Morphological Characters, Systematic Position and Age of Fossil Genera Pertaining to Echinoids
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Echinoidea Clypeasteroidea
Biodiversity Journal, 2014, 5 (2): 291–358 Analysis of some astriclypeids (Echinoidea Clypeast- eroida) Paolo Stara1* & Luigi Sanciu2 1Centro Studi di Storia Naturale del Mediterraneo - Museo di Storia Naturale Aquilegia, Via Italia 63, Pirri-Cagliari and Geomuseo Monte Arci, Masullas, Oristano, Sardinia, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author The systematic position of some astriclypeid species assigned through times to the genera Amphiope L. Agassiz, 1840 and Echinodiscus Leske, 1778 is reviewed based on the plating ABSTRACT pattern characteristics of these two genera universally accepted, and on the results of new studies. A partial re-arrangement of the family Astriclypeidae Stefanini, 1912 is herein pro- posed, with the institution of Sculpsitechinus n. g. and Paraamphiope n. g., both of them char- acterized by a peculiar plating-structure of the interambulacrum 5 and of the ambulacra I and V. Some species previously attributed to Amphiope and Echinodiscus are transferred into these two new genera. Two new species of Astriclypeidae are established: Echinodiscus andamanensis n. sp. and Paraamphiope raimondii n. sp. Neotypes are proposed for Echin- odiscus tenuissimus L. Agassiz, 1840 and E. auritus Leske, 1778, since these species were still poorly defined, due to the loss of the holotypes and, for E. auritus, also to the unclear geographical/stratigraphical information about the type-locality. A number of additional nom- inal fossil and extant species of "Echinodiscus" needs revision based on the same method. KEY WORDS Astriclypeidae; Amphiope; Paraamphiope; Echinodiscus; Sculpsitechinus; Oligo-Miocene. Received 28.02.2014; accepted 14.03.2014; printed 30.06.2014 Paolo Stara (ed.). Studies on some astriclypeids (Echinoidea Clypeasteroida), pp. -
Taxonomía Y Biogeografía Ecológica De Los Equinoideos Irregulares (Echinoidea: Irregularia) De México
Taxonomía y biogeografía ecológica de los equinoideos irregulares (Echinoidea: Irregularia) de México Alejandra Martínez-Melo1, 2, Francisco Alonso Solís-Marín2, Blanca Estela Buitrón-Sánchez3 & Alfredo Laguarda-Figueras2 1. Posgrado de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (PCML), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). México, D. F. 04510, México; [email protected] 2. Laboratorio de Sistemática y Ecología de Equinodermos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (ICML), UNAM. Apdo. Post. 70-305, México, D. F. 04510, México; [email protected] 3. Departamento de Paleontología, Instituto de Geología (IG), UNAM, Cd. Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, D. F. 04510, México; [email protected] Recibido 04-VI-2014. Corregido 09-X-2014. Aceptado 04-XI-2014. Abstract: Taxonomy and ecologic biogeography of the irregular Echinoids (Echinoidea: Irregularia) from Mexico. Mexico owns 643 species of echinoderms, almost 10% of the known echinoderm species in the planet. Its geographic location -between the oceanic influences of the Western Central Atlantic and the Eastern Central Pacific- largely explains its enormous biological and ecological diversity. Research on echinoderms in Mexico began in the late nineteenth century; however, there are no reviews on its irregular echinoids. This work reviews the taxonomic and geographic information of irregular echinoids from Mexico, housed in four collections: 1) Colección Nacional de Equinodermos “Ma. Elena Caso Muñoz” from the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (ICML), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); 2) Invertebrate Zoology Collection, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., United States of America (USA); 3) Invertebrate Collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, University of Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA and 4) Invertebrate Zoology, Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. -
Ecophenotypic Variation and Developmental Instability in the Late Cretaceous Echinoid Micraster Brevis (Irregularia; Spatangoida)
