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Tesis Doctoral TESIS DOCTORAL 2015 LOS NUEVOS INSTRUMENTOS DE COMUNICACIÓN POLÍTICA: EL USO DE YOUTUBE EN LAS CAMPAÑAS ELECTORALES EN ESPAÑA, 2010-2014 Alberto Prieto Rodríguez Licenciado en Derecho DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA Y DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA Directora: Irene Delgado Sotillos TESIS DOCTORAL 2015 LOS NUEVOS INSTRUMENTOS DE COMUNICACIÓN POLÍTICA: EL USO DE YOUTUBE EN LAS CAMPAÑAS ELECTORALES EN ESPAÑA, 2010-2014 Alberto Prieto Rodríguez Licenciado en Derecho DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA Y DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA Directora: Irene Delgado Sotillos 1 DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA Y DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA LOS NUEVOS INSTRUMENTOS DE COMUNICACIÓN POLÍTICA: EL USO DE YOUTUBE EN LAS CAMPAÑAS ELECTORALES EN ESPAÑA, 2010-2014 Alberto Prieto Rodríguez Licenciado en Derecho Directora: Irene Delgado Sotillos 2015 2 3 INDICE LISTA DE TABLAS 6 INTRODUCCIÓN 8 Capítulo 1. TECNOLOGÍA Y POLÍTICA 27 Capítulo 2. PROPUESTA PARA EL ESTUDIO DEL IMPACTO DE LAS NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS EN EL CONTEXTO ELECTORAL 41 2.1. Rasgos del contexto electoral 41 2.2. Criterios de selección de los casos de análisis 42 Capítulo 3. APLICACIÓN DE LAS NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS EN LAS CAMPAÑAS ELECTORALES 54 3.1. El formato audiovisual 59 3.2. La interacción 67 3.3. La dimensión YouTube 72 3.4. Los indicadores de YouTube 77 Capítulo 4. EL ESCENARIO ELECTORAL EN ESPAÑA: 2010 – 2014 82 4.1 El escenario electoral: 2010-2014 82 4.2 El empleo de las TIC por partidos políticos 86 4.3 Partidos y candidatos. Personalización política en Internet 88 Capítulo 5. UN INSTRUMENTO DE ANÁLISIS: YOUTUBE EN LAS CAMPAÑAS ELECTORALES 96 5.1. YouTube y las elecciones municipales de 2011 96 5.2. La personalización de los candidatos municipales en los canales de YouTube 101 5.3. La actividad en YouTube durante las campañas electorales 113 5.4. Indicadores de YouTube y resultados electorales 122 5.5. Los procesos electorales autonómicos (2010-2012) y la actividad en YouTube 128 5.1.1. Las elecciones autonómicas en Cataluña, 2010 130 5.1.2. Las elecciones autonómicas de mayo de 2011 139 4 5.5.3. Las elecciones autonómicas en Andalucía, 2012 185 5.5.4. Las elecciones autonómicas en Asturias, 2012 193 5.5.5. Las elecciones autonómicas en Galicia, 2012 199 5.5.6. Las elecciones autonómicas en el País Vasco, 2012 207 5.5.7. Las elecciones autonómicas en Cataluña, 2012 215 5.6. Las elecciones generales de 2011 224 5.6.1.La personalización de la campaña electoral 226 5.6.2. La actividad de los partidos en YouTube durante la campaña electoral 233 5.6.3. Los resultados electorales y la influencia de YouTube 237 5.7. Las elecciones europeas de 2014 240 5.7.1. Rasgos de la campaña electoral 244 5.7.2. La actividad en YouTube y los resultados electorales 251 CONCLUSIONES 256 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 275 5 LISTA DE TABLAS Tabla 1. Usuarios frecuentes Internet (al menos 1 vez por semana) por CC.AA, octubre de 2015 ………………………………………………………………………………………… Tabla 2. Partidos políticos analizados por CC.AA en las elecciones Autonómicas 2010- 2012 Tabla 3. Partidos analizados en Elecciones Municipales 2011 Tabla 4. Usuarios de Internet en la UE, 2010-2014 Tabla 5. Webs más visitadas en el mundo y en España, 2010 y 2015 Tabla 6. Escaños obtenidos en el Congreso de los Diputados por PP y PSOE en elecciones generales 1989 – 2011 Tabla 7. Participación en las elecciones municipales 2011 Tabla 8. Resultados electorales y participación en elecciones municipales (2003-2011) Tabla 9. Canales YouTube – Elecciones municipales 2011 Tabla 10. Indicadores YouTube – Elecciones Municipales 2011 Tabla 11. Resultado electoral – Elecciones municipales 2011 Tabla 12. Indicadores YouTube / Resultado electoral – Elecciones Municipales 2011 Tabla 13. Participación en las Elecciones autonómicas Cataluña 2010 Tabla 14. Canales YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas Cataluña 2010 Tabla 15. Indicadores YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas Cataluña 2010 Tabla 16. Resultado electoral – Elecciones autonómicas Cataluña 2010 Tabla 17. Indicadores YouTube / Resultado electoral – Elecciones Autonómicas Cataluña 2010 Tabla 18. Participación en las Elecciones autonómicas 2011 Tabla 19. Canales YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas 2011 Tabla 20. Indicadores YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas 2011 Tabla 21. Indicadores YouTube / Resultado electoral – Elecciones Autonómicas 2011 Tabla 22. Participación en las Elecciones autonómicas Andalucía 2012 Tabla 23. Canales YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas Andalucía 2012 Tabla 24. Indicadores YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas Andalucía 2012 Tabla 25. Resultado electoral – Elecciones autonómicas Andalucía 2012 Tabla 26. Indicadores YouTube / Resultado electoral – Elecciones Autonómicas Andalucía 2012 Tabla 27. Participación en las Elecciones autonómicas Asturias 2012 Tabla 28. Canales YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas Asturias 2012 Tabla 29. Indicadores YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas Asturias 2012 Tabla 30. Resultado electoral – Elecciones autonómicas Asturias 2012 Tabla 31. Indicadores YouTube / Resultado electoral – Elecciones Autonómicas Asturias 2012 Tabla 32. Participación en las Elecciones autonómicas Galicia 2012 Tabla 33. Canales YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas Galicia 2012 Tabla 34. Indicadores YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas Galicia 2012 Tabla 35. Resultado electoral – Elecciones autonómicas Galicia 2012 Tabla 36. Indicadores YouTube / Resultado electoral – Elecciones Autonómicas Galicia 2012 Tabla 37. Participación en las Elecciones autonómicas País Vasco 2012 Tabla 38. Canales YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas País Vasco 2012 Tabla 39. Resultado electoral – Elecciones autonómicas País Vasco 2012 Tabla 40. Indicadores YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas País Vasco 2012 6 Tabla 41 Indicadores YouTube / Resultado electoral – Elecciones Autonómicas País Vasco 2012 Tabla 42. Participación en las Elecciones autonómicas Cataluña 2012 Tabla 43. Canales YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas Cataluña 2012 Tabla 44. Indicadores YouTube – Elecciones autonómicas Cataluña 2012 Tabla 45. Resultado electoral – Elecciones autonómicas Cataluña 2012 Tabla 46. Indicadores YouTube / Resultado electoral – Elecciones Autonómicas Cataluña 2012 Tabla 47. Participación en las Elecciones generales 2011 Tabla 48. Canales YouTube – Elecciones generales 2011 Tabla 49. Indicadores YouTube – Elecciones generales 2011 Tabla 50. Resultado electoral – Elecciones generales 2011 Tabla 51. Indicadores YouTube / Resultado electoral – Elecciones generales 2011 Tabla 52. Indicadores YouTube / Resultado electoral – Elecciones generales 2011 (simplificada) Tabla 53. Participación en las Elecciones europeas 2014-2004 Tabla 54. Resultado electoral – Elecciones europeas 2014 Tabla 55. Indicadores YouTube – Elecciones europeas 2014 Tabla 56. Indicadores YouTube / Resultado electoral – Elecciones europeas 2014 Tabla 57. Indicadores YouTube / Resultado electoral – Elecciones europeas 2014 (simplificada) 7 INTRODUCCIÓN En febrero de 1936 se celebraron en España las que habían de ser las últimas elecciones generales de la Segunda República. En un país convulsionado y enfebrecido, en vísperas de una guerra civil, durante las semanas previas a los comicios, los españoles se preparaban para elegir a sus representantes políticos. En aquella complicada campaña electoral hubo, sin embargo, un factor que permitió a los votantes conservar un rincón en el que mantenerse al margen de la tensión general previa a la cita electoral que atenazaba al país, o al menos, esa parecía ser la intención del entonces presidente del gobierno, Manuel Portela Valladares, al prohibir la difusión a través de la radio de publicidad electoral para evitar así que ésta invadiera la paz y la tranquilidad de los hogares de los ciudadanos. Puede ser que el fin último de aquella prohibición no fuera proteger la intimidad de las casas españolas y preservarlas así del ruido electoral, es probable que hubiera más motivaciones que ésta para limitar el uso del único canal de comunicación capaz de transmitir mensajes de campaña que entonces permitía su difusión en tiempo real. No resulta posible conocer ahora todas las razones que llevaron a Portela Valladares a tomar aquella decisión, pero sí es evidente que la misma es una buena muestra de la compleja relación que ha existido siempre entre la actividad política, especialmente durante los periodos electorales, y las tecnologías de comunicación (Sánchez Noriega, 1997). Hoy, casi ochenta años después de aquella limitación impuesta por Manuel Portela Valladares al uso de la radio como canal de distribución de publicidad electoral, convivimos con normalidad desde finales del siglo pasado con la tecnología digital de comunicación que ha situado el tempo de circulación de la información y el tempo de nuestra vida en un mismo plano; ingentes cantidades de datos fluyen alrededor del planeta en tiempo real, en nuestro tiempo real personal, y fluyen por 8 todas partes, en todas direcciones, a todas horas, generando miles de millones de conexiones de las que surgen a su vez nuevos bytes de información que continúan circulando por la Red en un bucle sin final aparente. El desarrollo acelerado de Internet y de las redes de telefonía móvil, y el abaratamiento y la mejora técnica de los dispositivos y del software de conexión a esas redes, han supuesto la incorporación a nuestra vida diaria de nuevos hábitos de consumo, de múltiples fuentes de conocimiento, de herramientas de trabajo inimaginables hace apenas unos años, de cambios acelerados en nuestras relaciones sociales,
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