arctic ( ) 78 Norton Subcourse Quarry, Norfolk 91 red ( Alopex lagopus) 96 hare, mountainVulpes vulpes ( ) 78 Oldbury Hatch, Kent 125 hippopotamus ( Lepus timidus sp.) 59, 92 Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) 16, 38, ( Hippopotamus) 78 40 horseHippopotamus 93, 96 amphibius ostracods 41, 66, 88, 91 ( ) 91 outreach 96-7, 100-1 wildEquus ( altidens ) 78, 92 archaicEquus ( ferus ) 62 Pakefield, Suffolk 6, 19, 56, 60, 62-3, 91, 123, 132 hyena ( Equus suessenbornensis) 60 Pakefield/Happisburgh Marine Survey 40, 60, 63 mammothCrocuta 51, crocuta95 palaeogeography 11-12, 19, 36, 40-1 steppe ( ) 60 palaeolandscape 64 ancestral/southernMammuthus ( trogontherii ) Palaeolithic 59, 62 Mammuthus meridionalis Lower 122 pathologies 95 Middle 89, 92-3, 119, 122, 128 woolly ( ) 59, 78, 92-3, 96 Upper 2 musk ox (Mammuthus primigenius) 59, 78 Palaeolithic Archaeology of the Sussex/ reindeer (Ovibos moschatus) 59, 78, 93, 96 Hampshire Coastal Corridor (PASHCC) 16, rhinocerosRangifer tarandus 18, 26, 40-2, 45-6, 66 Hundsheim ( ) Palaeolithic Rivers of Southwest Britain project 60 Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis (PRoSWeB) 7-8, 18, 44, 89-90, 96, 99, 112, 117, narrow-nosed ( ) 78 127 woolly ( Stephanorhinus) hemitoechus 59, 78, 92-3, 96 pitch mastic 125 saiga antelopeCoelodonta ( antiquitatis78 Planning Policy Guidance 16 (PPG16) 6 spotted hyaena Saiga( tatarica) ) 78, 96 point, barbed antler 59 squirrel, ground Crocuta( crocutasp.) 96 Pontnewydd, Gwent 122 vole Spermophilus predictive modelling 7-8, 74, 77, 133 narrow-skulled ( 96 Purfleet, Essex 6, 90, 119-20 water ( Microtus) 91 gregalis) wild boarMimomys ( savini) 92 quarries wolf ( Sus scrofa) 93, 96 recording of 20 MammothCanis Steppe lupus 78 and recovery of artefacts 6-7, 19, 74, 110 marine aggregates 7, 9, 62, 70 marine isotope stages 12-15, 39-40, 42, 56 Raised Beach Mapping Project (RBMP) 64, 66 Marine Management Organisation 70 Research and Conservation Framework for the Medway Valley Palaeolithic Project (MVPP) 18, 30, British Palaeolithic 132 34-5, 43, 45-6, 86-7, 92, 117 Research Frameworks for the Palaeolithic and mega-floods 54-5 Mesolithic of Britain and Ireland 132 megafauna, exitinction of 78 Rhine, fluvial stratigraphy 76 Mesolithic 59 Rice, Robert Garraway 113 Middle Thames Northern Tributaries Project river terraces 16, 75, 108 (MTNT) 18, 45-6, 112 aggradation 75-6 Mineral Products Association (MPA) 6, 101, 131, formation 75-6 134, 136 Thames 75-7 molluscs rivers 41, 55-6, 74, 77, 86, 107 , opercula 39-40 Axe 89-90 RhenishBithynia tentaculatafauna 46, 88 Baginton-Ingham river system 90 Bytham 41, 76, 86, 90-1 National Heritage Protection Programme (NHPP) 1 Channel River valley 123 National Ice Age Network (NIAN) 5, 99-101, 117, English Channel river 55, 72 131, 134-5 Exe 89-90 National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) 6 Fen Basin fluvial network 90 Neanderthals 51, 55, 78, 93, 95-6, 112, 122, 124-5, Medway 86 128-9 Otter 89-90 skull 7, 55, 59 Palaeo-Arun 46, 62, 67-8 Seine, fluvial stratigrahy 76 Netherlands 7 Solent river system 16, 19, 66, 77 North Sea 7, 26, 35, 56, 59-60, 62, 71, 75 Tame 93 North Sea plain 123 Trent 90-1 North Sea Prehistory Research and Management Rochester Road, Cuxton, Kent 34 Framework (NSPMF) 40, 70-1 Roke Manor Farm, Romsey, Hants 30 Norton Bottoms, Lincs 91

169 LL text.qxp_GtB 26/01/2016 14:35 Page 170

Lost Landscapes of Palaeolithic Britain

scales, of analysis 40-2, 46-7, 51, 77, 106-7, 110, tectonic uplift 75 129, 133 terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) 21, 35 Schöningen, Lower Saxony, Germany 125 test pits 29-30, 33-6, 47 Sea floor survey 55 Thames Gateway, London, Kent, Essex 74 sea level 13-14, 40, 54-6, 62, 66, 69 Thames Valley 19, 56, 76 Seabed Prehistory Project 62 Thermoluminescence dating 38 seismic survey 35 transition zone, marine-land 68, 70 Selsey Bill, Sussex 68, 70 Transition Zone Mapping Project (TZMP) 36, 68, 70 Severn Estuary 26 trawling, and recovery of artefacts 58-9, 70-1 Shotton Project: a Midlands Palaeolithic Network Trent Valley Palaeolithic Project (TVPP) 18, 43-4, 97 46, 90-1, 93, 112, 117, 127 sites Tsuga (tree hemlock, 62 definition of 106 tundra 56 Tsuga sieboldii) discovery of 19, 132 Turton, George 112 dredgers 106-11 ephemeral 122 Uphill Quarry, Somerset 6 extraction 122 flagships 106 Valdoe Quarry, Sussex 18-19, 40, 47, 51 non-artefactual 6, 11, 51, 74, 106 production 122 Warren, Samuel Hazzledine 117 submerged 58-60, 68, 71 Waverley Wood, Warks 6, 90-1 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) 6 Wealden Anticline 56 Slough, Berks 112 Welton-le-Wold, Lincs 92-3, 109-10, 112, 122, 128 Smith, Worthington George 112 West Kent Natural History, Microscopical and spear, Clacton 125 Photographic Society 110 St Acheul, Picardy, France 110 West Sussex Coastal Plain 16 Stanton Harcourt, Oxon 122 Westbury, Somerset 6 Stoke Newington, London 86 Westcliff High School for Girls, Essex 89 Stopes, Henry 112, 114 Whitemoor Haye Quarry, Staffs 78, 91, 93 Stopes Palaeolithic Project 112, 114-15, 117, Willington, Derbys 90 128 Wolstonian glaciation 92 Sturry, Kent 90 wooden artefacts 125 Submerged Landscapes of the English Channel Wroxham Crag Formation 63 Project 40 Sussex coastal plain 42-3, 66, 68-9 Younger Dryas 78 Swanscombe, Kent 19, 88, 112, 114, 119, 133 Zeeland Bank 59

170