RESEARCH ARTICLE Ecophenotypic Variation and Developmental Instability in the Late Cretaceous Echinoid Micraster brevis (Irregularia; Spatangoida) Nils Schlüter* Georg-August University of Göttingen, Geoscience Centre, Department of Geobiology, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany * [email protected] Abstract The Late Cretaceous echinoid genus Micraster (irregular echinoids, Spatangoida) is one of the most famous examples of a continuous evolutionary lineage in invertebrate palaeontol- ogy. The influence of the environment on the phenotype, however, was not tested so far. OPEN ACCESS This study analyses differences in phenotypical variations within three populations of Micra- Citation: Schlüter N (2016) Ecophenotypic Variation ster (Gibbaster) brevis from the early Coniacian, two from the Münsterland Cretaceous and Developmental Instability in the Late Cretaceous Basin (Germany) and one from the North Cantabrian Basin (Spain). The environments of Echinoid Micraster brevis (Irregularia; Spatangoida). the Spanish and the German sites differed by their sedimentary characteristics, which are PLoS ONE 11(2): e0148341. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0148341 generally a crucial factor for morphological adaptations in echinoids. Most of the major phe- notypical variations (position of the ambitus, periproct and development of the subanal fas- Editor: Steffen Kiel, Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, SWEDEN ciole) among the populations can be linked to differences in their host sediments. These phenotypic variations are presumed to be an expression of phenotpic plasticiy, which has Received: November 11, 2015 not been considered in Micraster in previous studies. Two populations (Erwitte area, Ger- Accepted: January 15, 2016 many; Liencres area, Spain) were tested for stochastic variation (fluctuating asymmetry) Published: February 5, 2016 due to developmental instability, which was present in all studied traits. -
CLASSIFICATION of ECHINODERMATA: -- Subclass 3
P a g e | 1 Dr. Minakshi Kumari B.Sc. Part-I P.G. Dept. Of Zoology, Zoology (Hons.) Maharaja College, ARA. Paper – I– A. Contd..... CLASSIFICATION OF ECHINODERMATA: -- Subclass 3. Irregularia 1. Body oval or circular, flattened oral-aborally. 2. Mouth central or displaced anteriorly on oral surface. 3. Anus marginal, outside the apical system of plates. 4. Tube feet generally not locomotor. Order 1. Holectypoida 1. Test regular with simple ambulacral and centrally located peristome and apical system. 2. Lantern present. 3. Mostly extinct. Examples : Holectypus, Echinoneus. Order 2. Cassiduloida 1. Aboral ambulacral areas petaloid, forming a five-armed figure like petals of a flower. 2. Lantern absent. 3. Mostly extinct. Examples : Cassidulus P a g e | 2 Order 3. Clypeastroida 1. Test flattened with oval or rounded shape. 2. Mouth central, anus excentric. 3. Aboral ambulacral areas petaloid. 4. Aristotle's lantern present. 5. Gills absent. 6. Bottom dwellers. Examples: Sand dollars : Clypeaster, Echinarachinus. Order 4. Spatangoida 1. Test oval or heart-shaped with excentric mouth and anus. 2. Four aboral ambulacral areas pataloid. 3. Lantern absent. 4. Gills absent. 5. Burrowing. Examples : Heart urchins; Spatangus, Echinocardium lovenia, Hemipneustes. P CLASS 4. Holothuroidea (Gr., holothurion, sea cucumber + eidos, form) 1. Sea cucumbers. 2. No arms and no spines. 3. Body elongate on oral-aboral axis, body wall leathery. P a g e | 3 4. Mouth anterior, surrounded by tentacles. 5. Ambulacral grooves concealed , tube feet with suckers. 6. Usually with respiratory tree for respiration. Order 1. Dendrochirota 1. Tentacles irregularly branched. 2. Tube feet numerous, on the sole or all ambulacral or entire surface. -
SI Appendix for Hopkins, Melanie J, and Smith, Andrew B
Hopkins and Smith, SI Appendix SI Appendix for Hopkins, Melanie J, and Smith, Andrew B. Dynamic evolutionary change in post-Paleozoic echinoids and the importance of scale when interpreting changes in rates of evolution. Corrections to character matrix Before running any analyses, we corrected a few errors in the published character matrix of Kroh and Smith (1). Specifically, we removed the three duplicate records of Oligopygus, Haimea, and Conoclypus, and removed characters C51 and C59, which had been excluded from the phylogenetic analysis but mistakenly remain in the matrix that was published in Appendix 2 of (1). We also excluded Anisocidaris, Paurocidaris, Pseudocidaris, Glyphopneustes, Enichaster, and Tiarechinus from the character matrix because these taxa were excluded from the strict consensus tree (1). This left 164 taxa and 303 characters for calculations of rates of evolution and for the