Japanese Journal of Human Geography 59-6(2007)

Recent Progress of Human Geography in : Retrospect and Prospect

Yanwei CHAI, Shangyi ZHOU, Yunlong CAI, Yan ZHANG, Liping WU and Guilan WENG

I Introduction

After the economic reform in the late 1970s, there were a great socio-economic transition and rapid urbanization in China, which have profoundly influenced human geography studies in China. China’s urban socio-economic transition started with the building of a market economy system, and has been promoted by the internal force of social-economic transition and the external influences of globalization and regionalization. Therefore, the socio-economic and institutional transitions work together and construct new forms of urban space1). However, the urban transition towards a market economic system is not final ; it is an ongoing process, in which new and old mechanisms, internal and external forces interact with each other, which continually forms new urban spaces2). Gradually, Chinese scholars realized the limitations of traditionally empirical, scientific geography. Human geography, which paid most regard to the interaction of the ‘human’ and the ‘physical environment’ in the past, began to pay more attention to the interaction between the ‘human’ and the ‘social environment3)’. Similar to the transition of human geography in Western countries in the 1970s, human geography in China gradually joined the trend in Western countries after decades of exploration4). However, different from its Western counterpart, human geography in China has its special characteristics : it is ‘project-oriented’, that is, the primary goal and driving force of the discipline’ 5) s development is to meet the demands of national social-economic development. Therefore, human geography in China emphasizes addressing the major issues in national social-economic development, providing national urbanization strategies, coordinating regional and urban-rural relationships in the process of urbanization, and contributing to the building of a harmonious society. In the context of globalization and socio-economic transition, human geographers in China, especially urban geographers and economic geographers, paid more attention to the sustainable development of cities and regions, and have achieved great progress. Recently, with the trend of ‘cultural turn’, the importance of studies on cultural factors and cultural globalization has gradually been recognized. Meanwhile, with more concerns about the quality of life, more and more tourism geography research has been launched, and lots of progress has been achieved. Accordingly, in this paper the authors provide a review of human geography in China from the following perspectives : urban and regional development, cultural globalization and ‘cultural turn’, improvement of quality of life, and tourism development. Review of Chinese economic geography can be found in earlier literature6), so it is not included in this paper. In the following section the authors summarize the progresses of urbanization studies in Chinese human geography in the

― 2 ― Recent Progress of Human Geography in China( CHAI et al.) 473

context of globalization and socio-economic transition, with regards to urbanization, urban spatial restructuring, and urban social problems. China’s urbanization has entered into an accelerating period in which it takes on new characteristics, has new mechanisms, and forms new spatial patterns. Studies of urban space have shifted their perspectives from physical to social and behavioral space. Meanwhile, the object of study has also emphasized much more the social significance of improving daily life instead of economic growth7). In the third section, progress on cultural geography against the background of cultural globalization and cultural turn is reviewed, including the expansion of cultural landscape studies with symbolism analysis, the deeper analysis of cultural realm or region, and study of cultural spaces affected by the ‘new cultural geography’. In the fourth section, summaries of tourism geography in China are closely related with its application from a spatial perspective. In the last section, several future research directions are highlighted and some suggestions are advanced for the discipline’s development.

II Urbanization studies in the context of globalization and socio-economic transition

(1) Diversified and in-depth research on urbanization China’s urbanization has a more complicated background and experienced more pressure of transition than other countries due to its more rapid urbanization process8). As a result, both opportunities and challenges exist in Chinese urban studies. First, Chinese geographers should strengthen research on theory and methodology. Second, we need to solve problems confronted in the process of urbanization with updated theories and methodologies. Urbanization studies in China fall into four categories : new characteristics of urbanization, dynamic mechanisms of urbanization, urbanization policy, and the spatial pattern of urbanization.

(a) New characteristics of Chinese urbanization ① Fast development and regional diversity of urbanization In 1990s, the process of China’s urbanization accelerated. While the levels of regional urbanization still follow an order of decreasing from the Eastern to Middle and Western regions, the gap between the Eastern and Western regions was increasingly widening. In addition, the pattern of urbanization was ‘high speed in the Eastern and low speed in the Western region’ in the 1980s and it changed to ‘high in the South and low in the North’ in the 1990s. Although the urbanization process is synchronous throughout provinces, there are differences in development speed, which was caused by two reasons : the accumulative effect of national strategies and policies on urbanization, and the differences in mechanism and geographical conditions for urban development9). ② New spatial forms of urbanization Along with the growing number and scale of cities and constructing of inter-city rapid transit, new spatial forms of cities and regions have come into being. Metropolitan areas, urban agglomerations, and urban belts will gradually take the place of single cities as major forms of urban spatial patterns. Recently, scholars have paid more attention to urban agglomeration areas in the context of globalization and in the world system. Accordingly, some new terms, such as 10) 11) 12) ‘Extended Metropolitan Regions’, ‘Global City-Region’, ‘Mega-city Region’, and ‘Megalopolis Corridor13)’ have been coined. ③ Sustaining suburbanization In recent years, large cities in China have experienced a continuing suburbanization in terms of

