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THE PAST in the PRESENT a Living Heritage Approach – Meteora, Greece

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THE PAST in the PRESENT a Living Heritage Approach – Meteora, Greece THE PAST IN THE PRESENT A Living Heritage Approach – Meteora, Greece Ioannis Poulios ubiquity press THE PAST IN THE PRESENT A Living Heritage Approach – Meteora, Greece Ioannis Poulios ]u[ ubiquity press London Published by Ubiquity Press Ltd. Gordon House 29 Gordon Square London WC1H 0PP www.ubiquitypress.com Text © Ioannis Poulios 2014 First published 2014 Cover Image by Kostas Liolios Printed in the UK by Lightning Source Ltd. ISBN (Hardback): 978-1-909188-27-3 ISBN (EPub): 978-1-909188-28-0 ISBN (PDF): 978-1-909188-29-7 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bak This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.This licence allows for copying any part of the work for personal and commercial use, providing author attribution is clearly stated. Suggested citation: Poulios, I 2014 The Past in the Present: A Living Heritage Approach – Meteora, Greece. London: Ubiquity Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bak To read the free, open access version of this book online, visit http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bak or scan this QR code with your mobile device: to my family: Dimitrios and Alexandra, Costas and Kassiani, Alexandra junior, Georgia, Dimitrios junior, and Nikoletta Contents Acknowledgements vii A note on the author xi Introduction 1 Part 1. Existing Approaches to Conservation 9 Chapter 1. Introduction: definition and development of conservation – the concept of authenticity 11 Chapter 2. Recognising the living dimension of heritage sites 15 Chapter 3. Existing approaches to conservation 19 3.1. A material-based approach 19 3.2. A values-based approach 21 Chapter 4. Defining and managing ‘living heritage’ 25 4.1. Existing approaches 25 4.2. Towards a new approach 27 PART 2. The Conservation and Management of the Site of Meteora in Greece 31 Chapter 5. Description of Meteora: landscape, and history 33 Chapter 6. Meteora within the systems of monasticism, heritage protection and tourism operation 39 Chapter 7. The meaning of Meteora as an Orthodox monastic site 45 7.1. From the 11th century to approximately 1940: the original Tradition at Meteora 45 7.2. 1960s to present: contemporary influences to the Tradition at Meteora (the philanthropic-missionary approach to monasticism) 66 Chapter 8. The conservation and management of Meteora (1960 to present): presentation 73 8.1. Overview 73 8.2. Examples 77 vi The Past in the Present Chapter 9. The conservation and management of Meteora (1960 to present): analysis 89 9.1. Overview 89 9.2. Analysis 91 Chapter 10. The use and arrangement of space at Meteora (1960 to present) 95 10.1. Overview 95 10.2. Examples 97 10.3. Analysis 102 Chapter 11. Conclusion 111 PART 3. Towards a New Approach to Conservation: A Living Heritage Approach 113 Chapter 12. Towards a new approach to the definition of living heritage sites 115 Chapter 13. Why living heritage sites cannot be embraced within the current approaches to conservation? 125 Chapter 14. A living heritage approach: the main principles 129 Chapter 15. A living heritage approach: planning process methodology 135 Conclusion. The Contribution of a Living Heritage Approach to the Discipline of Conservation 139 References 145 Index 165 Acknowledgements The largest part of the present study derives from my PhD research on Living sites: The Past in the Present – The monastic site of Meteora, Greece: Towards a new approach to conservation con- ducted at the Institute of Archaeology of University College London (Poulios 2008). The present study also benefits significantly from my consulting experience with the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and with local Greek herit- age organisations Diazoma and Maniatakeion Foundation. There are a number of people who have contributed to this study and whom I would like to thank. First, with regards to my PhD research, my deep gratitude is owed to my supervisors Tim Schadla-Hall, Tim Williams, and Peter Ucko who unfortunately did not see this study published. I would also like to thank members of staff and colleagues at the Institute of Archaeology for the most interesting discussions we had concerning the complexities in community involvement in heritage management in different parts of the world. My field trips inside and outside Greece played a most significant role in my research. Concerning Greece, I am indebted to Alkis Prepis for the discussions we had on the management of World Heritage Byzantine sites inside and outside Greece, and to Father Ieronymos Nikolopoulos for helping me explore the meaning of Tradition in the Orthodox Church. With reference to the site of Meteora, I am profoundly thankful to the monastic communities, the Church officials