B-13 Peale's Baltimore Museum, (Municipal Museum of the City of Baltimore)

Architectural Survey File

This is the architectural survey file for this MIHP record. The survey file is organized reverse- chronological (that is, with the latest material on top). It contains all MIHP inventory forms, National Register nomination forms, determinations of eligibility (DOE) forms, and accompanying documentation such as photographs and maps.

Users should be aware that additional undigitized material about this property may be found in on-site architectural reports, copies of HABS/HAER or other documentation, drawings, and the “vertical files” at the MHT Library in Crownsville. The vertical files may include newspaper clippings, field notes, draft versions of forms and architectural reports, photographs, maps, and drawings. Researchers who need a thorough understanding of this property should plan to visit the MHT Library as part of their research project; look at the MHT web site (mht.maryland.gov) for details about how to make an appointment.

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Last Updated: 03-10-2011 B-13 1814 Peale's Baltimore Museum (Municipal Museum of the City of Baltimore) 225 North Holliday Street Baltimore City

The Peale's Baltimore Museum building is a seven-bay three-story brick building with a two-story wing to the rear. Two large flush chimneys rise from each gable end of the building, with a small double window in the attic gable between. The center three bays of the front facade, facing west, consists of a stone recessed entrance porch on the first floor and three 6/6 sash windows surmounted by round-arched panels on the second. Both these floors and a large rectangular panel with an elaborate bas relief sculpture on the third story are of stone. This portico and loggia are a 1931 replacement based on the original.

The bas relief sculpture was designed by R. McGill Mackall and installed in 1931 through the generosity of the Baltimore Gas & Electric Company. This relief depicts Wisdom seated between an American eagle and a sailing ship. The same company donated the historic elliptically arched sculpture mounted on the garden wall. Carved in 1807 by the French sculptor, Augustin Chevalier, it had originally graced the Union Bank building which had been designed by Robert

Cary Long, Sr. The outer two bays on each floor of the front facade of the building hold 6/6 sash windows with splayed jack arches. A brick course separates the first and second floor, and a modillion cornice edges the gable roof. Inside, the central hallway opens onto four small rooms on the first floor, in which scientific and natural exhibits were originally displayed. A large drawing room occupied the second floor, and the third floor held a painting gallery. Very little of the original interior woodwork remained when the building was restored in

1931. Existing woodwork including moldings, doors, locks, mantels, and balustrade were salvaged from a group of rowhouses which were being demolished at the time. Other detail such as the plaster cornices and ceiling and the elaborate door frames on the second floor were copied from authentic examples of the museum's period. Behind the museum building is a small courtyard with statues, which now contains the salvaged bas relief sculpture from the Union Bank.

Peale's Baltimore Museum was the first in the United States to be designed and erected exclusively for museum use. Under the direction of its builder, Rembrandt Peale, and later his brother Rubens, the museum operated for 15 years as "Peale's Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts." Its early exhibits included portraits of famous Americans (many by the founder) and the complete skeleton of a prehistoric mastodon exhumed by C.W. Peale in 1801. In

1816, the building became the first public building in America to use gas lighting.

In 1830, the building was sold to the City of Baltimore, becoming the first City

Hall. When a new City Hall was built in 1876, the building was converted into the second home of "Number 1 Colored Primary School," one of Baltimore's first public schools for black students. In 1887, the building became the home of the city's Water Board. The back yard became a stable, and the building was used for both administration and the storage of pipe and equipment. In the early 20th century, the Peale Museum was on the verge of being sold when the Mayor was convinced to forestall the sale and restore the building. The museum housed 8- 13 both painting exhibitions and permanent exhibits concerning Rembrandt Peale and the history of Baltimore, becoming part of the Baltimore City Life Museums system in 1985. When this system was closed in 1997, the Peale Museum closed as well. /, _ , B-13 • ' I STAT E : - Fo•• 10-300 UN IT ED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INT ERIOR (Re•. 6-72) NAT IONAL PARK SERVICE M - - -·1 ~~..t COUNTY: ~ NATIONAL REGISTE R O F HI STORIC PLACES Baltimore ( City)