― 3 ― 474 人文地理第59巻 第 6 号(2007)

form, scale and intensity. ‘Forced’ suburbanization has weakened while ‘voluntary’ suburbanization has increased Residential suburbanization and industrial suburbanization are increasingly apparent, while commercial and seasonal suburbanization is just appearing. With the differentiation of social classes, villas and townhouses are distributed geographically adjacent 14) to the ‘economical and comfortable housing’ mainly for low-income people. In addition, new commercial spaces such as shopping malls have emerged in suburbs15). ④ New problems of urbanization In recent years, due to the excessive construction of development zones, university towns and occupation of low-cost farming land, the urban built-up area has rapidlysprawled in some large cities. Since reform and opening up, together with foreign direct investment( FDI), the dispersion of large cities and rural industrialization (the development of township and village enterprises, TVEs) and constrained by the rural-urban dichotomy of the management system, a new kind of transitional region, known as a ‘peri-urbanization region’, has emerged in some rural areas with good location or development basis, which is characterized by mixed rural and urban land uses and rapid change of social and economic structure16). After China entered the rapid urbanization stage, due to the fast spatial expansion of large cities, the adjustment of administrative divisions, the construction of some large projects, etc., some other problems of urbanization began to emerge, which resulted in the disintegration of most rural communities in suburbs, the emergence of a new group of poor farmers who lost their land, and the increase of urban villages17).

(b) Dynamic mechanisms of urbanization In 1980s, the driving force of China’s urbanization included changes of industry structure, developments in the improvement of science and technology, the impact of regional or national economic development, institutional and policy restructuring, national planned investment, initiative development and decentralization of large cities, rural urbanization, foreign investment, etc. Ning has put forward the idea that diversified mechanisms of urbanization have taken the place of the single or dual mechanisms since the 1990s18). Moreover, a more concentrated urban development model took the place of the decentralized town-and-village-enterprises-initiated development model. Based on different dynamic mechanisms, three modes can be identified : 19) bottom-up urbanization ; top-down urbanization ; foreign investment-initiated urbanization. Based on international comparisons of economic development and urbanization level, most Chinese urban geographers argued that the urbanization level in China was lagging behind and discussed the reasons for the delays from economic, institutional, and other viewpoints20). However, Xu and Zhou suggested that the level of urbanization is not far behind that of industrialization21).

(c) Urbanization policies ① Urbanization strategies Urbanization has been a fundamental national development strategy, and a major issue related to the overall economic and social development. Zhou22) projected that in 2010 the urban population of China could reach 46.5%, and suggested that an appropriate urbanization rate should be 0.8 percentage per year in the future. Urban geography and urban planning academic groups in China have heatedly debated the policy of urban development, the focus of which has always been urban size. Zhou23) argued that

― 4 ― Recent Progress of Human Geography in China( CHAI et al.) 475

this misses the key point by just attempting to control urban development and construction by their sizes. Therefore, the existing urban development policy should be paid less attention. In recent years, Yao insisted that China’s urbanization should not follow the same path all across the country24). Zhou pointed out that Chinese urbanization should be characterized by balanced development between urban and rural areas, high quality urbanization with appropriate speed and size, diversified urbanization modes according to local conditions, by the construction of resource-saving and environment-friendly cities, and by the combination of market forces and government regulations25). In short, China’s urbanization policy has seen a significant shift from passive intervention to active guidance, from government-led to government-guided. ② Sustainable urban development The process of industrialization and urbanization in arid areas in Northwest China is constrained by many factors such as water resources, ecological environment, etc. Regional urbanization and ecological environment are mutually antagonistic to some extent. Therefore, the urbanization process and its ecological effects have become the focus of Chinese urban studies26). The rapid urbanization process in China challenges the planning methodologies. The traditional urban planning model which evolved during the planned economy in past decades has proven invalid in dealing with the current urban development issues, and may be responsible for the degrading ecological systems across the nation, and the chaos in the form and function of cities in China. In this context, Yu and his colleagues27) proposed a ‘negative’ urban planning approach which emphasizes ecological infrastructure planning and security patterns. The importance of urban sustainable development has been widely recognized. Urban geographers have mostly focused on constructing an index system of sustainable development, the comprehensive evaluation of urban sustainable development, and exploration of the impact corporations have on the sustainable development of cities28). In addition, with a stronger sense of 29) 30) quality of life, some new concepts such as ‘eco-cities ’ and ‘livable cities ’ have become hot topics.

