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Lutte Contre Les Vegetaux Flottants Dans Les Pa Ys Membres De La Cedeao

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Lutte Contre Les Vegetaux Flottants Dans Les Pa Ys Membres De La Cedeao LUTTE CONTRE LES VEGETAUX FLOTTANTS DANS LES PA YS MEMBRES DE LA CEDEAO CONTROL OF FLOATING WEEDS IN THE ECOWAS MEMBER COUNTRIES 1 1 Economie Community of African Development Bank/ 1 West African States (ECOWAS) African Development Fund 1 1 1 CONTROL OF FLOATING WEEDS 1 IN THE ECOW AS MEMBER COUNTRIES 1 1 1 1 1 Euroconsult, Arnhem, the Netherlands, in association with Royal Tropical lnstitute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1 ADB project ADF/BD/WP/92/93 1 Euroconsult project 436.6001.1 1 1 Draft FINAL REPORT Volume 1 1 MAIN REPORT 1 NOVEMBER 1995 1 1 1 1 1 -i- 1 CONTENTS 1 1 1 - 5 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 6-8 1 2 REGIONAL BACKGROUND 9 -35 1 2.1 Geographic setting 9 -10 2.2 Economie setting 2.3 Main aquatic weed species 11-17 1 2.3.1 Occurrence 11-15 2.3.2 Classification of problems 16-17 1 2.4 Status of floating weed control in the ECOW AS region 17-22 2.5 Socio-economic impact of floating weed infestations 22 2.5.1 Introduction 22-25 1 2.5.2 Fisheries 26-29 2.5.3 Transportation 29-30 1 2.5.4 Agriculture 31 2.5.5 Public health 32-33 1 2.5.6 Hydro-energy 33-34 2.5.7 Summary of losses by floating weeds 35 in the ECOWAS sub-region Il 2.6 Institutional setting 35-36 1 3 PROJECT RATIONALE 37-38 3.1 In relation to sectoral development strategy 37 1 3.2 In relation to overall national and regional development policy 37-38 1 4 SELECTION OF PROJECTS 39-43 1 4.1 Introduction 39-40 1 4.2 The selection process 41-42 1 1 1 1 1 -11- CONTENTS (CONTINUED) 1 4.3 Final selection of projects 42-43 1 5 THE PROJECTS 44-54 5 .1 Objectives 44-45 1 5.2 Description of selected projects 45-46 5.3 Detailed project features 46-49 5.3.1 The ECOWAS Coordination Unit for Aquatic Weed Control 47-48 1 5.3.2 The regional projects on integrated control of floating weeds 48-49 5.4 Recommendations on phasing 49 1 5.5 Contributors to the projects 49-50 5.6 Project cost estimates 50-54 1 6 EXECUTING AGENCIES 55-57 1 6 .1 Le gal and institutional framework 55 6. 2 Required organisation and management 55 6.3 Capacity assessment of the recommended executing agency: 56 1 staff, equipment and mandate 6.4 Identification of training needs; incentives 56-57 1 6.5 Agency and system for monitoring and evaluation 57 1 7 BENEFICIARIES, TARGET GROUPS AND MAIN ACTORS 57-58 1 8 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 59-69 8.1 Financial and economic justification 59-63 1 8 .1.1 Approach 59 8.1.2 Cost/benefit analysis 60-63 8. 2 Impact on women 63-64 1 8. 3 Impact on the environment 65-67 8.4 The role of public awareness 68 1 8. 5 Project risks 69 1 9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 70-71 72-74 1 10 REFERENCES 1 1 ;1 1 1 -Ill- ANNEXES 1 ANNEX I Map of the ECOWAS region 1 ANNEX II Contributors to the study ANNEX III Examples of the selection process of aquatic weed problems 1 ANNEX IV Questionnaire for country surveys 1 1 Volume 2 - PROJECT DOCUMENTS A ECOWAS Coordination Unit for Aquatic Weed Management 1 B Integrated Control of Floating Weeds in the Coastal Areas of Benin and Nigeria C Integrated Control of Floating Weeds in the Middle Niger River Basin 1 D Integrated Control of Floating Weeds in the Upper Niger River Basin E Integrated Control of Floating Weeds in the Tano River and Reservoirs in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana 1 F Integrated Control of Floating Weeds in the Lower Senegal River System 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -iiii- 1 CONTENTS (continued) 1 LIST OF FIGURES 1 Figure 1 The main floating weed species in the ECOW AS region -iiiiii- 1 1 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Rainfall data in the ECOW AS member countries 9 -10 1 Table 2.2 Governrnental expenditure on current control programmes 23 Table 2.3 Estimation of people affected by floating weeds 25 Table 2.4 Relative importance of the fisheries sector in the sub-region 27 1 Table 2.5 Estimation of potential losses in the inland fisheries sector 29 Table 2.6 Potential losses in agriculture 31 1 Table 2.7 Potential additional costs in health sector 33 Table 2.8 Estimated losses in hydro-energy production 34 1 Table 2.9 Assessment of total losses 35 1 Table 4.1 Short-list of projects 43 Table 5.1 Surnrnary of cost estimates for the ECOW AS coordination unit and regional projects 51-54 Table 8.1 Classification of losses and benefits 61 Table 8.2 Percentages of reduction of losses due to integrated weed control 61 Table 8.3 Costs and benefits of regional projects 62 Table 8.4 Checklist to be used for Gender Impact Assessment (GIA) of aquatic weed control