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Sexual Health Education in Schools on Stis and STI Risk Reduction

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Sexual Health Education in Schools on Stis and STI Risk Reduction Sexual health education in the schools: Questions & Answers Updated 2015 Ontario Edition Sexual health education in the schools: Questions & Answers (Updated 2015 Ontario Edition) A resource with answers to your questions about sexual health education in our schools This resource document was prepared by the Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (SIECCAN): www.sieccan.org CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................ 3 9. What are the key ingredients of behaviourally QUESTIONS: effective sexual health education programs? . 10 1. Sexual health and youth: What are the key 10. Why is it important to integrate the educa- issues? . 3 tional needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and 2. Why do we need sexual health education in the transgender (LGBT) students into school- schools?. 5 based sexual health education? . 13 3. Do parents want sexual health education taught 11. Why is it important to integrate the educa- in the schools? . 6 tional needs of students with physical or 4. Do young people want sexual health education developmental disabilities into school-based taught in the schools? . 7 sexual health education? . 14 5. What values are taught in school-based sexual 12. Should learning about the concept of consent health education? . 8 be integrated into school-based sexual health 6. Does providing youth with sexual health education? . 15 education lead to earlier or more frequent 13. Should learning about the risks of sexting and sexual activity? . 8 online pornography be integrated into school- 7. Is there clear evidence that sexual health based sexual health education? . 16 education can effectively help youth reduce 14. What are the social and economic benefits their risk of STI/HIV infection and of implementing broadly-based sexual health unintended pregnancy? . 9 education in the schools?. 17 8. Are abstinence-only programs an appropriate and REFERENCES ........................ 18 effective form of school-based sexual health education? . 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................. 23 Suggested citation: Sex Information and Education Council of Canada. (2015). Sexual health education in the schools: Questions and answers. Updated 2015 Ontario edition. Toronto, ON: Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (SIECCAN). www.sieccan.org 6 2015 Sex Information and Education Council of Canada Introduction ccess to effective broadly-based sexual health Canada’s (2008) Canadian Guidelines for Sexual A education that provides the necessary infor- Health Education. The Guidelines are based on mation and skills to enhance sexual health and the principle that sexual health education should avoid negative sexual health outcomes is an im- be accessible to all people and that it should be portant contributing factor to the health and provided in an age appropriate, culturally sensitive well-being of youth (Public Health Agency of manner that is respectful of an individual’s right to Canada, 2008; Society of Obstetricians and Gyne- make informed choices about sexual and repro- cologists of Canada, 2004). School-based pro- ductive health. This approach is aligned with The grams are an essential avenue for providing sexual Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms’ articula- health education to young people. Educators, tion of all Canadians’ rights to personal liberty public health professionals, administrators, and and security of person, and freedom of thought, others who are committed to providing high quality belief, and opinion. Sexual health education in- sexual health education in the schools are often formed by democratic principles provides people asked to explain the rationale, philosophy, and with complete and accurate information so that content of proposed or existing sexual health edu- they have the capacity to make informed decisions cation programs. This document, prepared by that directly impact on their own health and well- SIECCAN, the Sex Information and Education being. As noted in Question 5 below, the Guide- Council of Canada (www.sieccan.org), is designed lines also specify that sexual health education to support the provision of high quality sexual should provide sexual health education program- health education in Ontario schools and across ing that does not discriminate based on character- Canada. It provides answers to some of the most istics such as sexual orientation and gender iden- common questions that parents, communities, tity which is consistent with the equality section 3 educators, program planners, school and health of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the administrators, and governments may have about Ontario Human Rights Code. The answers to com- sexual health education in the schools. mon questions about sexual health education pro- Canada is a pluralistic society in which people vided in this document are based upon and in- with differing philosophical, cultural, and religious formed by the findings of up-to-date and credible values live together with a mutual recognition and scientific research. An evidence-based approach respect for the basic rights and freedoms that all combined with a respect for individual rights people are entitled to in a democratic society. within a democratic society offers a strong founda- Philosophically, this document reflects the demo- tion for the development and implementation of cratic, principled approach to sexual health educa- high quality sexual health education programs in tion embodied in the Public Health Agency of schools. 1. Sexual health and youth: What are the key issues? exual health is multidimensional and involves Canada, 2008). Trends in teen pregnancy, sexually S the achievement of positive outcomes such as transmitted infections, age of first intercourse, and mutually rewarding interpersonal relationships condom use, as well as challenges facing lesbian, and desired parenthood, as well as the avoidance gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth, the of negative outcomes such as unwanted pregnancy impact of technology, and the need to address sex- and STI/HIV infection (Public Health Agency of ual coercion/assault are among the key sexual SEXUAL HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOLS: QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (UPDATED 2015 ONTARIO EDITION) 1. SEXUAL HEALTH AND YOUTH: WHAT ARE THE KEY ISSUES? (CONTINUED) health issues for youth in Ontario and across chlamydia annually is significant. The highest Canada. reported rates of chlamydia in Ontario are among It is likely that a large proportion of teen young women aged 20 to 24, followed by those pregnancies, particularly among younger teens, are aged 15 to 19 (Public Health Ontario, 2014). unintended. Teen pregnancy rates are therefore Although definitive age-specific prevalence data a reasonably direct indicator of young women’s for Ontarians or Canadians is not available, sur- opportunities and capacity to control this aspect veillance data from the United States indicates a of their sexual and reproductive health (McKay, chlamydia positivity rate of 8.4% among women 2012). In Canada, the pregnancy rate (i.e., live aged 15 to 24 attending family planning clinics births/induced abortions) for both younger (age (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15-17) and older (age 18-19) teenage women has 2013). fallen significantly over the last several decades Other STIs are also common among youth (McKay, 2012). Between 2001 and 2010, the teen and young adults. A study of students at a Cana- pregnancy rate among young women aged 15 to dian university found a prevalence of human 19 in Ontario declined from 30.6 per 1,000 to papillomavirus (HPV) was over 50% in both 21.2, a decline of 30.7% and during the same females and males (Burchell, Tellier, Hanley, period the teen pregnancy rate for Canada fell Coutle´e, & Franco, 2010). Data from the Cana- less, (20.3%; McKay, 2012). Based on data from dian Health Measures Survey indicate that approxi- the Canadian Institute for Health Information mately 6% of people aged 14 to 34 have acquired and Statistics Canada, calculations indicate that genital herpes (HSV-2; Rotermann, Langlois, for the years 2007 to 2013, the teen abortion rate Severini, & Totten, 2013) and it is likely that a in Ontario declined from 13.0 per 1,000 to 7.8, a significant proportion of these infections were decline of 40.0% (Sex Information and Education acquired during adolescence or young adulthood. 4 Council of Canada, unpublished data). In order to There is also growing concern about the emer- maintain these positive trends, it is essential that gence of antibiotic resistant gonorrhea in Canada all young people in Ontario receive concise, up- (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2013). High to-date, and medically accurate information about rates of STIs among youth in Ontario result in contraception. significant preventable negative health outcomes Sexually transmitted infections (STI) pose a for young people and entail significant costs for significant threat to the health and well-being of the health care system. Sexual health education in Ontario youth. Chlamydia is of particular concern the schools can play an important role in ensuring because, if left untreated, it can result in numerous that youth have the necessary knowledge about negative health outcomes. Potential outcomes STIs and their prevention. from undiagnosed infection for women include For a majority of Canadians, first sexual inter- pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), chronic pelvic course occurs during the teenage years (Roter- pain, ectopic pregnancy, tubal infertility, and in- mann, 2008, 2012). Data from Statistics Canada’s
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