Syn-To Post-Rift Topographic Tectonique and Sedimentary Evolution of the West African Transform Margin Jing Ye
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AJST) Science and Engineering Series Vol
African Journal of Science and Technology (AJST) Science and Engineering Series Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 80-89 ISOTOPE AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE WATERS IN THE SEMI-ARID SOKOTO BASIN, NIGERIA S.M.A. Adelana1, P.I. Olasehinde1 and P.Vrbka2 1Department of Geology & Mineral Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. 2Kaupstrasse 37, Germany (formerly Geology Institute, Technical University Darmstadt, Germany). ABSTRACT:- Stable isotopes and geochemical studies have been applied in the investigation of groundwater resources in Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. Generally, the characteristic hydrochemical classification in the study area is calcium-alkali-bicarbonate. Surface waters are characterized by alkali-calcium-bicarbonate while groundwater is of Ca-Mg-HCO3. The plot of δ18O versus δ2H shows that five isotopic groups can be distinguished. Group I-III is of groundwater origin while group IV and V represent surface water. A combination of the hydrochemical and isotope data (14C, 13C and 3H) reveals the Sokoto basin aquifers generally contains good quality groundwater of Holocene age (100 to 10,000 years BP). Keywords: stable isotopes, geochemical characterization, groundwater, Sokoto Basin. INTRODUCTION condition by one kilometre yearly into northern Nigeria threatens agriculture. It is in the light of this that the Northwestern Nigeria is a region with great potential for Federal government of Nigeria under a joint project with future large-scale economic development due to warm the International Atomic and Energy Agency, Vienna has temperatures and bountiful resources; including thermal planned a number of irrigation schemes in order to energy, farmlands and minerals. Water resources data in increase agricultural activities in the area to two planting this area, as far back as the 60s, are available in literature seasons, thereby boosting food production. -
Bedrock Geology Glossary from the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W
Minnesota Bedrock Geology Glossary From the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W. Ojakangas Sedimentary Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that formed from the consolidation of loose sediment Conglomerate: A coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of pebbles, cobbles, or boul- ders set in a fine-grained matrix of silt and sand. Dolostone: A sedimentary rock composed of the mineral dolomite, a calcium magnesium car- bonate. Graywacke: A sedimentary rock made primarily of mud and sand, often deposited by turbidi- ty currents. Iron-formation: A thinly bedded sedimentary rock containing more than 15 percent iron. Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate. Mudstone: A sedimentary rock composed of mud. Sandstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Shale: A deposit of clay, silt, or mud solidified into more or less a solid rock. Siltstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Igneous and Volcanic Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that solidified from cooling of molten magma Basalt: A black or dark grey volcanic rock that consists mainly of microscopic crystals of pla- gioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and perhaps olivine. Diorite: A plutonic igneous rock intermediate in composition between granite and gabbro. Gabbro: A dark igneous rock consisting mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene in crystals large enough to see with a simple magnifier. Gabbro has the same composition as basalt but contains much larger mineral grains because it cooled at depth over a longer period of time. Granite: An igneous rock composed mostly of orthoclase feldspar and quartz in grains large enough to see without using a magnifier. Most granites also contain mica and amphibole Rhyolite: A felsic (light-colored) volcanic rock, the extrusive equivalent of granite. -
Callovian and Tithonian Paleogeography Legend (.Pdf)