principal coordinates analysis. Other tree scaling methods The most basic method for scaling a tree using first appearances of taxa is to make each internal node the age of its oldest descendent ("stand") (2), but this often results in many zero-length branches which are both theoretically questionable and in some cases methodologically problematic (3). Several methods exist for modifying zero-length branches. In the case of the results shown in Figure 1, we assigned a positive length to each zero-length branch by having it share time equally with a preceding, non-zero-length branch (“equal”) (4). However, we compared the results from this method of scaling to several other methods. First, we compared this with rates estimated from trees scaled such that zero-length branches share time proportionally to the amount of character change along the branches (“prop”) (5), a variation which gave almost identical results as the method used for the “equal” method (Fig. -
Late Cretaceous Echinoids from the Seymareh Member (Lopha Limestone Member), Kabir Kuh Anticline, Southwest of Iran
Archive of SID Geopersia 9 (2), 2019, PP. 305-350 DOI: 10.22059/GEOPE.2019.266795.648419 Late Cretaceous Echinoids from the Seymareh Member (Lopha Limestone Member), Kabir Kuh Anticline, Southwest of Iran Hossein Kamyabi Shadan1*, Hooshang Dashtban1, Bagher Roshandel Arbatani1, Fariba Foroughi2 1 Exploration Directorate, National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding author, e–mail: [email protected] (received: 18/11/2018 ; accepted: 04/03/2019) Abstract In the present study, The Seymareh or Lopha Limestone Member (Gurpi Formation) in Kabir Kuh Section, have been Selected. The member has yielded a rich echinoid fauna and 21 species of Echinoid belonging to 14 genera are recognized and described. The Kabir Kuh section yielded two regular echinoid taxa: Salenia nutrix and Goniopygus superbus, one holectypoid taxa: Coptodiscus noemiae, two conulid taxa: Conulus douvillei and Globator bleicheri, six cassiduloid taxa: Parapygus longior, Parapygus declivis, Parapygus inflatus, Parapygus vassilini, Vologesia tataosi and Pygurostoma morgani, one holasteroid species: Hemipneustes persicus and nine spatangoid taxa: Iraniaster douvillei, I. morgani, I. nodulosus, Hemiaster noemiae, Hemiaster opimus, Mecaster kanepanensis, Mecaster longus, Proraster morgani and Epiaster lamberti. The taxon association indicates a Campanian age. Some of the taxa are known from the similar Campanian age in Saudi Arabia such as: Coptodiscus noemiae. Some specimens are reported also from Campanian deposits of Afghanistan such as: Hemiaster noemiae, H. opimus and Parapygus vassilini. Globator bleicheri and Salenia nutrix are recorded from Maastrichtian deposits of UAE and Oman. Keywords: Campanian, Echinoid, Kabir Kuh, Seymareh member, Southwest Iran. Introduction Acropeltidae, Holectypidae, Conulidae, Cassiduloida Echinoids are among the most conspicuous and , Holasteroid and Spatangoida. -
Benthic Data Sheet
DEMERSAL OTTER/BEAM TRAWL DATA SHEET RESEARCH VESSEL_____________________(1/20/13 Version*) CLASS__________________;DATE_____________;NAME:___________________________; DEVICE DETAILS_________ LOCATION (OVERBOARD): LAT_______________________; LONG______________________________ LOCATION (AT DEPTH): LAT_______________________; LONG_____________________________; DEPTH___________ LOCATION (START UP): LAT_______________________; LONG______________________________;.DEPTH__________ LOCATION (ONBOARD): LAT_______________________; LONG______________________________ TIME: IN______AT DEPTH_______START UP_______SURFACE_______.DURATION OF TRAWL________; SHIP SPEED__________; WEATHER__________________; SEA STATE__________________; AIR TEMP______________ SURFACE TEMP__________; PHYS. OCE. NOTES______________________; NOTES_______________________________ INVERTEBRATES Phylum Porifera Order Pennatulacea (sea pens) Class Calcarea __________________________________ Family Stachyptilidae Class Demospongiae (Vase sponge) _________________ Stachyptilum superbum_____________________ Class Hexactinellida (Hyalospongia- glass sponge) Suborder Subsessiliflorae Subclass Hexasterophora Family Pennatulidae Order Hexactinosida Ptilosarcus gurneyi________________________ Family Aphrocallistidae Family Virgulariidae Aphrocallistes vastus ______________________ Acanthoptilum sp. ________________________ Other__________________________________________ Stylatula elongata_________________________ Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata) Virgularia sp.____________________________ Other_______________________________________ -