INVE;,HTO RY - NOMINAT IO N F ORM FOR NPS UH ONLY ( ; ::. : i 11:;j, J. ;r i ::;rnm.c ENTRY OATE 1.1.::: 1.::.. ..:~':{ Type oil entries complete opplicoblc sections) .. ,. .. 11.<·HAME COMMON: Peale' s Baltimore Museum

ANO/OR HISTO~IC: Munici pal Museum of the City of Baltimore ... f2• . J_ OCAT~~N S TREET •NO NUMBER: 225 North Holliday Street C I TY OR TOWN: CONCRESSIONAI.. DISTRICT : Baltimore 3rd STA TE I COOE COUNTY: I CODE Maryland I :l4 Bal timore pl O .. .:·., .. , ...... ;;_.; . .· . :.~ .·: . .: ·;~ :· t4~'.;;f.~t:A$S I FICATIOH .•.· •-·'' ... - ... ;.. ..· ...... :, ... .. CATEGORY ACCESSIBLE QWNERSHIP STATUS j z (Checlc One) To THE PUBLIC tJ District IX) Building l&l Public Public Acquisition: Ill Occupied Ye s: 0 Restricted 0 Site 0 Structure 0 Privofe 0 In Process 0 Unoccupied 0 Unrestricted 0 Object tJ Both 0 Being Considered 0 Preservation work !Kl i n proAress 0 No

P~_ E_'.IENT U~E (Check One or More • • A ppropriete) 0 Agricultura I 0 Government 0 Par~ 0 T ronsportotion 0 Comments O .Commerciol 0 lndustriol 0 Privat• Res ide nce 0 Other (Specify) 0 ' Educationol 0 Militory 0 Religious 0 Ente rtoinment ~ Museum 0 Scientific .. - ·· ...... • ,, z t• ~tPWMER OF .PROPERTY .. ·\, \,',-. ··· ··-·· ...... O ..NER'S NAME: ~ .. Pl -i '1 > Citv of Baltimore ~ ... w STREET ANO NUMBER: ..... ".' Pl w ::l Citv Hall (St. Paul and Lexinsrton Streets) 0.. CITY OR TOWN : 5T•TE: ':OOF Baltimore M:trvl:md 24 1·'5/ l. O~ ,A TION OF l,.EGAL DESCRIPTION !COURTHOUSE. RCGl5TRY OF DEED5. ETC: n 0 c Recorder of Deeds ~ z ST~EET •NO NUMt> ER: ... -< City Hall (St. Paul and 1.cxington Streets) i CITY OR TOWN: STATE. CODE ~ I Baltimore Maryland 24

t4~ :.'. ~J. ~E. ~E~JAT I QN IN EXISTING SURVEYS ' TI TLE OF SURVEY: I'! ...z His.toric American B.uildinS! Survev )) .,, -< 0 DATE OF SURVEY: - ~ Federa l 0 State 0 County 0 Local z :0 D EPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS: c z :: 'l) IP .,. I'! Linrar y. of Con2ress/Annex )) c STREET • NO NUMBER: m"' 0 Division of Pr int-~ ;mil Phnf"nc-nmh~ z ST A TE: ,__ r CIT Y OR T OWN: COOE - -< 0 Washingt on D.C. .U. > -i - I'! / B-13 17. DESCRIPTION (Cftecl! One) 0 Excellent pil Good Q Foir 0 Deterioroted 0 Ruins 0 Unexposed CONDITION i--=~~~~~~~~- -~- (Checl! One) (Checl! One) Q!() Altere d Q Unoltered I [1 Moved DESCRIBE THE PRESENT A NO ORICIN A L (11 l!nown) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

The Municipal Museum of the City of Baltimore, at 225 North Holliday Street occupies the first building erected as a museum in the United States. 'Rembrant Peale, the artist son of Charles Willson Peale, opened the museum on August 15, 1&14.

