Scientific Inquiry Im Chemieunterricht

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Scientific Inquiry Im Chemieunterricht Scientific Inquiry im Chemieunterricht Eine Videoanalyse zur Umsetzung von Erkenntnisgewinnungsprozessen im internationalen und schulstufenübergreifenden Vergleich DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat) im Fach Chemie eingereicht an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Jaana Stiller, geb. Björkman Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: Prof. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz Dekan der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Elmar Kulke Gutachter/Innen: 1. Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Tiemann 2. Prof. Dr. Annette Upmeier zu Belzen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17.06.2015 i Ein guter Anfang braucht Begeisterung, ein gutes Ende Disziplin. Hans-Jürgen Quadbeck-Seeger ii Für Paul, Vivi und Jurik iii Zusammenfassung Im Unterricht laufen routinierte Handlungen oft unbewusst ab – insbesondere von Lehrkräften initiierte. Solche Handlungsmuster sind einerseits wichtig für Lehrkräfte sowie für Schülerin- nen und Schüler, da sie dem Unterricht Struktur geben und Sicherheit vermitteln. Sind sie andererseits hinderlich für die Entwicklung von Schülerleistungen, müssen sie bewusst ge- macht und gegebenenfalls verändert werden. Insbesondere in Bezug auf den Prozess der Erkenntnisgewinnung im Chemieunterricht ist die Identifikation von Handlungsmustern sowohl im internationalen als auch im schulstufenüber- greifenden Vergleich noch nicht weit fortgeschritten. Björkman und Tiemann (2013) zeigten, dass deutsche Lehrkräfte stärker auf die Auswertungsphase fokussieren als die Lehrkräfte des Vergleichslandes Schweden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, auf diesen Ergebnissen aufzubauen und kulturspezifische Handlungsmuster – Vergleich der 9. bzw. 10. Jahrgangsstufe der deutschen Sekundarstufe I und der 9. Jahrgangsstufe in Schweden – als auch schulstufenspezifische Handlungsmuster – Vergleich der 9. und 10. Jahrgangsstufe der Sekundarstufe I und der 11. und 12. Jahrgangsstu- fe der Sekundarstufe II – in Bezug auf die Umsetzung der Phasen der Erkenntnisgewinnung mit Hilfe einer Videoanalyse zu identifizieren. Dabei werden zusätzliche Qualitätsmerkmale, wie beispielsweise die explizite Thematisierung der Phasen als auch der Grad der Offenheit, einbezogen. Weiterhin wird überprüft, ob die Umsetzung der Erkenntnisgewinnung mit den Lehrer- und Schülervorstellungen zum Naturwissenschaftsverständnis zusammenhängt. Die Analyse der Unterrichtsvideos ergab, dass mehr Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Umsetzung von Erkenntnisgewinnungsprozessen auf kulturspezifischer Ebene bestehen als auf schulstu- fenspezifischer Ebene. Dabei fokussieren die schwedischen Lehrkräfte auf die Phase der Un- tersuchung und die dazugehörende Planungsphase. Die Lehrkräfte der deutschen Sekundar- stufe I setzen hingegen auch andere Phasen der Erkenntnisgewinnung wie die Hypothesenbil- dung und die Auswertung und Interpretation vergleichsweise häufig um, dies geschieht aber meist implizit. Weiterhin zeigte sich trotz des (vorgegebenen) Fokus auf Erkenntnisgewin- nung in der deutschen Sekundarstufe I eine konstant hohe Bedeutung der Vermittlung von Fachwissen. In der deutschen Sekundarstufe II ist auffällig, dass viel Zeit dazu verwendet wird, Versuche in selbstständiger Schülerarbeit aufzubauen. Vermutlich wird diesem Befund eine höhere Komplexität experimentellen Arbeitens zugrunde liegen. Generell werden im Chemieunterricht selten Fragestellungen formuliert und naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchun- gen reflektiert. In Bezug auf die Zusammenhangsanalysen konnte festgestellt werden, dass sich positive Zusammenhänge zwischen dem erkenntnisorientierten Chemieunterricht und den Schülervorstellungen zum Naturwissenschaftsverständnis beobachten lassen. Als zentrale Schlussfolgerung aus den Befunden kann abgeleitet werden, dass die Förderung einer ganzheitlichen, expliziten und möglichst offenen Umsetzung der Erkenntnisphasen in Schule und Lehrerausbildung notwendig ist. iv Abstract In the classroom, routine actions are often carried out unconsciously – in particular if teacher- led. Such teaching patterns are important for teachers as well as for students as they structure lessons and provide security. However, if they are likely to be detrimental to the development of students, they must be identified and, if necessary, changed. There has been a particular lack of research into the identification of teaching patterns in the teaching of Scientific Inquiry in Chemistry. Björkman and Tiemann (2013) have shown that German teachers focus more strongly on the evaluation phase than teachers from Sweden. The aim of the current study is, by building on these previous results, to identify culturally specific teaching patterns as well as teaching patterns