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THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 5705 ILL V 8 cop 4 i ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS Vol. VIII January, 1923 No. i THE HEAD-CAPSULE OF COLEOPTERA WITH TWENTY-SIX PLATES BY FENNER SATTERTHWAITE STICKNEY Price S2.00 Published by the University of Illinois Pkxss itndes the auspices of the graduate school Ubbana, Illinois UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS STUDIES PUBLISHED ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGR-APHS The Illinois Biological Monographs is a serial published quarterly by the Univer- sity of Illinois. It is the purpose of the publication to present in monographic form research contributions of especial merit and of somewhat extended character. Each volume will include about 500 pages and 20 or more full page plates. The series may be obtained at a subscription price of three dollars yearly. Individual numbers will be sold separately at prices determined by the size and amount of illustration contained in the particular number. Vol.1 Nos. 1 and 2. A Revision of the Cestode family Proteoccphalidac. With 16 plates. By G. R. LaRue. $2.00. No. 3. Studies on the Cestode family Anoplocephalidae. 6 plates. By H. Douthitt. 80 cts. No. 4. Some North American Larval Trematodes. With 8 plates. By W. W. Co rt. $1 . 20 Vol. II No. 1. Classification of Lepidopterous larvae. With 10 plates. By S. B. Fracker. $1 . SO. No. 2. On the Osteology of some of the Loricati. With 5 plates. By J. E. Gutberlet. 50 cts. No. 3. Studies on Gregarines. With 15 plates. By Minnie E. Watson. S2.00. No. 4. The Genus Meliola in Porto Rico. With 5 plates. By Frank L. Stevens. 75 cts. Vol. m No. 1. Studies on the factors controlling regeneration. By Charles Zeleny. $1 . 25. No. 2. The head-capsule and mouth-parts of Diptera. 25 plates. By A. Peterson. $2.00. No. 3. Studies on North American Polystomidae, Aspidogastridae, and Paramphistomidae. With 11 plates. By Horace W. Stunkard. $1 . 25. No. 4. Color and color-pattern mechanism of Tiger Beetles. With 29 black and 3 colored plates. By Victor E. Shelford. $2.00. \'oi. rv No. 1. Life history studies on Montana Trematodes. By E. C. Faust. 9 plates. $2.00. No. 2. The Goldfish as a test animal in the study of toxicity. By E. B. Powers. $1.00. No. 3. Morphology and biology of some Turbellaria from the Mississippi basin. With 3 plates. By Ruth Higley. $1.25. No. 4. North American pseudophyllidean Cestodes from fishes. With 13 plates. By A.R.Cooper. $2.00. Vol. V No. 1. The SkuU of Amiurus. With 8 plates. By J. E. Kindred. SI .25. No. 2. Contributions to the Life Histories of Gordius robiistK-s Leidy and Paragordius varius (Leidy). By Henry Gustav May. ^Vith 21 plates. $1.50. Nos. 3 and 4. Studies of Myxosporidia. By R. Kudo. With 25 plates. $3.00. Vol. VI No. L The Nasal Organ in Amphibia. By G. M. Higgins. With 10 plates. $1.00. Nos. 2 and 3. Revision of the North American and West Indian Species of Cuscuta. With 13 plates. By Truman George Yuncker. $2.00. No. 4. The Larvae of the Coccinellidae. With 6 plates. By J. Howard Gage. 75 cents. Vol. VU No.]. Studies on Gregarines, II. With 4 plates. By Minnie Watson Kamm. SI .00. JNo. 2. The molluscan fauna of the Big Vermilion River. Witb 15 plates. By F. C. Baker. $1.25. No. 3. North American Monostomes. With 9 plates. By E. C. Harrah. $1 . 25. No. 4. A Classification of the Larvae of the Tenthredinoidea. With 14 plates. By Hachiro Yuasa. $2.00. Vol. vni No. 1. The Head-capsule of Coleoplera. With 26 plates. By F. S. Stickney. S2.00. Entered as second-class matter July 27, 1915, at the post-ofRce at Urbana. Illinois, tinder the .-Kct of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in section H02, Act of October i, 1917, authorized July 31, 1918. ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS PUBLISHED QUARTERLY UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE GR-\DUATL SCHOOL BY THE UNH'ERSITY OF ILLINOIS VOLUME VIII Urbana, Illinois 1923 Editorial Committee Stephen Alfred Forbes William Trelease Henry Baldwin Ward Chef's!,yf), n TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME VIII NUMBERS PAGES plates 1. The head-capsule of Coleoptera. By V . S. Stickney. With 26 1-104 2. Comparative studies on certain features of Nematodes and their sig- nificance. By D. C. Hetherington. With 4 plates 105-166 3. Parasitic fungi from British Guiana and Trinidad. By F. L. Stevens. With 19 plates 167-242 4. The external Morphology and