Peale advertised in Baltimore in April, 1813, his intention to build a - museum, and on August 15 of the following year, he inaugurated his new undertaking. Having no plan to follow, he erected a brick three-story house that had a two-story wing in back. Inside, the central hallway opened onto four small rooms on the first floor, in which were placed s cientific and natural exhibits. A large drawing room occupied the second floor and the third floor held a painting gallery. Peale struggled to operate the museum for about eight years, but his creditors forced him to sell his interest in it to his brother, Reubens, in 1822. m Reubens Peale continued the museum until 1829, when his creditors forced m him to vacate the building.

The Museum underwent numerous alterations before becoming the Muncipal z Museum in 1931. It was used as the Baltimore City Hall from 1830 until 1875. At this time it was made into a Negro School and served this -I function until 1887. From that time until 1931 the building was occupied ::;o by the Water Board as well as several businesses. c: In r enewing the building for Museum use, the front wall was rebuilt, n the original portico was recons tructed and the interior was almost -I completely reconstructed. 0 Today, the building is comp}~tely devoted to museum purposes. The two fr.ont rooms on the first floor have permanent exhibits that are associatei :z with Rembrant Peale. Located in the rear wing are the offices of th~ V'I curator. On the second floor are exhibition rooms used for portraits. The third floor at present i s not used; located here is the central air conditioning until situated behind standing paritions. An addition was made in the basement so as to .:iccomodate mu s eum records. Outside the mu seum in back is a small court witll statues .

BOUNDARY INFORMATION AND JUSTIFICATION

The museum is located on the eas t side of North Holliday Street between a warehouse on the north side and a church across a small alley on the south. The building sits about halfway between East Saratoga , Street and East Lexington Street. The Municipal Museum building is approximately 40 feet wide facing North Holliday Street, and about 50 feet long. The museum lot is circa 40 feet by 100 feet. The boundary line is contiguous with the property line as described above. B-13 f8. SIGNIFICANCE

PERIOO (Check One or Mor••• Approprl•I~) 0 Pre·C.ol-bion I 0 16th Century 0 18th Century [l 20th Century ( 0 15th Century 0 17th Century D

SPECIF'IC OATEISI (It Appllcable and Known)

•REAS OF' SICONIFICANCE (Checlc One or More•• Appropriate) Abor iginol 0 Education 0 Political 0 Urban Planning 0 Prehistoric O Engineering 0 Religion/Phi. 0 Other (Specify) 0 Historic 0 Indus try losophy 0 Agriculture 0 Invention 0 Science 0 Archi lecture 0 londscope 0 Sculpture ~ Art Architecture 0 Socio l/Humon­ 0 Co,,.merce 0 Lil.,rature i lor ion 0 C0tnmunicofions 0 Military 0 Theater 0 Consen1ation 0 Mus ic 0 T ronsportati on

STATEMENT OF' Sl<;NIFI CANCE

Peale's Baltimore Museum was the first building in the Un~ted States to be designed and erected expressly for museum use. Under the direc­ tion of its founder, builder and first operator, Rembrant Peale, and z later his brother Reubens, the museum was opened to the public for 15 years. Having served a number of purposes in the interum, the building 0 again became the Municipal Museum of the City of Baltimore in 1931. Presently the museum houses both painting and perminant exhibits con­ cerning Rembrant Peale, the Peale family and the history of Baltimore.

BIOGRAPHY

Rembrant Peale was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania on February 22, 1778. Charles Willson Peale, his father had evidently expected that his off spring should be artists for he named them all after the z old masters, i.e. Rembrant, Reubens, Van Dyck, Raphael and Titian. With all this circumstance as events turned out only two of the five became w artists. L:.J Rembrant showed early signs of extradordinary talent. He "began to draw at ~he age of eight years and by the time he was thirteen he had painted a portrait of himse lf. "l -

Upon the retirement of Charles Willson Peale in 1796, Rerobrant was ~iven his ·father's seal of approval and thl! title of his success. However, this did not lead to instant success. Rembrant thereupon, ventured to Charleston, South Carolina, where he remained several years until 1801 at which time he journeyed to England to study with Benjamin West.

