DOCSLIB.ORG

Magnesium: Supplementation, Absorption and Effect on Blood Pressure and Exercise

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Magnesium: Supplementation, Absorption and Effect on Blood Pressure and Exercise Magnesium: supplementation, absorption and effect on blood pressure and exercise. Submitted by Lindsy Kass to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of PhD by Publication in Sport and Health Sciences August 2017 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: ………………………………………………………….. 1 Abstract Introduction Magnesium is required by the human body in modest amounts for the maintenance of health and optimal functioning. Objectives This portfolio of work sets out to investigate whether magnesium supplementation has hypotensive effects and to determine if habitual dietary magnesium intake or loading strategies modulate the effects of magnesium supplementation. The habitual dietary magnesium intake of hypertensive patients was also examined to ascertain adequacy of dietary magnesium in this cohort. A meta-analysis was performed on the effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure. Other variables such as dosage, duration and study design were considered and findings from the meta-analysis used to influence future work. A further objective was to examine the effect of supplementation on aerobic and resistance exercise and subsequent recovery. Finally, the efficacy of an alternative means of magnesium delivery in the form of a transdermal magnesium cream was investigated. Methods A 300 mg.day-1 elemental magnesium aspartate or magnesium citrate was used as a supplementation in studies 1,2,4 and 5. Participants were instructed to continue with their normal diet and for study 6 participants were required to eat the same foods for the 24 hours prior to both laboratory blood taking sessions. With the exception of the meta-analysis, food diaries were kept for various lengths of time, detailed in the publications. Aerobic and resistance exercise protocols were carried out in studies 1,2 and 4, with both performance and cardiovascular parameters investigated for any effect from supplementation. Where supplementation was in the form of a transdermal cream, this was applied to the torso and absorption of the cream was determined by investigating changes in serum and urinary magnesium levels. 2 Summary of results Blood pressure decreased with magnesium supplementation of 300 mg.day-1 for 7 days with greater reductions in systolic versus diastolic blood pressure consistently evident. Magnesium supplementation of 300 mg.day-1 for 7 and 14 days increased power during resistance exercise but no changes in aerobic exercise performance were observed. A high habitual dietary magnesium intake attenuated the hypotensive effect derived from magnesium supplementation when compared to those on a low habitual dietary intake. The meta-analysis supported these results. A habitually low dietary magnesium intake was observed in a cohort of clinically diagnosed primary hypertensives. Conclusion These studies show that there is a link between low habitual dietary magnesium intake and elevated blood pressure and that magnesium supplementation appears to be associated with blood pressure. An improvement in resistance exercise performance with magnesium supplementation was also observed. Finally, a transdermal magnesium cream was shown to increase serum magnesium levels and may provide an alternative to oral supplementation. 3 Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 2 List of tables .......................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Appendices .................................................................................................................................. 5 Author’s declaration .............................................................................................................................. 6 Definitions and abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 7 Section 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 8 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Background to magnesium ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Magnesium absorption, excretion and markers of flux and homeostasis ............................................... 8 1.3 Methods of Assessment of Magnesium absorption and concentration ................................................ 12 1.3.1 Serum Magnesium ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.2 24-hour Urinary Mg2+ Excretion ..................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Magnesium and blood pressure ............................................................................................................. 13 1.5 Magnesium and energy metabolism ...................................................................................................... 14 1.6 Magnesium and exercise ........................................................................................................................ 14 1.6.1 Magnesium, exercise and inflammation ......................................................................................... 16 1.7 Magnesium consumption ....................................................................................................................... 