between lower and upper secondary classes, by a comparison between students in Germany and Sweden followed by comparing teaching practices within several grades in Germany. This was achieved using video analysis to investigate the teaching practices used during the phases of Scientific Inquiry. During the analysis, the explicit thematisation of the phases as well as the degree of openness of the teaching were assessed. Further attention was paid to whether the implementation of Scien- tific Inquiry was related to the views of the nature of science held by the teachers and stu- dents. The analyses showed that the implementation of Scientific Inquiry differs more between Germany and Sweden than between grades. Swedish teachers focus on the investigation and the subordinate planning phase. Teachers of the German lower secondary classes focus more on other phases of Scientific Inquiry, such as formulating hypotheses and evaluation and in- terpretation. The additional importance of these steps is mostly implied. Although the focus of the lessons was given, content knowledge was often a particular focus in the German lower secondary classes. In German upper secondary grades it was apparent that a lot of time was spent enabling students to set up experiments on their own. This is presumably due to the higher complexity of the experimental work. In general, time is seldom spent on formulating scientific questions and reflecting on the scientific investigations. Furthermore, there is a posi- tive correlation between inquiry-focused chemistry lessons and the understanding of the na- ture of science. A major conclusion that can be derived from this study is that the support of a holistic, explic- it and open implementation of the teaching of Scientific Inquiry remains indispensable in school and in teacher training. v Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung......................................................................................................................... 1 2 Theoretischer Hintergrund............................................................................................... 3 2.1 Handlungsmuster und deren Einflussfaktoren........................................................... 3 2.1.1 Handlungsmuster .............................................................................................. 4 2.1.2 Subjektive Theorien von Lehrerinnen und Lehrern.......................................... 6 2.1.3 Unterrichtsskripts.............................................................................................. 8 2.1.4 Bedeutende Eigenschaften von Handlungsmustern und Unterrichtsskripts...... 12 2.2 Empirische Ergebnisse zu Handlungsmustern........................................................... 14 2.2.1 Handlungsmuster im naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht................................. 16 2.2.2 Handlungsmuster im Chemieunterricht in Deutschland und Schweden........... 24 2.3 Nature of Science und Scientific Inquiry....................................................................... 25 2.3.1 Naturwissenschaftliche Grundbildung............................................................. 26 2.3.2 Nature of Science.............................................................................................. 30 2.3.3 Scientific Inquiry............................................................................................... 42 3 Fachwissenschaftliche Einordnung: Scientific Inquiry im Chemieunterricht................. 66 3.1 Chemische Reaktionen in Verbrennungsmotoren..................................................... 66 3.1.1 Brennstoffe....................................................................................................... 66 3.1.2 Bildung des Luft-Benzin-Gemisches................................................................ 67 3.1.3 Verbrennung von Kohlenwasserstoffen........................................................... 68 3.1.4 Verbrennungsmotoren und Thermodynamik.................................................... 70 3.1.5 Der Ottomotor als Beispiel eines Verbrennungsmotors................................... 76 3.2 Umsetzung von Scientific Inquiry im Chemieunterricht........................................... 77 3.2.1 Einordnung des Themas im Berliner Rahmenlehrplan..................................... 77 3.2.2 Mögliche unterrichtliche Umsetzung............................................................... 77 4 Exkurs: Schulpolitische Aspekte des schwedischen Schulsystems................................. 82 5 Forschungsfragen und Hypothesen................................................................................. 92 5.1 Scientific Inquiry im Kulturvergleich........................................................................ 92 5.2 Scientific Inquiry im Schulstufenvergleich...............................................................
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