It was here in London that Rembrant Peale was confronted for the first time with the continental art form or "with good art".2 Peale's heart was not strong and the climate in England was critically against his health, at this time Rembrant Peale decided to ·return to the United States and give up painting for agriculture. However, immediate success upon his return changed these plans.

After living in Boston some years, Peale moved to Baltimore in 1812. It was here in Baltimore that Peale opened the first building in .,,,. No t().:JOOa B-13 ..... t0·7•) UNITl::.l>STATES DEPARTMENT OF Tiit:: I NTERIOR FOR NPS U SE ONLY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RECEIVED JA TIONAL REGISTER OF IDSTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM DATE ENTERED

CONTINUATION SHEET l ITEM NUMBER 8 PAGE 2

America to be used solely as a museum and art gallery. Here Peale lived for nine years and painted a number of his most famous works including "The Ascent of Elijah," and"The Court of Death," which was painted on canvas measuring 24 by 13 feet, and it contained twenty-three lifesize figures. This work became one of Peale's most famous; it was placed on exhibition in every major city of the United States. Fron 1822 to 1829 Peale again returned north where he painted portraits in Philadelphia New York and Boston.

Peale once more returned to Europe where he exhibited his portrait of George Washington drawn to Peale's own exacting specifications of likeness. The portrait received raves of critics. Upon Peale's return, the portrait was purchased by the United States Government and now hangs in the Vice President's room in the Senate wing of the Capitol. Peale's works include; •1The Court of Death,"his most famous , "Song of the Shirt," "Errina," "Wine and Cake," and "Italian Peasant." Peale died on October 3, 1860.

!Cyclopedia of American Biography, James T. White and Company: New York, 1907, vol. 5., p. 320.

2Ibid

•, B-13 .. f9. MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES " ... .,•·. ; ,.... .

C}:'.cloeedia of American BiograEhi:~ James T. White and Company: New York, 5 vols., 1907.

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STATE.: CODE COUNTY: CODE -i ;::o t.ll/-'~FORM PRE PAREO .8 Y .. ., ::'~>('','. '.:."'° ·<\i.DL. .: ·i)"'t/ =-. =:;:!;)':. .. ~-:·,#:.~:;:·-:?;•.;-:~~~:1·?~~~://~~{t~~t~:~;:;1\'fp~:~ ;:~f~t;~::::/:~~~~::::···~~:g;~/::·.. ;.,~~'= .:_,:·.~. .:.~. - :·"'·>·~ ·:.·::·.:· c NAME ANO TITLE: n Joseph s. Mendin2hall. Histori::m ORc;;ANIZATIDN DATE -i

Historic Sites Survev. National Park ~PT"\J'~ ,..,, ')/')0/7<:. - STREET ANO NUMBER: 0 1100 L. Street, N.W. z CITY OR TOWN : STATE CODE - V' Washington D r. 20240 - 11 (12. STATE LIAISON OFFICER CERTIFICA I ION NATIONAL REGISTER VERIFICATION -

As the designated ~tnte Liaison Offic~ r fM lhc Nu- I hert-hy certify that this i(l the · .·: tional Historic Preservation A ct of 19M> (Publ ic Law pcoJ.rty ·is · ~=(!ed 11 · NetiooalRegister, . . .. -,. Lb.:; . ":~. ·. :> ffe1.J.., ~I. ?~:.-( 89-665), l hereby nomin.Ate this Jlropcrty for inclusion \~; 1! . . . .. :\_1 · ; : ~ J· 1.. - . ... ; in the National Register and c-er1ify thnt it hns been • ' r \ • . ;.,· ,_' ...... ; L,.1,.,•. :-·.····"' l I .. • . .. - • ..,va luated accordine, to the c·itetin nn1I proccwres set J ·.:·-ry • I ' '1 ; ,_ forth by the National Park Service. 'l11c recommended ,I ,... . C· I.I -:r;·t-· Ctc.~ /· {l· Dlr•clor, Of/Ice of Archeolo•y • r !:1 Ht•louc ~... ~ ~>'• llon . , . ...~ .. . level of significance of this nomination is: :· . :.._:·., National 0 State 0 Loc::al 0 _( NATIONAL HJ l~'Q!tiC LANDll.ihK .(NATIONAL IlIS'i'OUIC D"j!e ~ l Name LAND?JARK:J) '. AlTEST: ~(~~ sir->- aI .z:· ,, .. .rd.~.-- ... _;,,. .. ..: ~.. ~·.-.-...... r '~~~-3' Title I .... .•. - 1: ~ : O'NAL Il1 S'l'OkU<..i Keeper ol The Nolfunol KCJl (}{!Tl . K''} LAllDl~ ~.n i.) Date Date - ··-