projects 64 Table 8.5 Checklist to be used for Environrnental Impact Assessment (EIA) of 1 aquatic weed control projects 66 1 1 1 1 1 -------------- -- -- -- 1 1 -mu- 1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADB African Developrnent Bank 1 DIANR Departrnent of Industry, Agriculture and N atural Resources (ECOW AS) ECOWAS Economie Community of West African States 1 IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1 GTZ Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusarnrnenarbeit GrnbH (German Agency for Technical Cooperation) NASENI National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure 1 (Nigeria) NIHORT Nigerian Institute for Horticulture 1 UNDP United Nations Development Programme 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -iiiiii- 1 Figure 1 - The main aquatic weed species in the ECOWAS region 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l:1rhhornia crassipes 1 1 1 Pistia stratiotes 1 1 1 1 1 Salvinia molesta 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Floating aquatic weeds are increasingly becoming a nuisance in West African waterbodies. These weeds outcompete other plant species and form dense floating mats, 1 which may completely cover the water surface. Consequently, the often multifunctional use of infested canais, rivers, lakes and lagoons becomes seriously hampered, which strongly affects daily life of the local populations. In addition to direct harmful effects, 1 such as impeding transport of irrigation and drainage water, hindering navigation, interfering with hydroelectric schemes and fisheries, floating weeds also bring about indirect negative effects. These include increased water loss by means of evapo­ 1 transpiration (transpiration via the plants) and increased health hazards by the formation of habitats which are favourable for the development of mosquitoes and 1 snails, which are vectors of human diseases, such as malaria and schistosomiasis. The world's most troublesome aquatic weed, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), 1 which originally occurred in South America, was first observecl in West Africa in the Republic of Benin in the late 1970s. lt was probably introduced as an ornamental. Subsequently, it became, a part from the coastal area in Eastern Benin, a serious pest 1 in coastal regions of Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria. Recently, water hyacinth also invaded the Upper and Middle Niger river systems in Mali, Niger and Nigeria. lt is expected that in the near future the Niger Inner Delta in Mali, which is one of the major 1 wetland areas in Africa, will be infested. Water fern (Salvinia molesta), which is also of South American origin, occurs in Côte d'Ivoire and in Ghana in the lagoon of the Tano river, bordering Côte d'Ivoire. Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), although it is endogenous 1 in the ECOWAS area, is also increasingly causing prohlems. This applies in particular to Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria and Senegal. In the latter country the construction of the Diama clam in the Lower Senegal River, which prevents the inflow of sait water, has 1 created conditions which are favourable for outbreaks of water lettuce. Recognizing the need for an integrated approach, ECOWAS (the Economie Community 1 of West African States) requested the African Development Bank (ADB) to finance the present study, which deals with the investigation of the degree of infestation of floating weeds in the mcmber countries, and the preparation of projects for their control. ln 1 1992 ADB provided ECOWAS with a grant to carry out this project. The study, called "Control of floating weeds in the ECOWAS member countries", lasted eighteen months, and was conducted by the consultancy firm Euroconsult in Arnhem, The Nethedands, 1 in association with the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. According to the Terms of Reference the general objective was to establish projects capable of implementing biological, chemical and mechanical control of water hyacinth, 1 water fern and water lettuce in representative areas in the ECOW AS countries, and to transfer project achievements to other ECOWAS areas where these plants are causing problems. In addition the Terms of References indicated that the main emphasis should 1 be on biological control of these floating weeds, but that chemical and mechanical interventions had to be evaluated to define the most cost-efficient and environmentally safe way to re-establish artisanal fishing and to guarantee transport facilities for people 1 and goods. In this context it was emphasized that a(Juatic ecosystems should be preserved as muchas possible. The study started in .June 1994, and finished at the end 1 of 1995.
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