CALLOVIAN AND TITHONIAN AaTa Aaiun-Tarfay a Basin EVB East Venezuela Basin Mar Mardin SBet Subbetic Adha Adhami Ev ia Ev ia MarB Marmarica Basin SuBu Subbucov inian PALEOGEOGRAPHY Adri Adriatic Ex Li Ex ternal Ligurian Mars Marseille SuDa Susuz Dag LEGEND Akse Akseki Ex Ri Ex ternal Rif MAt Middle Atlas SuGe Supra-Getic Alda Aldama Ex Su Ex ternal Subetic MaU May a Uplift SuMo Supramonte Almo Almopias Ex u Ex uma MazP Mazagan Plateau Tab Tabriz Author: Caroline Wilhem Ana Anamas Fat Fatric Mec Mecsek Taba Tabas University of Lausanne - Institute of Earth Sciences Ani Anina FCB Flemish Cap Basin MC Massif Central Tac Tacchi Sheet 3 (3 sheets: 2 maps + legend; explanatory text) Ann Annecy Flor Florida Med Medv elica TadB Taoudeni Basin Anta Antaly a FoAm Foz do Amazonas Basin Mel Meliata Tahu Tahue Apu Apulia Fran Francardo Men Menderes Tal Talesh Aqui Aquitaine Basin Fri Friuli Meri Merida TaMi Tampica-Misant Basina Argo Argolis Gab Gabrov o Mese Meseta TanA Tanaulipas Arch PALEOENVIRONMENTS Armo Armorica GalB Galicia Bank MeSu Median Subbetic TaOr Talea Ori Ask Askipion Gav Gav roro Mig Migdhalista Tat Tatric Exposed land Atla Atlas GBB Grand Banks Basin Mir Mirdita Teh Tehran GeBB Georges Bank Basin Fluviodeltaic environment BaCa Baja California Mist Mistah Terek Terek BaDa Barla Dag GCau Great Caucasus Mix Mix teca TeT Tellian Trough Evaporitic platform Bade Badenli Geme Gemeric Mo Mostar Theo Theokafta Baju Bajuv aric Gen Genev a MoeP Moesian Platform TimB Timimoun Basin Terrigenous shelf and shallow basin Bako Bakony Gere Gerecse Monc -
Oblique Rifting of the Equatorial Atlantic: Why There Is No Saharan Atlantic Ocean
Originally published as: Heine, C., Brune, S. (2014 online): Oblique rifting of the Equatorial Atlantic: Why there is no Saharan Atlantic Ocean. – Geology 10.1130/G35082.1. Oblique rifting of the Equatorial Atlantic: Why there is no Saharan Atlantic Ocean 1 2,1 Christian Heine , Sascha Brune 1 EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 2 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 2.5, Geodynamic Modelling, Potsdam, Germany ABSTRACT Rifting between large continental plates results in either continental breakup and the formation of conjugate passive margins or rift abandonment and a set of aborted rift basins. The driving mechanisms behind “successful” or “failed” rifting have so far never been scrutinized by joint kinematic and forward numerical modelling. We analyse the Early Cretaceous extension between Africa and South America which was preceded by about 20-30 Myrs of extensive rifting prior to the final separation between the two plates. While the South and Atlantic conjugate margins continued into seafloor spreading mode, forming the Atlantic ocean basin, Cretaceous-aged African intraplate rifts eventually “failed” soon after South America broke up from Africa. We address the spatio-temporal dynamics of rifting in domains by comparing a new plate kinematic model for the South Atlantic and 3D forward rift models. This joint approach elucidates (1) the dynamic competition of Atlantic and extensional systems, (2) two stage kinematics of the South Atlantic rift system, and (3) the acceleration of the South American plate prior to final break-up. We suggest that obliquity the success of the Equatorial Atlantic rift, ultimately prohibiting the formation of a “Saharan Atlantic Ocean” in the Early Cretaceous, and exerting a primary control on the increase in observed extensional velocities between the South American and African plates. -
Durham Research Online
Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 13 April 2015 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Kaislaniemi, L. and van Hunen, J. (2014) 'Dynamics of lithospheric thinning and mantle melting by edge-driven convection : application to Moroccan Atlas mountains.', Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems., 15 (8). pp. 3175-3189. Further information on publisher's website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005414 Publisher's copyright statement: c 2014. The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modications or adaptations are made. Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk PUBLICATIONS Geochemistry, -
Continental Complexities: a Multidisciplinary Introduction to Africa
Continental Complexities A Multidisciplinary Introduction to Africa By Dr. Ibigbolade Simon Aderibigbe and Dr. Akinloye Ojo Included in this preview: • Table of Contents • Chapter 1 & 2 For additional information on adopting this book for your class, please contact us at 800.200.3908 x501 or via e-mail at [email protected] Dpoujofoubm!Dpnqmfyjujft A MULTIDISCIPLINARY INTRODUCTION TO AFRICA Revised Edition Edited by Ibigbolade Aderibigbe and Akinloye Ojo University of Georgia Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Christopher Foster, General Vice President Michael Simpson, Vice President of Acquisitions Jessica Knott, Managing Editor Kevin Fahey, Cognella Marketing Manager Jess Busch, Senior Graphic Designer Zina Craft , Acquisitions Editor Jamie Giganti, Project Editor Brian Fahey, Licensing Associate Copyright © 2013 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaft er invented, including photocopying, microfi lming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. First published in the United States of America in 2013 by Cognella, Inc. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62131-133-1 (pbk) Contents The Study of Africa: An Introduction 1 Ibigbolade Aderibigbe -