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F orm No. 10-301 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT O F THE INTERIOR STATE Rev. 7.72 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Marvland NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES COUNTY Baltimore PROPERTY MAP FORM FOR N PS USE ONLY (Type all entries - attach to or enclose with map) ENTRY NUMBER l DATE "' l z r1 . NAME · · i"'. ,~.r .:··.", · : 0 COMM ON: Municioal Museum of the Citv of Ba1 ti_mnl"~ ANO/ OR HISTORI C : . Peale's Baltimor~ M'.· .~enm -- ':;':'\.,:· .;· .... 12 •. LOCATION ·•· ~ . STREET AND NUMBER: u 225 North Holliday Street ::> ..; CITY OR TOWN: '• 0:: Baltimore • .... STATE: I <;:ODE I COUNTY: I CODE Maryland I 24 I Baltimore I 510 .. .,, . "'z 13. MAP REFERENCE ·. ::~··. ,:> .}%)/<'.::· SOURCE: , U.S. Geological Survey, 7.5 Baltimore East Quadrangle - w SCALE: l ::l4,uuu DATE: 1953 lPhotorevised 1966) w ' 14. REQUIREMENTS "' TO BE INCLUDED ON ALL MAPS 1. Properly broundories w here required. 2. North orrow. · 0::::. 3. lofitude and longitude reference. I w ft U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1973-729·148 / 1441 3· 1 - ~:L~ -- --·.r~ · ·. j I J

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Form No. 10·301a f>-13 (Rev. 10-741 UNITED STATES OEPARTMENT OF T llE INTERIOR FOR NPS USE ONLY I NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLA.CES RECEIVED PROPERTY PHOTOGRAPH FORM ATE ENTERED

SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOW TO COMPLETE NATIONAL REGISTER FORM: TYPE ALL ENTRIES ENCLOSE WITH PHOTOGRAPH . - DNAME HISTORIC Municipal Museum of the City of Baltimore

AND/ OR COMMON Peale's Baltimore Museum fDLOCATION CITY. TOWN _VICINITY OF COUNTY STAl; Baltimore Baltimore Maryland IJ PHOTO REFERENCE . PHOTO CREDIT Joseph s. Mend inghall DATE OF PHOTO 7 /7 4

NEGATIVE FILED AT Historic .Sites Survey a IDENTIFICATION DESCRIBE VIEW. DIRECTION. ETC. IF DISTRICT. GIVE BUILDING NAME & STREET PHOTO NO.

Frontal view, looking east . \ I i

SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOW TO COMPLETE NATIONAL REGISTER FORM S TYPE ALL ENTRIES ENCLOSE WITH PHOTOGRAPH [11 NAME HISTORIC Municipal Museum of the City of Baltimore

AND/OR COMMON Peale's Baltimore Museum --

B LOCATION SJATE CITY TOWN _VICINITY OF Baltimo~~NTY Maryland ------· --~B:al~t~i~·m:o~r~e:.___ ~~------~ --- f!I PHOTO REFERENCE &ii Joseph s. Mendinghall OATE OF PHOTO 7 /7 4 PHOTO CREDIT

Historic Sites Survey NEGATIVE FILED AT

D IDENTIFICATION PHOTO NO. DESCRIBE VIEW. DIRECTION. ETC IF DISTRICT. GIVE BUILDING NAME & STREET

View of rear . looldn<> ... ,..-~ cHltP r6~ '1D c~ c1,~c:__r; , ~ ~~ 6 ·_ i3 THE MUNICIPAL MUSEUM OF BALTIMORE .( Pe a I e Mus e u m)

