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Virtual Reality Urban Modelling - an Overview

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Virtual Reality Urban Modelling - an Overview Virtual Reality Urban Modelling - An Overview Emine Mine Thompson Margaret Horne David Fleming School of the Built Environment School of the Built Environment School of the Built Environment Northumbria University Northumbria University Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Newcastle upon Tyne, UK [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract This paper offers an overview of the increasing use of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies for the simulation of urban environments. It provides a summary of cities worldwide where three-dimensional computer modelling is being utilised to aid urban planning. The study considers the need for a digital representation of cities and raises issues pertaining to advantages, barriers and ownership. A case study of a pilot project on the visualisation of Newcastle upon Tyne is examined to show an approach adopted for the representation of this city in North East England. The process of this visualisation is summarised and future research is outlined in relation to this city model. Keywords Virtual Reality, 3D Modelling, Visualisation, Ownership, City Models, Town Planning, Newcastle upon Tyne England. 1. INTRODUCTION rate and objective to the cause, we call this Forensic The modelling of an urban environment, from aerial Modelling. view maps of medieval times to more accurate city “The importance of 3D reconstruction of buildings, plan projections of Renaissance to inexpensively pro- cities and urban landscapes is becoming more recog- duced-standardised, printed 2D maps of 19th Century nized and acknowledged” (Horne M, 2004). Urban is not a new concept. Over the centuries these 2D planners are making use of computer technology for plans and representations and maps made for different many reasons, and research areas have been classified purpose have helped develop our cities. Over the last to include transportation modelling, agent-based mod- 40 years, the introduction of Computer Aided Design elling, GIS and public participation, planning and de- (CAD) and other software packages which make 3D cision support, urban morphology, spatial analysis and modelling achievable is shaping the way we create and virtual cities. Several of these fields overlap as ad- use city models. Similar to their real life equivalences vancing tools and technologies are developed to aid city models are never a finished product. Cities with the management of urban environments. Advances in ever changing and developing urban formations, real-time virtual reality are demonstrating great poten- trends and citizens’ needs, require a dynamic platform tial to contribute to the design and planning of cities where these modifications are possible with ease. The and an increasing number of cities are adopting this advances of information and communication technol- technology to aid the decision making process. Much ogy, powerful hardware and software availability and research has been conducted on 3D city models. The accessible 3D data are making it possible to create Corporation of London commissioned CASA1 to carry these platforms. This paper offers an overview of the out a research of 3D models of cities and this study role of Virtual Reality (VR) in urban modelling and produced more than 60 3D city models. According to considers the issues in adoption of VR for the repre- their research these models ranged from CAD models sentation of cities. This paper also describes our work through various 3D GIS to VRML Web content and on developing a virtual Newcastle city model. related simulations. At the end they selected eight (To- kyo, New York City, Berlin, Glasgow, Helsinki, Philadelphia, Washington D.C., Jerusalem) cities for 2. A GALLERY OF CITY MODELS more detailed investigation. One of the most compre- “The information that exists about a metropolis is hard to comprehend in its totality [therefore] good 1 representations allow rapid understanding of the CASA (Center for Advanced Spatial Analysis) at relevant features of a data-set” (Whyte, J., 2002). VR UCL London: http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/3dcities also urban models can be simply described as see http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/3dcities/table_all.htm computerized graphical representations or for a more comprehensive list. visualisations of any city and its components. The final product should be accurate and objective to the hensive reviews done by Batty et al. in 2000 was a Berne, Switzerland Workington, UK result of the above research. They listed more than 35 Paris, France York, UK cities with greater than one million population. Table 1 shows an enhanced list of city models. The efficient Izmir, Turkey production