and the local people of Kastraki and Kalampaka, who not only generously offered me their help but, more importantly, embraced me as part of their community. Also, to Lazaros Deriziotis for the discus- sions on the management of the site. I am indebted to Kostas Liolios and Athina Pantoula for their continuous support and, more importantly, their friendship. As far as my field trips outside Greece are concerned: In Russia, special thanks to Dmitrij Macinskij and Vjaceslav Kulesov, and to my friend Nikolai Lipatov and his family for their hos- pitality in St Petersburg. In Cyprus, to Vassos Karageorghis, and Marina Ieronymidou. I am also thankful to my colleague and friend Katerina Ruscio for her inspirational guided tour of the basement of St Peter’s Church in the Vatican. In India, special thanks to Archana Verma, E. Sivanagi Reddy, M. N. Rajesh, K.M. Kamesan, Sri Vaishnava Sri, R. Subrahmanyam, Y.G.V. Babu viii The Past in the Present and R. Satyanarayana, Ranesh Ray and A.R. Ramanathan, and Radha Champakalakshmi; above all, to my friend Krishna Vamsi Chintapalli and his family, for giving me the opportunity to make this trip in the first place, and to the family of Srinivas Chintapalli for their warmest hospitality; and also to my friend Arijit Prasad. Regarding my visits to international organisations concerned with heritage protection: at UNESCO World Heritage Centre, special thanks to Merchtild Rossler; at UNESCO Intangible Heritage Sector, to Rieks Smeets and Cesar Moreno; and to the personnel of the Greek Maison de l’ Unesco; at Getty Conservation Institute, to Martha Demas; at ICCROM, to Nicholas Stanley- Price, Joe King, Gamini Wijesuriya, Webber Ndoro, and Zaki Aslan. This first visit to ICCROM prepared the path for my subsequent collaboration with the organization. Last but not least, I am profoundly indebted to Stavros and Eleni Panou for their support throughout my PhD research, and to my friend Dimitris Panou for his most useful comments on an earlier draft of my thesis. I would like to acknowledge the financial support of the S. Saripolou Foundation of the University of Athens and of the Greek State Scholarships Foundation (IKY), whose scholarships made it possible for me to live and study in the UK, and of the A.G. Leventis Foundation, which allowed me to conduct the extensive field trips inside and outside Greece. I feel the need to per- sonally thank Tasso Leventis, Louisa Leventis, and Fotini Panayi. The PhD thesis was examined by John Carman and Reuben Grima, to whom I am indebted for their most constructive comments. Second, with regards to my consulting experience with ICCROM, UNESCO, Diazoma, and Maniatakeion Foundation: At ICCROM I contributed to the further development, promotion and implementation of a living heritage approach initially in Southeast Asia and then at an interna- tional level, under the supervision of Gamini Wijesuriya, to whom I am grateful. The present study benefits from the work of other colleagues carried out throughout the development of ICCROM Living Heritage Sites Program. I would like to thank ICCROM for allowing me access to this work and approving its dissemination. At UNESCO, I taught at the annual School in Southeast Europe on ‘Sustainable Energy Governance in World Heritage Sites’ on the reconciliation of Renewable Energy investments with the protection of historic environments and the sustainable development of local communi- ties. The School was organised by the Venice Office at the initiative and under the supervision of Davide Poletto, whom I thank warmly. At Diazoma, I contributed – through the participation in the Future Leaders Program – to the crafting of a new strategy for the shift of the organization from the protection of ancient theatres to the sustainable development of local communities (through the exploitation of the ancient thea- tres) at a national level, and to the implementation of this strategy to the town of Eretria in Greece. Thanks to Stavros Benos, Vassilis Labrinoudakis, Petros Themelis, and Andreas Zabetas from Diazoma; to Kris Amiralis from Future Leaders; and to the students-participants of the Program. At Maniatakeion Foundation, I contributed to the implementation of a living heritage approach at the region of Koroni in Greece, where a small community attempts to achieve – through the exploitation of its cultural heritage – a competitive advantage for its sustainable development. A milestone in this attempt was the inscription – in collaboration with local communities from Italy, Spain, and Morocco – of the Mediterranean Diet in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Thanks to Dimitris Maniatakis, and to the members of the local community of Koroni. I am specially thankful to Ubiquity Press, and personally to Brian Hole and Tim Wakeford, for their high level of professionalism as well as their personal care throughout the publishing pro- cess.
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