17 1.8 Magnesium supplementation – dosage and type .................................................................................. 18 Section 2. Aims, objectives, methodology and overview of findings ...................................................... 21 2.1 List of contribution, by publication, from Lindsy Kass:- ......................................................................... 21 2.2 Aims and objectives ................................................................................................................................ 22 2.2.1 General aim ..................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 Specific aims .................................................................................................................................... 22 2.3 General Methods .................................................................................................................................... 22 2.3.1 Ethical approval, consent forms and health and safety considerations.......................................... 22 2.3.2 Participants ...................................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.3 Measurements ................................................................................................................................. 23 2.4 Overview, findings and results ............................................................................................................... 24 2.4.1 The effect of magnesium on blood pressure, power and peak torque with short term high intensity exercise ...................................................................................................................................... 24 2.4.2 Dietary stratification of high and low magnesium intake and effect on blood pressure and performance ............................................................................................................................................. 27 2.4.3 Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure – a meta-analysis ................................ 30 2.4.4 Further effects of magnesium on blood pressure with acute and chronic dosing strategies ....... 34 2.4.5 Habitual dietary magnesium intake in the hypertensive population; observations on general population dietary intake ......................................................................................................................... 38 2.4.6 Transdermal magnesium absorption ............................................................................................. 43 2.4.7 Limitations to studies ...................................................................................................................... 46 4 2.4.8 Summary of findings, future work and contribution made by the papers in the context of the approved field of study............................................................................................................................. 48 Section 3 Publications .......................................................................................................................... 53 3.1 Pulford, R & Kass, L,. The effects of acute magnesium supplementation on maximal intensity short term exercise and subsequent effect on blood pressure and isokinetic knee extension during recovery. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Importance of Minerals in the Long Term Health of Humans Philip H
    The Importance of Minerals in the Long Term Health of Humans Philip H. Merrell, PhD Technical Market Manager, Jost Chemical Co. Calcium 20 Ca 40.078 Copper 29 Cu 63.546 Iron Magnesium 26 12 Fe Mg 55.845 24.305 Manganese Zinc 25 30 Mn Zn 55.938 65.380 Table of Contents Introduction, Discussion and General Information ..................................1 Calcium ......................................................................................................3 Copper .......................................................................................................7 Iron ...........................................................................................................10 Magnesium ..............................................................................................13 Manganese ..............................................................................................16 Zinc ..........................................................................................................19 Introduction Daily intakes of several minerals are necessary for the continued basic functioning of the human body. The minerals, Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn) are known to be necessary for proper function and growth of the many systems in the human body and thus contribute to the overall health of the individual. There are several other trace minerals requirements. Minimum (and in some cases maximum) daily amounts for each of these minerals have been established by the Institute of
    [Show full text]
  • Marketing Research on Dietary Supplements for Periodontitis in Patient Diabetes