(d) Spatial patterns of urbanization In the context of economic globalization and urban internationalization, foreign economic linkages have become an important factor in stimulating domestic economic interactions and the formation of a new spatial economic pattern. Zhou summarizes the characteristics of domestic and international hinterlands of the economic core and has studied the spatial pattern of economic linkage directions in the context of China’s opening-up which have definitely shaped region development31). The process of globalization has profoundly influenced China’s urbanization, economy, society, culture and institutions, reconstructing China’s national urban system. Gu attempted to reconstruct the national urban system, and take a scientific perspective in terms of the scale structure of the national urban system, functional reorganization, spatial structure and support systems, etc32).. Otherwise, urban agglomerations have become new basic geographical units for countries to participate in global competition and the international division of work. Fang divided China’s urban agglomerations system into 28 types with different sizes, scales, and degree of diversified development33). The research on China’s urban agglomerations mostly focus on their structure, stages and types, the mechanisms of spatial evolution, developing trends, and economic integration of urban agglomeration areas, etc34).. With the rapid development of the economy, urban agglomerations

― 5 ― 476 人文地理第59巻 第 6 号(2007)

grew rapidly in the coastal areas of China. Accordingly, Yao et al. proposed a strategic vision to construct a ‘city belt’ in China’s coastal cities35). Meanwhile, some active research about MIRs was 36) conducted on the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan metropolitan area, the Pearl River Delta metropolitan area37), the Yangtze River Delta metropolitan area38) and other coastal MIRs39).

(2) Increasing research on urban restructuring The focus of urban internal structure research in Chinese human geography has changed from physical space to social and behavioral space. Much attention has been paid to understanding and interpreting spatial patterns from the perspective of human behavior, and to dig up the underlying causes behind the spatial transition from the perspective of institutional changes.

(a) Restructuring urban physical space ① Urban land use Recently, new technologies and methods such as remote sensing, cellular automata, etc. have been fully applied in studying the dynamic changes of urban land use and in simulating the extension of land use and evolution of urban form40), the causal factors and mechanisms of which have become hot topics41). Since the 1990s, Chinese scholars have paid attention to the influence of the urban traffic system on urban spatial structure. Technological innovation in urban traffic plays an important role in urban spatial structure, and the adjustment of the road traffic system, especially highways and rail transportation, greatly influenced urban spatial structure, the size of cities, and urban development42). On one hand, the urban transport system guides the development of land use, which causes the changes of the city layout and affects urban spatial structure. On the other hand, urban land use also influences the transportation demand. Therefore, a compatible urban transport system is needed43). ② Industrial space Chinese scholars have carried out a body of empirical research on the influence of the information industry on urban spatial structure, the spatial patterns of tertiary industry, the changing characteristics of the spatial pattern of office activities, etc44).. In addition, the spatial structure of employment, which is closely related to urban industrial space, has also been the subject of attention45). With the process of economic globalization, new industrial spaces such as development zones, industrial parks, and economic-technological development areas promoted by both foreign investment and local governments have emerged and developed at the edge of cities. They have increasingly affected and transformed socio-economic activities and spatial structures of those 46) cities. Meanwhile, as a new urban space, the hi-tech industrial zones promote the formation of the city’s new affluent class and middle-income groups, which has greatly influenced urban socio 47) -spatial differentiation. ③ Residential space The housing reform, which began in the late 1980s, caused the restructuring of urban housing space. As a result, research on the changes of urban land policy, the commercialization of housing, urban renewal, and suburbanization have substantially increased48). Residential location selection and residential mobility have become hot topics49). The history of residential mobility of the urban elderly has become one of the most important perspectives in understanding social changes and space restructuring50). The differentiation of residential space is both a spatial process and a spatial result of the interaction of different social classes, the differentiation of housing

― 6 ― Recent Progress of Human Geography in China( CHAI et al.) 477

space, and individual house selection51). The suburbanization of population and industry resulted in residential suburbanization, which causes extension of residential land and formation of residential areas in the suburbs52). During the transition period, the differentiation of urban residents’ incomes and occupations intensified. As a consequence, social polarization and spatial differentiation have emerged53). After the 1990s, the suburbs in large Chinese cities became new social spaces in which the trend towards socio-economic unbalance and differentiation was enhanced. In addition, with the increasing fragmentation of ‘social-space’, suburbs became the zones with the fastest changes, the most social issues, and the most obvious social isolation54). ④ Commercial space The early research on urban commercial space in China mainly focused on urban commercial centers55). Since the 1990s, a series of research projects have been launched around Central Business Districts (CBD), including the mechanisms of their development, the laws of their spatial evolution, traffic organization, etc. Scholars began to undertake empirical studies of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other large cities56). With the development of a market economy and the entry of foreign enterprises into the domestic market, research has begun to focus on the location of commercial facilities57), changes in the hierarchical system and distribution pattern of retail centers58), the evolution of new commercial types and their spatial structure59), the 60) mechanism of new commercial space in China and the locations of foreign-invested retailing enterprises61). In addition, consumer behavior and commercial activities shaped the main content of urban commercial space structure62). Recently, research has appeared and been done widely on the characteristics of consumer behavior and the hierarchies of shopping spaces63) and urban commercial space structure64). Against the background of rapid urbanization, suburbanization, and the development of new commercial forms, new commercial spaces including large supermarkets, shopping malls, storage supermarkets, and specialty markets have opened in the suburbs, exerting much influence on urban structure and usually turning into the core of a new town65).