Postembryologj' of Noctuid Larvae. By L. B. Ripley. With 8 plates 243-344 732 3 ?o Natural Eistcry Survey Library ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS Vol. VIII January, 1923 No. i Editorial Committee Stephen Alfred Forbes William Trelease Henry Baldwin Ward PUBLISEtED UNDER THE Auspices or the Graduate School by THE UNn-ERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS Copyright, 1923 by the Univeksity of Ilunois Distributed June 20, 1923 THE HEAD-CAPSULE OF COLEOPTERA WITH TWENTY-SIX PLATES BY FENNER SATTERTHWAITE STICKNEY Contributions from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of Illinois No. 71 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENTOMOLOGY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1921 . TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 7 Acknowledgment? 9 Materials 10 Head-capsule 16 Epicranial suture 17 Vertex 20 Occipital suture 21 Occiput 21 . ~~ Compound eyes . Oculata 22 Supratentorina 22 Ocelli 23 Antennaria 2,? Antacoria 23 23 .\ntacava . Pretentorina -^ Front 24 Clypeus 25 Postcl>-peus 25 Clypealia 25 26 Mandibularia . Precl>'peus ....,,. 26 Labrum 26 Occipital foramen 27 Submentum 27 Metatentorina 28 Cervix 29 Cervical sderites 29 Odontoidea . 30 Postgena 30 Gula '. '2 Epicraniura 34 Paracoila 34 Postcoila 34 Precoila 34 Tentorium 35 Pretentorium. .. 36 . 37 Metatcntorium. 37 Corpotentorium . Laminatentorium. 38 Supratentorium 39 Some Phylogenetic Considerations 40 Summarj' 48 Bibliography 50 THE HEAD-CAPSVLE OF COLEOPTERA—STICKSEY INTRODUCTION LeConte and Horn published in 1883 a classification of the Coleoptera that has stood the wear of time remarkably well. Since then, however, a number of new classifications have been proposed: Lameere (1900 and 1903), Ganglbauer (1892-1904), Handlirsch (1906-1908), Kolbe (1901, 1908, and 1911), Sharp (1909), and Gahan (1911), all of which differ more or less seriously in one way or another, and show, for one thing, the need of further comparative morphological data, which is, of course, indispensa- ble to the building of any thorough classification. Leng's recent catalogue (1920) also emphasizes this need. A review of the literature seems to show but few studies based on the comparative morphology of a comprehensive series of coleopterous fami- studies lies. A number of European workers have published comparative of the wings of Coleoptera, the most recent being by d'Orchymont (1920). Sharp and Muir (1912) and Muir (1918) have published the results of their investigations on the male genital tube in Coleoptera. Various internal structures have been discussed from time to time by a number of workers. Narrower in scope is the work of d'Orchymont (1916) on the classification of the Hydrophiloidea, based on a study of both the adult and the larva. Hyslop (1917), Boving and Champlain (1920), Craighead (1920), and Gage (1920) have published papers on the comparative mor- phology of various families, based on a study of the larvae. There are prob- ably other comparative papers more or less extensive in scope, but I have not been able to find any such literature based on a study of the head- capsule, though "Crampton (1917, 1920, and 1921) has included the discus- sion of the coleopterous head in papers not limited to a single order. The comparative morphology of the head-capsule of some other orders, how- ever, has been investigated: Peterson (1915) on the Thysanoptera, Peter- son (1916) on the Diptera, Yuasa (1920) on the Orthoptera, and Hoke (1923) on the Plecoptera. These simply draw attention to the need of such an investigation of the head-capsule of Coleoptera. With the broader vision in mind of a more satisfactory and natural classification of the Coleoptera, the following study on the comparative morphology of the head-capsule is offered. This study does not aim by any means to exhaust the subject. There have been too few species in- vestigated in each family to justify the making of any sweeping state- ments. This study can simply point out characteristic conditions of structures as found in the different species of the families studied, revealing, 8 ILUXOIS BIOLOGICAL MOyOGKAPUS [8 therefore, inharmonies, and perhaps suggesting improvements on the pres- ent arrangement of the classification. In order to reach a correct estimate of the degree of speciaHzation of the various parts of the head-capsule, an hypothetical type, representing a supposed primitive condition, has been constructed. The structure of this hypothetical