    Original Study MARKETING RESEARCH ON DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS FOR PERIODONTITIS IN PATIENT DIABETES Galyna Biloklytska, Svitlana Viala, Alina Koval* National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education named after P. L. Shupyk, Kyiv, Ukraine. ABSTRACT The vast majority of periodontal diseases are inflammatory and can develop under the influence of both local causes and the combined action of common (endogenous) and local factors against the background of changes in the reactivity of the body. In the pathogenesis of the development of periodontal diseases in patients with diabetes, the main role is given to angiopathies. Since periodontitis is characterized by various vascular disorders, which are largely similar to diabetic angiopathy, it is not easy to prove the presence of the latter with periodontitis. So some authors argue this, while, others deny it. The starting point of diabetic microangiopathies is a violation of carbohydrate metabolism, as well as a violation of glycosamine metabolism, which determines the functional and structural integrity of the vascular basement membrane. Key words: producing countries, periodontitis, diabetes mellitus, dietary supplements, medicines, dentistry. Introduction the treatment and prevention of such pathology, as periodontitis in patients with diabetes. Nowadays, the problem of treatment and rehabilitation of patients with periodontitis is quite actual, as there is an The search for modern drugs and perspective combinations increase in morbidity among people of working age, of microelements for treatment, both internally and locally, increasing demands on appearance as a factor that plays an using applications on periodontal tissues in patients with important role in professional and personal success in various types of diabetes, involves marketing analysis of society.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition and Blood
    Greater Manchester Joint Formulary Chapter 9: Nutrition and Blood For cost information please go to the most recent cost comparison charts Contents 9.1. Anaemias and some other blood disorders 9.2 Fluids and electrolytes 9.3 Not listed 9.4. Oral nutrition 9.5 Minerals 9.6 Vitamins Key Red drug see GMMMG RAG list Click on the symbols to access this list Amber drug see GMMMG RAG list Click on the symbols to access this list Green drug see GMMMG RAG list Click on the symbols to access this list If a medicine is unlicensed this should be highlighted in the template as follows Drug name Not Recommended OTC Over the Counter In line with NHS England guidance, GM do not routinely support prescribing for conditions which are self-limiting or amenable to self-care. For further details see GM commissioning statement. Order of Drug Choice Where there is no preferred 1st line agent provided, the drug choice appears in alphabetical order. Return to contents Chapter 9 – page 1 of 16 V5.2 Greater Manchester Joint Formulary BNF chapter 9 Nutrition and Blood Section 9.1. Anaemias and some other blood disorders Subsection 9.1.1 Iron-deficiency anaemias Subsection 9.1.1.1 Oral iron First choice Ferrous fumarate 322 mg tabs (100 mg iron) Ferrous fumarate 305 mg caps (100 mg iron) Alternatives Ferrous fumarate 210 mg tabs (68 mg iron) Ferrous sulphate 200 mg tabs (65 mg iron) Ferrous fumarate 140 mg sugar free syrup (45 mg of iron/5 mL) Sodium feredetate 190 mg sugar free elixir (27.5 mg of iron/5 mL) Grey drugs Ferric maltol capsules Items which Criterion 2 (see RAG list) are listed as For treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in patients with Grey are intolerance to, or treatment failure with, two oral iron deemed not supplements.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnesium Formulas PROFESSIONAL PRODUCT GUIDE
    Magnesium Formulas PROFESSIONAL PRODUCT GUIDE NEW New products inside Delicious high-dose formulas Visit www.seroyal.com/genestrabrands to view the entire GENESTRA BRANDS line Scientifically sound, quality formulas. Genestra Brands is a leading-edge line of professional-grade nutraceuticals, helping North American healthcare practitioners restore, rebuild and maintain patient health for over 30 years. A trusted Seroyal brand. 112 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15275 TEL: 1-888-737-6925 | FAX: 1-877-737-6925 | EMAIL: [email protected] | WEBSITE: www.seroyal.com These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, prevent any disease. The aim of this comprehensive product guide is to assist in building more effective and successful patient treatment strategies. The product guide is to be used as an adjunct to Seroyal Continuing Medical Education and is not intended to be utilized as a diagnostic tool nor replace any other required education. The remedies indicated in this product guide are potent medicines that can have profound therapeutic effects on patients. As with any intervention, the dosage may need to be adjusted for those with chronic conditions, very sensitive individuals and those taking multiple medications. Practitioners are solely responsible for the care and treatment provided to their own patients. The information provided by the speaker or speakers in the Seroyal Continuing Medical Education program together with any written material provided do not necessarily represent the views of Seroyal and are not intended as medical advice or an endorsement of any products. This information is for practitioner use only and is not meant to diagnose, treat, cure, prevent any disease or replace traditional treatment, and has not been evaluated by the FDA.