Geologic Map and Digital Database of the Cougar Buttes 7.5′ Quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California
science for a changing world U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OPEN-FILE REPORT U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 00-175 GEOLOGIC MAP AND DIGITAL DATABASE OF THE COUGAR BUTTES 7.5′ QUADRANGLE, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA Version 1.0 SUMMARY PAMPHLET: LATE CENOZOIC DEPOSITS OF THE COUGAR BUTTES 7.5′ QUADRANGLE, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA By Robert E. Powell1 and Jonathan C. Matti2 2000 Prepared in cooperation with Mojave Water Agency California Division of Mines and Geology This database is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. U.S. Geological Survey 1 904 W. Riverside Avenue, Spokane, WA 99201-1087 2 520 N. Park Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719 Open-File Report 00-175, The Geologic Map and Digital Database of the Cougar Buttes 7.5' Quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California, and this summary pamphlet have been approved for release and publication by the Director of the U.S. Geological Survey. The geologic map, digital database, and summary pamphlet have been subjected to rigorous review and are a substantially complete representation of the current state of knowledge concerning the geology of the quadrangle, although the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. This Open-File Report is released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held responsible for any damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use. -
Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks
Sediment and sedimentary rocks • Sediment • From sediments to sedimentary rocks (transportation, deposition, preservation and lithification) • Types of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical and organic) • Sedimentary structures (bedding, cross-bedding, graded bedding, mud cracks, ripple marks) • Interpretation of sedimentary rocks Sediment • Sediment - loose, solid particles originating from: – Weathering and erosion of pre- existing rocks – Chemical precipitation from solution, including secretion by organisms in water Relationship to Earth’s Systems • Atmosphere – Most sediments produced by weathering in air – Sand and dust transported by wind • Hydrosphere – Water is a primary agent in sediment production, transportation, deposition, cementation, and formation of sedimentary rocks • Biosphere – Oil , the product of partial decay of organic materials , is found in sedimentary rocks Sediment • Classified by particle size – Boulder - >256 mm – Cobble - 64 to 256 mm – Pebble - 2 to 64 mm – Sand - 1/16 to 2 mm – Silt - 1/256 to 1/16 mm – Clay - <1/256 mm From Sediment to Sedimentary Rock • Transportation – Movement of sediment away from its source, typically by water, wind, or ice – Rounding of particles occurs due to abrasion during transport – Sorting occurs as sediment is separated according to grain size by transport agents, especially running water – Sediment size decreases with increased transport distance From Sediment to Sedimentary Rock • Deposition – Settling and coming to rest of transported material – Accumulation of chemical -
Taoudeni Basin Report
Integrated and Sustainable Management of Shared Aquifer Systems and Basins of the Sahel Region RAF/7/011 TAOUDENI BASIN 2017 INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF SHARED AQUIFER SYSTEMS AND BASINS OF THE SAHEL REGION EDITORIAL NOTE This is not an official publication of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The content has not undergone an official review by the IAEA. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA or its Member States. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the IAEA as to the legal status of such countries or territories, or their authorities and institutions, or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF SHARED AQUIFER SYSTEMS AND BASINS OF THE SAHEL REGION REPORT OF THE IAEA-SUPPORTED REGIONAL TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROJECT RAF/7/011 TAOUDENI BASIN COUNTERPARTS: Mr Adnane Souffi MOULLA (Algeria) Mr Abdelwaheb SMATI (Algeria) Ms Ratoussian Aline KABORE KOMI (Burkina Faso) Mr Alphonse GALBANE (Burkina Faso) Mr Sidi KONE (Mali) Mr Aly THIAM (Mali) Mr Brahim Labatt HMEYADE (Mauritania) Mr Sidi Haiba BACAR (Mauritania) EXPERT: Mr Jean Denis TAUPIN (France) Reproduced by the IAEA Vienna, Austria, 2017 INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF SHARED AQUIFER SYSTEMS AND BASINS OF THE SAHEL REGION INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF SHARED AQUIFER SYSTEMS AND BASINS OF THE SAHEL REGION Table of Contents 1. -
Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition. -
Pan-African Orogeny 1
Encyclopedia 0f Geology (2004), vol. 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam AFRICA/Pan-African Orogeny 1 Contents Pan-African Orogeny North African Phanerozoic Rift Valley Within the Pan-African domains, two broad types of Pan-African Orogeny orogenic or mobile belts can be distinguished. One type consists predominantly of Neoproterozoic supracrustal and magmatic assemblages, many of juvenile (mantle- A Kröner, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany R J Stern, University of Texas-Dallas, Richardson derived) origin, with structural and metamorphic his- TX, USA tories that are similar to those in Phanerozoic collision and accretion belts. These belts expose upper to middle O 2005, Elsevier Ltd. All Rights Reserved. crustal levels and contain diagnostic features such as ophiolites, subduction- or collision-related granitoids, lntroduction island-arc or passive continental margin assemblages as well as exotic terranes that permit reconstruction of The term 'Pan-African' was coined by WQ Kennedy in their evolution in Phanerozoic-style plate tectonic scen- 1964 on the basis of an assessment of available Rb-Sr arios. Such belts include the Arabian-Nubian shield of and K-Ar ages in Africa. The Pan-African was inter- Arabia and north-east Africa (Figure 2), the Damara- preted as a tectono-thermal event, some 500 Ma ago, Kaoko-Gariep Belt and Lufilian Arc of south-central during which a number of mobile belts formed, sur- and south-western Africa, the West Congo Belt of rounding older cratons. The concept was then extended Angola and Congo Republic, the Trans-Sahara Belt of to the Gondwana continents (Figure 1) although West Africa, and the Rokelide and Mauretanian belts regional names were proposed such as Brasiliano along the western Part of the West African Craton for South America, Adelaidean for Australia, and (Figure 1). -
Towards Interactive Global Paleogeographic Maps, New Reconstructions at 60, 40 and 20 Ma
Earth-Science Reviews 214 (2021) 103508 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Towards interactive global paleogeographic maps, new reconstructions at 60, 40 and 20 Ma F. Poblete a,b,*, G. Dupont-Nivet a,c, A. Licht d, D.J.J. van Hinsbergen e, P. Roperch a, M. G. Mihalynuk f, S.T. Johnston g, F. Guillocheau a, G. Baby a, F. Fluteau h, C. Robin a, T.J. M. van der Linden e,i, D. Ruiz c, M.L.J. Baatsen j a G´eosciences Rennes, UMR CNRS 6118, Rennes, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France b Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matematicas,´ Universidad de Chile, Chile c Universitat¨ Potsdam, Institute of Geoscience, 14476 Potsdam, Germany d Centre Europ´een de Recherche et d’Enseignement des G´eosciences de l’Environnement (Cerege), UMR CNRS 7330, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France e Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands f British Columbia Geological Survey, Vancouver, Canada g Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada h Universit´e de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France i Thomas van der Linden – LinGeo, Berlin, Germany j IMAU, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584CC Utrecht, the Netherlands ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Paleogeographic maps are essential tools for understanding Earth system dynamics. They provide boundary Paleogeographic maps conditions for climate and geodynamic modelling, for analysing surface processes and biotic interactions. Paleoelevation However, the temporal and spatial distribution of key features such as seaways and mountain belts that govern Cenozoic climate changes and biotic interchange differ between various paleogeographies that require regular updates Eocene-Oligocene transition with new data and models.