type is based on the structure of the head-capsule of generalized insects and of generalized adult and larval Coleoptera. Each structure has been treated separately, starting from the hypothetical type. The submentum has been included in this study because of its bearing on certain developmental processes. All statements made refer to the species listed under "materials" only. The material studied was soaked in a 10% solution of potassium hydroxide until clarified, then washed in distilled water to remove the hydroxide, and preserved in 70% alcohol. All dis- sections were made under a binocular microscope in 70% alcohol in Syra- cuse watch-glasses. THE HEAD-CAPSULE OF COLEOPTERASTICKNEY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was pursued under the supervision of Professor Alex. D. MacGillivray, to whom I am under the deepest obligations for all that his supervision has meant to me in the way of helpful suggestions and real inspiration.
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    FURTHER STUDIES ON THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF INSECTS AND FUNGI IN THE DETERIORATION OF FELLED NORWAY PINE LOGS^ By J. G. LEACH, associate plant pathologist^ L. W. ORK, formerly instructor in forest entomology, and CLYDE CHRISTENSEN, assistant forest pathologist, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station ^ INTRODUCTION In an earlier paper ^ the authors outHned plans for a study of the interrelationships of insects and fungi in the deterioration of felled timber and described the association of two species of bark beetles with two species of blue-staining fungi. In this paper are recorded obser- vations and experiments on several species of wood-boring beetles and their influence on the development of heart rot in felled Norway- pine logs. METHODS AND PROCEDURE It will be necessary here only to describe briefly the general plan of the experiment. For further details the reader is referred to the earlier paper.^ On May 18 and 19, 1931, 56 logs of Norway pine {Pinus resinosa Ait.), 7 to 12 inches in diameter and 40 inches in length, were cut. They were divided into 5 series of 8 logs each and a check series of 16 logs and were given the following treatments: A. No treatment; not caged (check series). B. Ends and limb scars disinfected with a 2-percent aqueous solution of ethyl mercury chloride, then sealed with roofing pitch and covered with burlap; not caged. C. Same as series B, but enclosed in a cage of 18-mesh aluminum-coated screen wire. D. No end treatment, but enclosed in a cage of 18-mesh screen wire. E. Ends and limb scars sprayed at frequent intervals during the first two summer seasons with a 2-percent aqueous solution of ethyl mercury chloride; not caged.
  • Pests of Berries

    Pests of Berries

    Home & Garden Pest Management Guide For British Columbia 2019 Edition Chapter 11 Pests of Berries Pests of Berries This chapter describes insect and disease problems of berries, and provides information on how to manage them. The first section describes pests that affect many different berry crops, followed by sections on pests of specific berry crops. Management information describes preventative and cultural measures that may control the pest. Sometimes the management information also mentions use of pesticides. When more than one pesticide is mentioned, the least toxic pesticide is listed first. Before using a pesticide read and follow label directions, including the precautions, application rates and days-to-harvest after a pesticide application. See the “Pesticide Table” in Appendix I for information on available home garden pesticides. Also read Chapter 8 "Using Pesticides to Manage Pests". It contains important safety information. Proper identification of plant pests and diseases is an important step before attempting to control the pest. Not all plant problems are caused by pests; some are caused by cultural, nutritional, soil or environmental conditions. See Chapter 2, “Identification of Plant Problems”, for information on how to get help identifying plant problems. Pests Affecting Many Berry Crops Insects Aphids Aphids feed on most berry crops and can be significant pests. There are many species of aphids, and many feed specifically on a host crop (raspberry aphid, strawberry aphid, blueberry aphid, currant/lettuce aphid), however, some feed on a variety of crops (green peach aphid). Aphids are small (1.5 - 3 mm), pear-shaped, insects that vary in colour from pink to green and black.