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THESE-Maiga Fatoumata-2012 Dédicace A mon confident Père 1 Résumé Ce travail est la suite logique et complète nos travaux de Master-Recherche sur l’analyse des externalités négatives du développement urbain de Bamako et pollution du fleuve Niger. Il se veut une contribution à la connaissance des liens entre les populations et leur environnement. Le District de Bamako est la capitale politique, économique et culturelle du Mali. Sa population est passée de 658 275 habitants en 1987 à 1 809 106 habitants en 2009 (Ministère du Plan, 2009). Sa superficie était de 1200 ha en 1960 contre 26700 ha en 2009. Sa part, dans la population urbaine totale du pays, est de 42%. L’étude a révélé que cette croissance démographique et spatiale n’a pas été accompagnée de plan d’urbanisation conséquent et que les infrastructures d’assainissement individuel, semi-collectif et collectif sont insuffisantes ou ne répondent pas aux normes édictées en la matière. Ainsi, sont nées de nombreuses distorsions, entre autres, la mauvaise gestion des déchets domestiques, artisanaux, commerciaux, voire industriels. C’est le fleuve Niger qui reçoit en dernier lieu tous ces déchets sans traitement préalable. Le fleuve Niger fait l’objet de pollution domestique, chimique, industrielle et agricole. Les conséquences sont le développement de la jacinthe d’eau, la perte de biodiversité et la prolifération des maladies liées à l’eau. De nombreux textes législatifs et réglementaires ont été pris en vue d’améliorer le cadre de vie des populations et pour protéger l’eau du fleuve Niger. L’application des mesures tarde à se concrétiser et le fleuve continue à être un égout à ciel ouvert. Au regard des contraintes de gestion de l’environnement du District de Bamako et du fleuve, nous avons proposé des solutions qui passent par une meilleure répartition des rôles des différents acteurs impliqués dans la gestion du fleuve Niger. Mots clés : Analyse, externalités, développement urbain, hydrosphère, fleuve Niger, pollution, cadre institutionnel, biodiversité, plantes envahissantes, maladies liées à l’eau, District de Bamako, Mali. 2 Sommaire Dédicace .............................................................................................................. 1 Résumé ................................................................................................................ 2 Remerciements ....................................................................................................... 9 Avant-propos ....................................................................................................... 10 Sigles et abréviations ............................................................................................. 11 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 15 Revue documentaire .............................................................................................. 26 Approche méthodologique ....................................................................................... 38 Chapitre 1 : Le District de Bamako, une urbanisation mal maitrisée .................................... 46 Chapitre 2 : Présentation du fleuve Niger ..................................................................... 69 Chapitre 3 : Usages et fonctions du fleuve Niger ............................................................ 81 Chapitre 4 : Teintureries ........................................................................................104 Chapitre 5 : Le Maraîchage .....................................................................................128 Chapitre 6 : Hôtels dans les bas-fonds, unités industrielles et mauvaise gestion des déchets domestiques .......................................................................................................147 Chapitre 7 : Polluants et pollution de l’eau du fleuve Niger ..............................................158 Chapitre 8 : Gestion du fleuve Niger .........................................................................188 Conclusion générale .............................................................................................202 Références bibliographiques ...................................................................................206 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................229 3 Liste des tableaux Tableau 1 : Communes, quartiers, nombres de maraichers et de teinturiers sélectionnés pour l’enquête quantitative ............................................................................................................... 39 Tableau 2 : Nombre de personnes enquêtées par structure ...................................................... 40 Tableau 1.1 : Évolution des précipitations (en mm), à Bamako, de 2003 à 2008 .................... 48 Tableau 1.2: Températures maximales moyennes en °C à Bamako, de 2003 à 2008 .............. 49 Tableau 2.1: Ilots du fleuve Niger à Bamako ........................................................................... 75 Tableau 3.1. Aménagements réalisés ou en cours d’exécution sur le fleuve Niger au Mali .... 94 Tableau 3.2 : Ouvrages de mobilisation des eaux de surface dans les bassins versants .......... 97 Tableau 3.3. : Précipitations et ressources renouvelables en eau au Mali................................ 98 Tableau 3.4: Les tronçons navigables du fleuve Niger au Mali ............................................. 100 Tableau 4.1 : Teinturier selon le niveau d'instruction ............................................................ 109 Tableau 4.2 : Teinturiers selon leur ancienneté dans la profession ........................................ 110 Tableau 4.3 : Motifs invoqués par les teinturiers pour le choix de leurs activités ................. 111 Tableau 4.4 : Emplacement du site pour la teinture ............................................................... 114 Tableau 4.5: Variétés des tissus teintés (colorés) ................................................................... 125 Tableau 5.1: Maraîchers selon leur situation matrimoniale ................................................... 132 Tableau 5.2: Maraîchers selon le niveau d’instruction .......................................................... 133 Tableau 5.3 : Maraîchers selon leur statut dans l'activité ....................................................... 134 Tableau 5.4 : Motifs invoqués par les maraîchers pour le choix de l’activité ........................ 134 Tableau 5.5 : Frais annuel (en FCFA) de location de terrains maraîchers ............................. 136 Tableau 5.6 : Répartition des maraîchers et des espaces cultivés par commune dans le District de Bamako .............................................................................................................................. 137 Tableau 5.7: Nature des produits chimiques utilisés par les maraîchers pour le traitement des plantes ..................................................................................................................................... 145 Tableau 7.1 : Volumes d’eaux usées produits par jour et par an par quelques unités industrielles du Mali ............................................................................................................... 162 Tableau 7.2 : Déchets produits par quelques unités industrielles du Mali ............................. 170 Tableau 7.3 : Paramètres de répartition des organismes d’évaluation de la capacité d’autoépuration, l’activité biologique et biochimique des organismes aquatiques ................ 171 Tableau 7.4 : Contenu en minéraux et bactéries des eaux des collecteurs et du fleuve Niger à Bamako ................................................................................................................................... 173 Tableau 7.5 : Quelques pathologies humaines transmises par l’eau polluée ......................... 177 4 Tableau 7.6. Nombre de cas par pathologie du 1 er Janvier 2003 au 31 Décembre 2003 au Mali ................................................................................................................................................ 178 Tableau 7.7 : Taux de prévalence de la Schistosomiase par tranche d’âges selon les zones d’occupation au Mali .............................................................................................................. 179 5 Liste des figures Figure 1 : Méthode utilisée pour l’étude des externalités négatives de développement urbain de Bamako sur le fleuve Niger ................................................................................................. 42 Figure 1-1: Croquis géologique de la région de Bamako (Source : DIAZ P., PERRAULT J., 2005) ......................................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 2-1:Variations des débits annuels du fleuve Niger à Koulikoro (Ministère de l’Environnement et de l’Assainissement, 2004) ...................................................................... 78 Figure 2-2: Hauteurs maxi et minimums du fleuve Niger, station de Koulikoro de 1995 à 2005 .................................................................................................................................................. 79 Figure 4-1: Teinturiers par groupe d’âge (MAIGA F., 2012) ................................................ 107 Figure 4-2: Teinturiers selon leur situation matrimoniale (MAIGA F., 2012) ...................... 108 Figure 4-3 : Teinturiers selon
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