Sand Dollar (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida: Monophorasteridae)
Zootaxa 4173 (1): 045–054 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4173.1.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:05B8BB34-90F3-4216-910B-206F55EC61DB A new South American Miocene species of 'one-holed' sand dollar (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida: Monophorasteridae) RICH MOOI1,4, SERGIO A. MARTÍNEZ2 & CLAUDIA J. DEL RÍO3 1California Academy of Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, Cali- fornia 94118, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias,Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225,11400 Montevideo, Uruguay. E-mail: [email protected] Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, División Paleoinvertebrados, Angel Gallardo 470, (C1405DJR) Bue- nos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected] 4Corresponding author Abstract A new species of monophorasterid sand dollar, Monophoraster telfordi n. sp., is described from the Early Miocene basal horizons of the Chenque Formation of Patagonia, Santa Cruz Province, in southern Argentina. The new taxon raises the number of known species in the family to six, and represents first unequivocal record of the genus for the Early Miocene of South America. It is therefore also the oldest member of the genus. M. telfordi is characterized by its test width to length ratio, which is much higher than for the other two described species in the genus, but less than that known for the extremely wide members of the sister taxon, Amplaster. M. telfordi is also unusual among monophorasterids in lacking broad conti- nuity between basicoronal and post-basicoronal plates in the oral interambulacra. -
Phylogeny and Origin of Jurassic Irregular Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
Geol. Mag. 144 (2), 2007, pp. 333–359. c 2007 Cambridge University Press ! 333 doi:10.1017/S0016756806003001 First published online 19 December 2006 Printed in the United Kingdom Phylogeny and origin of Jurassic irregular echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) THOMAS SAUCE` DE ∗ , RICH MOOI & BRUNO DAVID ∗ § ‡ ∗UMR CNRS 5561 Biogeosciences,´ Universite´ de Bourgogne, 6 bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA ‡ (Received 26 September 2005; accepted 17 May 2006) Abstract – A phylogenetic analysis of Jurassic irregular echinoids is realized to explore the origin and early evolution of this important subset of echinoids. The phylogeny is based on 39 characters and considers data from apical system architecture, the corona including tuberculation and spines, Aristotle’s lantern, and general test shape. Results corroborate the monophyly of Irregularia, and clarify the phylogenetic interrelationships existing between the main groups of irregular echinoids. Specializations of the Aristotle’s lantern, spines, tubercles and phyllodes constitute the apomorphies for different taxa, as for the whole of Irregularia. The phylogenetic signal yielded by these characters highlights the importance of the environmental context of the origin and diversification of irregular echinoids. The definition of ‘irregularity’ is re-examined, rejecting exocyclism and characters of the apical system as appropriate synapomorphies, and stressing the importance of other characters, particularly the high density and small size of tubercles and spines. A new clade name, Infraclypeidae [P], and phylocode designations (stem-based diagnoses) are proposed for the clades Irregularia, Eognathostomata, Microstomata, Neognathostomata and Atelostomata. Other groupings formerly used (Pygasteroida, Galeropygidae and Menopygidae) are considered paraphyletic. Keywords: Irregularia, Echinoidea, phylogeny, systematics, Jurassic. -
A Phylogenomic Resolution of the Sea Urchin Tree of Life