and utilization of the 3D city models is Asia, Middle East and Africa enhancing urban planning. However “it is still neces- Delhi, India Yokohama, Japan sary to think about the amount of detail that is neces- sary for different applications, different phases and Hong Kong Beirut, Lebanon different target groups to be used in a 3D representa- Singapore Dubai, U A Emirates tion of the spatial plans” (Pleizier I, et al, 2004). Tokyo, Japan Australia Table 1: Some of the visualisation projects2 of cit- Sydney, Australia ies (in some cases part of a city) around the world Adelaide, Australia North, South and Central America Mexico City, Mexico Detroit, USA Santiago, Chile Houston, USA 3. CHANGE IN THE VISUALISATION OF Toronto, Canada Los Angeles, USA CITIES Vancouver, Canada New York, USA Wooden or cardboard 3D urban models are still being used by many local authorities all over the world as Atlanta, USA Philadelphia, USA representation tools to show changes in the urban fab- Baltimore, USA Portland, USA ric. However, a physical scale model, because it is expensive and difficult to alter, is not a flexible tool to Boston, USA San Diego, USA display the effects of a new developments. The only Chicago, USA San Francisco, USA way to see and “experience” the city in these models is Cleveland, USA Seattle, USA via the “bird’s eye view” and therefore judging impli- cations of a new development at a human scale is al- Denver, USA Washington DC, USA most impossible. These physical models required 2D Europe plans, perspective drawings, photomontages etc to Hard, Austria Nicosia, Cyprus give an understanding of the complex urban structure. Despite these difficulties, wooden models are still be- Salzburg, Austria Bratislava, Slovakia ing used and as Day A. (1994) explained in the exam- Vienna, Austria Bath UK ple of the City of Bath wooden city model, they have Florence, Italy Bristol, UK been used for “considering changes at an urban scale”. Parma, Italy Glasgow, UK “Computers [2D and 3D computer aided drafting] have been used in architecture and urban planning Berlin, Germany Harrow, UK research” (Mitchell, 1996) and practice for more than Frankfurt, Germany Hounslow, UK four decades now. Although the computer as a tool is Giessen, Germany Leeds, UK a great help for creating accurate drawings for the proposed scheme, it is sometimes not easy to put these Hoechst, Germany Liverpool, UK schemes into the urban context without the factual Karlsruhe, Germany London, UK representation of the surrounding. “Urban planning is Munich, Germany Nottingham, UK a complex process encompassing aspects of social, economic, physical and spatial significance” (Bourda- Reutlingen, Germany Sheffield, UK kis, 1997). During this complex process of planning Saint Petersburg Slough, UK applications, approvals, community involvement etc, Warsaw, Poland Southend-on-Sea, UK having a flexible tool to interact with different par- ties/stakeholders and especially with the model is very Lisbon, Portugal Swindon, UK important (Figure 1). This interaction and “the quality of visualisation leads 2 3D models, photogrammetric models, VR models to better insights and better understanding of the spa- etc.-the information gathered from Batty M., et al tial plans” (Pleizier I, et al, 2004) and more accurate (2000a), Dikaiakou M. et al (2003), Dokonal W.,et al, and satisfying results for all parties involved. (2001), Ftácnik, M (2004), Hadjri K., (2004), Horne Day et al (1998) point out that “the computer simula- M., (2004), Peng C., et al (2002), Piersch S., (2001) tion of cities has emerged from several traditions: and z-mapping and 3D Web Technologies web sites. 1. City databases 2. City maps 5. Facilities and utilities management 3. City models 6. Marketing and economic development 4. City visualisations 5. Representation of City behaviour” 7. Property analysis 8. Tourism and entertainment 9. E-commerce 10. Environment 11. Education and learning 12. City portals” These 12 categories have been enhanced and grouped into four categories by Shiode N., in 2001 as: 1. “planning and design, 2. infrastructure and facility services, 3. commercial sector and marketing, 4. promotion and learning of information on cit- ies” Figure 1: The current complex relationship From these two classifications on use of city models, between the parties/stakeholders for a pro- following table (Table 2.) is created. This table illus- posed development trates the interest shown by the different stakeholders towards the city models. Data exchanges and analysing and observing the city model is vital for urban planning. This could be done 3.2 Construction of the VR City Models with today’s technology at ease. This technology can Cities are complex physical and social entities. “The offer the highest level of visualisation-an immersive nature of urban environment that comprises a number
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