    [Show full text]
  • Mg-K Aspartate Providing Bioavailable Magnesium and Potassium
    PRODUCT DATA DOUGLAS LABORATORIES® 07/2014 1 Mg-K Aspartate Providing bioavailable magnesium and potassium DESCRIPTION Mg-K Aspartate tablets, as provided by Douglas Laboratories®, deliver 100 mg of elemental magnesium and 99 mg of elemental potassium in their bioavailable aspartate forms. FUNCTIONS Magnesium and potassium are two minerals with fundamentally important physiological functions in the body. However, typical diets in the U.S. and other industrialized countries often provide less than adequate amounts of magnesium and potassium. Supplementation with bioavailable aspartate salts of these two minerals can help bridge the gap between dietary intake and optimal requirement. Magnesium plays an essential role in a wide range of fundamental cellular reactions. More than 300 enzymes require magnesium as a cofactor. Complexed with ATP, the main carrier of metabolic energy in the body, magnesium is essential for all biosynthetic processes: glycolysis, formation of c-AMP, energy-dependent membrane transport, transmission of genetic code for protein synthesis, and muscle function. Magnesium is involved in maintaining normal heart function and blood pressure. The aspartate salt used in Mg-K Aspartate is highly absorbed and well tolerated Potassium is the principal intracellular cation. Potassium is of great physiological importance, contributing to the transmission of nerve impulses, the control of skeletal muscle contractility, and to the maintenance of normal blood pressure. Potassium is generally well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and the kidneys regulate total body potassium by controlling urinary potassium excretion. Aspartic Acid is a natural amino acid which occurs widely as a constituent of food proteins. In the body, aspartic acid is involved in energy production as an intermediate in the Krebs cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical Classification Guidelines V2021 EPHMRA ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION GUIDELINES 2021
    EPHMRA ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION GUIDELINES 2021 Anatomical Classification Guidelines V2021 "The Anatomical Classification of Pharmaceutical Products has been developed and maintained by the European Pharmaceutical Marketing Research Association (EphMRA) and is therefore the intellectual property of this Association. EphMRA's Classification Committee prepares the guidelines for this classification system and takes care for new entries, changes and improvements in consultation with the product's manufacturer. The contents of the Anatomical Classification of Pharmaceutical Products remain the copyright to EphMRA. Permission for use need not be sought and no fee is required. We would appreciate, however, the acknowledgement of EphMRA Copyright in publications etc. Users of this classification system should keep in mind that Pharmaceutical markets can be segmented according to numerous criteria." © EphMRA 2021 Anatomical Classification Guidelines V2021 CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 1 B BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS 28 C CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 36 D DERMATOLOGICALS 51 G GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM AND SEX HORMONES 58 H SYSTEMIC HORMONAL PREPARATIONS (EXCLUDING SEX HORMONES) 68 J GENERAL ANTI-INFECTIVES SYSTEMIC 72 K HOSPITAL SOLUTIONS 88 L ANTINEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNOMODULATING AGENTS 96 M MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM 106 N NERVOUS SYSTEM 111 P PARASITOLOGY 122 R RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 124 S SENSORY ORGANS 136 T DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS 143 V VARIOUS 145 Anatomical Classification Guidelines V2021 INTRODUCTION The Anatomical Classification was initiated in 1971 by EphMRA. It has been developed jointly by Intellus/PBIRG and EphMRA. It is a subjective method of grouping certain pharmaceutical products and does not represent any particular market, as would be the case with any other classification system.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnesium Supplementation in Vitamin D Deficiency
    American Journal of Therapeutics 0, 1–9 (2017) Magnesium Supplementation in Vitamin D Deficiency Pramod Reddy, MD* and Linda R. Edwards, MD Background: Vitamin D and magnesium (Mg) are some of the most studied topics in medicine with enormous implications for human health and disease. Majority of the adults are deficient in both vitamin D and magnesium but continue to go unrecognized by many health care professionals. Areas of Uncertainty: Mg and vitamin D are used by all the organs in the body, and their deficiency states may lead to several chronic medical conditions. Studies described in the literature regarding these disease associations are contradictory, and reversal of any of these conditions may not occur for several years after adequate replacement. One should consider the supplementation