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And Chalcophora Virginiensis (Drury) with a Review and Key to the North American Species of Chalcophora Dejean (Coleoptera:Buprestidae)

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And Chalcophora Virginiensis (Drury) with a Review and Key to the North American Species of Chalcophora Dejean (Coleoptera:Buprestidae) The Coleopterists Bulletin, 67(4): 457–469. 2013. REEVALUATION OF CHALCOPHORA ANGULICOLLIS (LECONTE) AND CHALCOPHORA VIRGINIENSIS (DRURY) WITH A REVIEW AND KEY TO THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CHALCOPHORA DEJEAN (COLEOPTERA:BUPRESTIDAE) CRYSTAL A. MAIER Division of Entomology Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas 1501 Crestline Drive, Suite 140 Lawrence, KS 66045, U.S.A. AND MICHAEL A. IVIE Montana Entomology Collection 1601 S. 19th Ave., Room 50 Marsh Laboratory Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717-3020, U.S.A. [email protected] ABSTRACT Chalcophora angulicollis (LeConte) and Chalcophora virginiensis (Drury) are shown to be valid allopatric species in the western and eastern forests of North America, respectively. The historic uncertainty regarding their status is reviewed, and new characters of the aedeagus, penultimate maxillary palpomere, and elytral serrations are utilized for their identification. This information is combined with redescriptions, diagnoses, illustrations, and a key for all species of Chalcophora Dejean in North America north of Mexico. Key Words: taxonomy, metallic wood-boring beetles, Nearctic, key, coniferous forests Chalcophora Dejean, 1833 (see Bellamy 2003 (Bellamy 2003, 2008): Chalcophora fortis for information on the correct authorship of the LeConte, Chalcophora georgiana (LeConte), genus) includes a group of common, rather large, Chalcophora liberta (Germar), and the prob- and economically important species in North lematic pair C. angulicollis and C. virginiensis. America (Bright 1987), but the status of two of Kerremans (1909) synonymized the latter two these species, the western Chalcophora angulicollis of these North American Chalcophora species, (LeConte) and eastern Chalcophora virginiensis proposing one transcontinental species under the (Drury), has been confused. For 100 years, they oldest name, C. virginiensis. Casey (1914) defended have been repeatedly synonymized and removed the separation and diagnosed C. angulicollis as from synonymy, most recently by Bright (1987) having proportionately more elongate elytra with and Nelson et al. (2008). These most recent moves no sutural spine, unlike C. virginiensis. However, lacked any discussion of characters or detailed his case was weakened by his recognition of justification either way. This paper is an attempt several additional species and subspecies now to examine the morphological features of the popu- synonymized under these names. After Leng lations involved, resolve the ambiguity of their (1920) synonymized the superfluous Casey recognition, and use the results and a review of names, the remaining two species were con- the literature to construct a key allowing for the sidered separate until Bright (1987), in his treat- correct identification of all species of Chalcophora ment of the buprestids of Canada and Alaska, from North America north of Mexico (NANM). returned them to synonymy. Bright stated he ThetypespeciesofChalcophora is the was unable to find any clear, consistent dif- Palaearctic Buprestis mariana L., and there are ferences in either external morphology or the 14 (sensu Bright 1987) or 15 (sensu Nelson aedeagus and attributed the naming of numerous et al. 2008) currently recognized species world- superfluous species to variation in sculpturing wide, four or five of which occur in NANM and coloration. Nelson et al. (2008) removed the 457 458 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 67(4), 2013 two species from synonymy without any explicit diffuser. The camera was attached to an IBM explanation, and a consensus on the validity of IntelliStation M Pro®. The images were pro- the two species has never been reached. cessed using Syncroscopy Auto-montage Pro® ver. 5.03.0020 Beta and enhanced in Adobe Photoshop® MATERIAL AND METHODS CS4. Habitus images for large specimens were con- structed from several stitched-together photographs. A total of 597 specimens of Chalcophora were The cuticle of older specimens is frequently coated examined in the course of this study. Examination with greasy exudate or dust, and, since these beetles of numerous representatives of the C. angulicollis/ are xylophagous, they can be covered with sap and C. virginiensis complex (239 and 215, respec- dirt. Specimens that were deemed too dirty to dis- tively) from throughout their range (Fig. 25) was cern morphological characters were cleaned fol- required to determine the extent of variation within lowing the process described by Ivie (2002). species and how this relates to the species question. The aedeagus was extracted from relaxed speci- In addition, material examined included many