.~ "· :-. 225 N.Holliday Street .1 814 Architect: Robefrt Cary Long, Sr. ··\ , ·. .. Erected by the artist Rembrandt Peg.!e as his "Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts 11 in 1814, the ~a le Museum, as it is popularly known, is the oldest museum building in the United States and the second structure in modern history to be specifically designed and built as a museum for the public. The first was the Old Ashmo lean Museum erected in 1682 at Oxford ... University. Robert Cary Long, Sr. was the architect for Peale1s Gallery. Founded as an "elegant Rendezvo~s for taste, curiosity and leisure, 11 it was an institution devoted to science as well as art. Peale's demonstration of gas illumination led to the. founding of The Gas Light Company of Baltimore in.1817.

When PealE= sold the building to the City in 1830, it became Baltimore1s first City Hall. In 1876, th'e # l Negro Grammar School opened there. The school was later expanded to include a high school curriculum and teacher-training courses. Restored and opened to the public in 1931 as "The Museum of the Life and History of Baltimore, 11 it now con~ains a large collection of prints, paintings, photographs, etc. concerning Baltimore history as well as important paintings by members of the Peale family.

Deed ref: RO 1883/429 lot size: 51' x 1091 Wd: 4 Sec: 12 Blk: l 303A Lot: 15 Owner: Mayor and City Cou.ncil of Baltimore DRAFT -COPY ------~.._ ~------..~--- t"""'\· FOR C0!\11 i\11 ITTFF I ISi=' Form 10-445 l. STATE Maryland HISTOH)."-'l MERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY (5/ 62) couNTYBal timore County . INVENTORY 8 - 1J rowNBaltimore Ci ~1N1 TY 2. NAM EThe Municipal Museum of the sTREn No.225 North Holiday St. City of Balt imore(The Peale Museuin ) 0R1c 1N AL ow NERCharles Willson Peale DATE OR PERIOD 1814 ORIGINAL USEf.1USCum STY Le Federal PRE SE Nr owN ER Ci ty of Baltimore ARCH1TEcTRembrandt Peale & Robert C, PRESENT US Ef&useum BUILD ER Long, Sr, wA LL coNsTRucT10N Brick 3. FOR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS USE NO. OF STORI E5Three 4. NOTAB LEFEA TURES, HISTORICAL SIG NIFI CANCE AND DESCRIPTION OPEN TO PUBLIC 1es UJ

"'V> LU The Peale Museum is a three-story brick structure with an ~ <( "A" roof. It is five bays long. The center bay has a first "'LL 0 floor open vestibule with columns. Three windows, set within 1- w UJ semi-circular panels trimmed with .keystones and rosettes, are J: V) z between four fluted pila sters. The entire center bay is built 0 0 UJ of atone. 0 0 <( The t hird-floor stone relief depicts Wisdom s eated between UJ r.o >­ an American eagle and sailing ship. The relief was designed «: ::!. /') at the time the original plans were drawn, however, it was r: l. <1' not executed until 1930 when the City of Baltimore restored the building and it became the municipal museum. Charles ,. 0 I Willson Peale gave the museum to the City of Baltimore in ·1814. 0.. 0z The building is noteworthy because of its relation to the <( z Peale f amily and it is, reputedly, the oldest museum in America. 0 1-

~ 6 . LOCATION MAP (Pion Qptlonol) 7. PHOTOGRAPH 3 . PU BLISHE DSOURC ES (Author, Title, Pages) 9. NAME, ADORES~ AND TITLE (lF RECORDER INTERVI EWS, RECORDS, PHOTOS, '!TC. Michael o. Bourne Cavanaugh• Commission for ?Jaryland Historical Trust Historical & Architectural Preservation oA Te oF RecoRcDecember 12, 1967 B-13 Peale Museum 225 N. Holliday Street Block 1303A, Lot 015 Baltimore City Baltimore East Quad.

z G> E LEXINGTON ST ~ E LEXINGTON ST ~ - -- -

.GJS data Courte:y of the City of Baltimore, MOIT/EGISn \

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