therapy to be preventative rather than curative at this time. Data Sources: PubMed search of several reported associations between vitamin D and Mg with diseases. Results: Vitamin D and Mg replacement therapy in elderly patients is known to reduce the non- vertebral fractures, overall mortality, and the incidence of Alzheimer dementia. Conclusions: Vitamin D screening assay is readily available, but the reported lower limit of the normal range is totally inadequate for disease prevention. Based on the epidemiologic studies, ;75% of all adults worldwide have serum 25(OH)D levels of ,30 ng/mL. Because of the recent increase in global awareness, vitamin D supplementation has become a common practice, but Mg deficiency still remains unaddressed. Screening for chronic magnesium deficiency is difficult because a normal serum level may still be associated with moderate to severe deficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2013 1/44
    Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2013 DDD/1000/ ATC code ATC group / INN (rout of admin.) Quantity sold Unit DDD Unit day A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 146,8152 A01 STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0760 A01A STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0760 A01AB Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment 0,0760 A01AB09 Miconazole(O) 7139,2 g 0,2 g 0,0760 A01AB12 Hexetidine(O) 1541120 ml A01AB81 Neomycin+Benzocaine(C) 23900 pieces A01AC Corticosteroids for local oral treatment A01AC81 Dexamethasone+Thymol(dental) 2639 ml A01AD Other agents for local oral treatment A01AD80 Lidocaine+Cetylpyridinium chloride(gingival) 179340 g A01AD81 Lidocaine+Cetrimide(O) 23565 g A01AD82 Choline salicylate(O) 824240 pieces A01AD83 Lidocaine+Chamomille extract(O) 317140 g A01AD86 Lidocaine+Eugenol(gingival) 1128 g A02 DRUGS FOR ACID RELATED DISORDERS 35,6598 A02A ANTACIDS 0,9596 Combinations and complexes of aluminium, calcium and A02AD 0,9596 magnesium compounds A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+Magnesium hydroxide(O) 591680 pieces 10 pieces 0,1261 A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+Magnesium hydroxide(O) 1998558 ml 50 ml 0,0852 A02AD82 Aluminium aminoacetate+Magnesium oxide(O) 463540 pieces 10 pieces 0,0988 A02AD83 Calcium carbonate+Magnesium carbonate(O) 3049560 pieces 10 pieces 0,6497 A02AF Antacids with antiflatulents Aluminium hydroxide+Magnesium A02AF80 1000790 ml hydroxide+Simeticone(O) DRUGS FOR PEPTIC ULCER AND GASTRO- A02B 34,7001 OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) A02BA H2-receptor antagonists 3,5364 A02BA02 Ranitidine(O) 494352,3 g 0,3 g 3,5106 A02BA02 Ranitidine(P)
    [Show full text]
  • Possible Prospects for Using Modern Magnesium Preparations for Increasing Stress Resistance During COVID-19 Pandemic
    Research Results in Pharmacology 6(4): 65–76 UDC: 615.331 DOI 10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.59407 Review Article Possible prospects for using modern magnesium preparations for increasing stress resistance during COVID-19 pandemic Maria V. Sankova1, Olesya V. Kytko1, Renata D. Meylanova1, Yuriy L. Vasil’ev1, Michael V. Nelipa1 1 I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), N.V. Sklifosofsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, 8-2 Trubetskaya St. Moscow 119991, Russian Federation Corresponding author: Olesya V. Kytko ([email protected]) Academic editor: Tatyana Pokrovskaia ♦ Received 7 October 2020 ♦ Accepted 7 December 2020 ♦ Published 29 December 2020 Citation: Sankova MV, Kytko OV, Meylanova RD, Vasil’ev YuL, Nelipa MV (2020) Possible prospects for using modern magnesium preparations for increasing stress resistance during COVID-19 pandemic. Research Results in Pharmacology 6(4): 65–76. https://doi. org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.59407 Abstract Introduction: The relevance of the issue of increasing stress resistance is due to a significant deterioration in the mental health of the population caused by the special conditions of the disease control and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently, the decisive role in the severity of clinico-physiological manifestations of maladjustment to stress is assigned to magnesium ions. The aim of the work was to study the magnesium importance in the body coping mechanisms under stress for the pathogenetic substantiation of the magnesium correction in an unfavorable situation of disease control and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: The theoretical basis of this scientific and analytical review was an analysis of modern Russian and foreign literature data posted on the electronic portals MEDLINE, PubMed-NCBI, Scientific Electronic Library eLIBRARY.RU, Google Academy, and CyberLeninka.
    [Show full text]
  • Sport Supplementation