speci- mens through the caudal opening in the abdomen, mens of the other three NANM species to better examined, and subsequently glued to a card below understand the morphological variation in these the specimen. species and to allow for construction of diagnoses and keys. All available types were examined, although this work is a review, rather than a revi- RESULTS sion, and conclusions beyond the C. angulicollis/ The aedeagi of the western and eastern C. virginiensis complex are purely in support of Chalcophora species differ consistently in pro- taxonomic clarity of existing species concepts. portions. In C. virginiensis (Figs. 15–16), the Label information for types is presented in the aedeagus is greater than 3.9 times as long as wide, following manner –“;” for line breaks on labels while in C. angulicollis (Figs. 17–18), the aedeagus and “/” separate labels. Non-type data are summa- is always less than 3.3 times as long as wide. rized by state or province. Full label data for all speci- These aedeagal proportions remained constant mens can be found in Maier (2010, Appendix C). across many individuals (C. virginiensis n = 13, Specimens from the following collections C. angulicollis n = 26) sampled throughout the were examined in this study (curators listed in range of each species. parentheses): Two other characters were discovered that CNCI – Canadian National Collection of Insects, consistently correlate with the differing aedeagal Ottawa, ON, Canada (Anthony E. Davies). proportions. In both cases, the characters were LSAM – Louisiana State Arthropod Museum, tested in the entire group of specimens examined Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, (n = 464). First, the penultimate maxillary palpo- LA, USA (Victoria Bayless). mere is cylindrical and greater than 1.7 times as MTEC – Montana State Entomology Collection, long as wide in C. virginiensis (Fig. 12), compared Montana State University, Bozeman, to being flattened and less than 1.6 times as long MT, USA (Michael A. Ivie). as wide in C. angulicollis (Fig. 11). Second, in SEMC – Snow Entomology Collection, Univer- C. virginiensis, the lateral apical elytral margins are sity of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA more strongly serrate (Fig. 6), while in C. angulicollis (Zachary H. Falin). they are weakly serrate to crenulate (Fig. 7). These UASM – E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum, two external characters are diagnostic in all individ- University of Alberta, Edmonton, uals, including females, although the latter can be Alberta, Canada (John H. Acorn). difficult in some individuals of C. virginiensis that UMSP – University of Minnesota Insect Collection, have the lateral apical elytral margins less strongly St. Paul, MN, USA (Philip J. Clausen). serrate. These character disjunctions were consistent USNM – National Museum of Natural History, with two allopatric distributions (Fig. 25) and are Washington, DC, USA (Steven W. consistent with the recognition of two species, a Lingafelter). western C. angulicollis andaneasternC. virginiensis. WFBM – William F. Barr Entomological Museum, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA DISCUSSION (James B. Johnson). These data support the conclusion that the Morphological characters were photographed with Chalcophora species recognized by Nelson a JVC® 3CCD KY-F750 digital camera mounted et al. (2008) are indeed valid. In particular, to a Leica® MS5 dissecting microscope, with a the two species of interest – C. virginiensis and Schott® Fostec DCR 111 fiber optic illumina- C. angulicollis – are distinct eastern and western tor and a bottomless styrofoam coffee cup as a light species of Chalcophora. Several of the characters THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 67(4), 2013 459 shown to be useful to distinguish C. virginiensis mies, see Nelson et al. (2008) and Bellamy and C. angulicollis are subtle, but they were con- (2008). Nomenclature follows the established use sistent within and between species. Although by Nelson et al. (2008) and Bellamy (2008). subtle, differences in proportions of the aedeagi of – western and eastern species are clear (Figs. 15 18), KEY TO THE SPECIES OF NORTH especially when examined together. The two exter- AMERICAN CHALCOPHORA nal characters discussed above are diagnostic in all individuals, including females. For all three 1. Protibia with one or two weak longitudinal of these morphological characters, no east-west ridges on posterior face (Fig. 13), or ridges gradient was apparent. absent; usually coppery gold to green metallic Characters used in the past, which involved size, in color ..........................................................2 color, and cuticular sculpturing, should not be used 1′. Protibia with two strong longitudinal ridges to define species in this group. Within the genus on posterior face (Fig. 14); usually shining Chalcophora, external characters such as elytral black in color ................................................4
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