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/430595; this version posted September 29, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. A phylogenomic resolution of the sea urchin tree of life Nicolás Mongiardino Koch ([email protected]) – Corresponding author Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA Simon E. Coppard ([email protected]) Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton NY, USA. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Harilaos A. Lessios ([email protected]) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Derek E. G. Briggs ([email protected]) Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA. Rich Mooi ([email protected]) Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco CA, USA. Greg W. Rouse ([email protected]) Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/430595; this version posted September 29, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Background: Echinoidea is a clade of marine animals including sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars and sea biscuits. -
Echinoidea, Echinodermata) Plate Architecture: Using Graph Analysis to Reveal Structural Constraints
Paleobiology, page 1 of 24 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2015.7 Empirical and theoretical study of atelostomate (Echinoidea, Echinodermata) plate architecture: using graph analysis to reveal structural constraints Thomas Saucède, Rémi Laffont, Catherine Labruère, Ahmed Jebrane, Eric François, Gunther J. Eble, and Bruno David Abstract.—Describing patterns of connectivity among organs is essential for identifying anatomical homologies among taxa. It is also critical for revealing morphogenetic processes and the associated constraints that control the morphological diversification of clades. This is particularly relevant for studies of organisms with skeletons made of discrete elements such as arthropods, vertebrates, and echinoderms. Nonetheless, relatively few studies devoted to morphological disparity have considered connectivity patterns as a level of morphological organization or developed comparative frameworks with proper tools. Here, we analyze connectivity patterns among apical plates in Atelostomata, the most diversified clade among irregular echinoids. The clade comprises approximately 1600 fossil and Recent species (e.g., 25% of post-Paleozoic species of echinoids) and shows high levels of morphological dis- parity. Plate connectivity patterns were analyzed using tools and statistics of graph theory. To describe and explore the diversity of connectivity patterns among plates, we symbolized each pattern as a graph in which plates are coded as nodes that are connected pairwise by edges. We then generated a com- parative framework as a morphospace of connections, in which the disparity of plate patterns observed in nature was mapped and analyzed. Main results show that apical plate patterns are both highly disparate between and within atelostomate groups and limited in number; overall, they also constitute small, compact, and simple structures compared to possible random patterns. -
Tool Use by Four Species of Indo-Pacific Sea Urchins
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Tool Use by Four Species of Indo-Pacific Sea Urchins Glyn A. Barrett 1,2,* , Dominic Revell 2, Lucy Harding 2, Ian Mills 2, Axelle Jorcin 2 and Klaus M. Stiefel 2,3,4 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UR, UK 2 People and The Sea, Logon, Daanbantayan, Cebu 6000, Philippines; [email protected] (D.R.); lucy@peopleandthesea (L.H.); [email protected] (I.M.); [email protected] (A.J.); [email protected] (K.M.S.) 3 Neurolinx Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA 4 Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 February 2019; Accepted: 14 March 2019; Published: 18 March 2019 Abstract: We compared the covering behavior of four sea urchin species, Tripneustes gratilla, Pseudoboletia maculata, Toxopneustes pileolus, and Salmacis sphaeroides found in the waters of Malapascua Island, Cebu Province and Bolinao, Panagsinan Province, Philippines. Specifically, we measured the amount and type of covering material on each sea urchin, and in several cases, the recovery of debris material after stripping the animal of its cover. We found that Tripneustes gratilla and Salmacis sphaeroides have a higher affinity for plant material, especially seagrass, compared to Pseudoboletia maculata and Toxopneustes pileolus, which prefer to cover themselves with coral rubble and other calcified material. Only in Toxopneustes pileolus did we find a significant corresponding depth-dependent decrease in total cover area, confirming previous work that covering behavior serves as a protection mechanism against UV radiation. We found no dependence of particle size on either species or size of sea urchin, but we observed that larger sea urchins generally carried more and heavier debris.