    Sport Supplementation Richard B. Kreider, PhD, FACSM, FASEP, FISSN, FACN, FNAK Professor & Executive Director, Human Clinical Research Facility Director, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab Department of Health & Kinesiology Texas A&M University [email protected] ExerciseAndSportNutritionLab.com hcrf.tamu.edu Disclosures: Receive industry sponsored research grants and serve as a scientific and legal consultant. Diploma in Nutrition and Training for the Change of Body Composition Sport Supplementation (Module 4) Training Stimulus Optimal Training/Diet Overtraining / Inadequate Diet Performance Undertraining/Poor Diet Training Volume/Intensity Kreider, R.B., A.C. Fry, and M.L. O'Toole (Eds.) Overtraining in Sport. Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign, IL, 1998, 403 p. Diploma in Nutrition and Training for the Change of Body Composition Sport Supplementation (Module 4) Ergogenic Aid Any training technique, mechanical device, nutritional practice, pharmacological method, or psychological technique that can improve exercise performance capacity and/or enhance training adaptations. Kerksick et al., JISSN. In press, 2018 Diploma in Nutrition and Training for the Change of Body Composition Sport Supplementation (Module 4) Ergogenic Aid Analysis • Does the theory make sense? • Is there any scientific evidence supporting the ergogenic value? • Is it legal and/or safe? Kerksick et al., JISSN. In press, 2018 Diploma in Nutrition and Training for the Change of Body Composition Sport Supplementation (Module 4) Ergogenic Aids Scientific Evidence? • Studies on athletes or trained subjects? • Employed a double blind, repeated measures, placebo controlled, randomized clinical design? • Appropriate statistical interpretation? • Do claims match results? • Data presented at reputable scientific meeting and/or published in peer‐reviewed journal? • Results replicated by others? • Disclosures and competing interest declared? Kerksick et al., JISSN.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of the Science in Sport Nutrition
    The State of the Science in Sport Nutrition Richard B. Kreider, PhD, FACSM, FASEP, FISSN, FACN, FNAK Professor & Executive Director, Human Clinical Research Facility Director, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab Department of Health & Kinesiology Texas A&M University [email protected] ExerciseAndSportNutritionLab.com hcrf.tamu.edu Disclosures: Receive industry sponsored research grants and serve as a scientific and legal consultant. Performance Enhancement Pyramid Ergogenic Aids Optimize Recovery Energy & Macronutrient Sufficient and Well-Timed Diet Science-Based Training Ergogenic Aid Any training technique, mechanical device, nutritional practice, pharmacological method, or psychological technique that can improve exercise performance capacity and/or enhance training adaptations. Kerksick et al., JISSN. 15:38, 2018 Nutritional Ergogenic Aids Categories • Strong Evidence to Support Efficacy and Apparently Safe • Limited or Mixed Evidence to Support Efficacy • Little to No Evidence to Support Efficacy and/or Safety Kerksick et al., JISSN. 15:38, 2018 Nutritional Needs of Active Individuals and Athletes Energy Needs • General Fitness Training (e.g., 30 - 40 min/d; 3 d/wk) . Exercise energy expenditure generally 200 – 400 kcals/workout . Energy needs can be met on normal diet (e.g., 1,800 – 2,400 kcals/day or about 25 - 35 kcals/kg/day for a 50 – 80 kg individual) • Moderate Training (e.g., 2-3 hrs/d; 5-6 d/wk) . Exercise energy expenditure generally 600 – 1,200 kcals/hour . Caloric needs may approach 40 – 70 kcals/kg/day (2,000 – 7,000 kcals/day for a 50 – 100 kg athlete) • Elite Athletes (e.g., 3-6 hrs/d; 5-6 d/wk) . Caloric needs are typically 70 – 90 kcals/kg/day (3,500 – 9,000 kcals/day for a 50 – 100 kg athlete) with energy expenditure in Tour de France reported as high as 12,000 kcals/day (150 - 200 kcals/kg/d for a 60 – 80 kg athlete) .
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritional Supplements
    quadra.ca NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS ACTIVES & FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENTS Product Name Trade Name Supplier Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Weisheng Blends for Bar Solutions Barflex®, Barpro®, Bargain® Glanbia Nutritionals Calcium Stearate Ligamed® CPR-2-V Peter Greven Chia Protein HarvestPro® Chia Protein Glanbia Nutritionals Collagen Peptides* Collagen Peptide CNA Biotech Flavours Flavours Tastepoint by IFF Flavours Flavours Edlong Flax Protein HarvestPro® Flax Protein Glanbia Nutritionals Fruit and Vegetable Powders Infridi™ POWDERPURE™ by IFF Ground Chia Bevgrad® Glanbia Nutritionals Ground Flax Bevgrad® Glanbia Nutritionals Hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone Lijiang Hydrolyzed Whey Protein Isolate/Concen- Hydrovon® Glanbia Nutritionals trate Instant Pea Protein Bevedge® Glanbia Nutritionals Inulin Orafti® Beneo Isomaltulose Palatinose® Beneo Lactoferrin Bioferrin® Glanbia Nutritionals Larch Arabinogalactan Fiberaid® Lonza Larch Arabinogalactan Resistaid® Lonza L-Carnitine Carnipure® Lonza Menthyl Lactate KOKO-ML® Sino Lion Milk Protein Concentrate 85% Promilk® 852A Cayuga Milk Ingredients Milk Protein Isolate 90% Prodiet® 90 Cayuga Milk Ingredients Natural Vitamin E* Nutrabiol E BTSA Niacin Niacin Lonza Niacinamide Niacinamide Lonza Nutritional Yeast Lynside® Gnosis by Lesaffre Nutritional Yeast Red Star® VSF Gnosis by Lesaffre Nutritional Yeast Fortified Lynside® Gnosis by Lesaffre Nutritional Yeast Non Fortified Red Star® & Lynside® Gnosis by Lesaffre Nutritional Yeast Organically Bound Lynside® Gnosis by Lesaffre Oligofructose
    [Show full text]