(b) Restructuring of urban social space ① Social space Early studies on social space focused on social area analysis based on the method of factorial ecological analysis, and mostly studied Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other large cities in China. Recently, factorial ecological research has been extended into mountainous area cities66), the spatial scale of metropolitan areas67), social space research based on neighborhood committees as 68) 69) the basic unit and comparative studies of changes in social area patterns. With the socio- economic transition, research on urban social space gradually shifted its focus from description to explanation of phenomena which resulted in the mechanisms of change in social space structure and the trend of social differentiation in transition becoming new research topics. ② Social life space and activity space In the context of the socio-cultural turn in human geography, the interrelationship of individual life space and urban space became a most important aspect in understanding the development of urban society, improving the quality of life, and building a harmonious society. made a series studies around daily life space from the viewpoints of place, community, and assessment of 70) quality of life. Chai et al. studied the time-use budget and the time-space structure of citizens’ daily activities, including travel activities, commuting activities, shopping activities, and

― 7 ― 478 人文地理第59巻 第 6 号(2007)

recreation activities from the perspective of the interrelationship of behavior, time, and space71). Recently, there is a trend towards diversification of studies on urban social behavior space, including the interpretation of urban commuting behavior72), and urban image space73).

(3) New studies on urban social problems (a) Population migration Since the 1990s, urban and social geographers have studied the issues related to the floating population in large cities such as the characteristics of the floating population, the migration laws, the reasons for increasing migration, its spatial effect, and related policies and organizations74). Large cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Chongqing become the research focus75).

(b) Urban poverty Against the background of socio-economic transition in China, new forms of urban poverty, such as urban laid-off workers and migrant workers, have emerged and become of interest to urban social geographers76). Urban geographers usually combine the analysis of characteristics and evolution of urban social spatial structure with that of urban poverty, concerning migrant workers, laid-off workers, and the unemployed, and their daily activities spaces, cognitive spaces, the gap between the rich and poor, social divisions and the changes in social spatial structure. They also tend to focus on the main large cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou, , and Nanjing77).

(c) Aging society Approaches of time geography and behavioral geography have been applied in the study of time -space and daily activity of elderly people, which have provided recommendations for improving 78) 79) the quality of life of the urban elderly. Chai introduced a time-geographical approach into the study of the urban aging problem and put forward an integrated research framework ; Zhou80) studied the outdoor activities space of the elderly, built the design principles of outdoor activities spaces for the elderly, and provided scientific guidance for their outdoor activities’ spaces distribution and construction. Zhou81) also analyzed the accessibility and transportation feasibility of sheltered housing for the urban elderly.

(d) Urban crime The development of criminal geography in China can be broadly divided into three stages : before the 1980s, criminal geography was first introduced into China. In the 1980s, the definition of criminal geography was widely discussed in China. Since the 1990s, the discipline has developed quickly. Research includes the nature of the discipline of criminal geography, its theory and application, and the spatial prevention of urban crime82).

III Research in cultural geography in the trend towards cultural globalization and cultural turn

Globalization has been influencing economic, social, political, cultural, and other relevant fields. With the spreading of a market economy and information technology, culture is also globalizing. Cultural globalization is cross-cultural communication in which various cultures stay alive, while not as a unification of all national cultures. In this context, Chinese traditional

― 8 ― Recent Progress of Human Geography in China( CHAI et al.) 479

culture, local cultural identity, cultural conflict, and cultural differences have inevitably become important topics. How does one maintain cultural identities for the nation and regions in the process of globalization ? How do national culture and regional culture face the challenge of cultural globalization ? How do we preseerve the local cultural characteristics ? Facing these questions and affected by the ‘cultural turn’ of Western theories, Chinese human geographers have started paying more attention to cultural phenomena and studying the distribution of human activities from a cultural perspective. Most cultural geography research falls into one of two categories : The first is traditional research considering culture as a study object. The second is the new research affected by the ‘cultural turn’, which gives priority to spatial characteristics of human activities and cultural interpretation of spatial process, using cultural evolution theory as an analysis tool. Regarding methods and methodologies, much Chinese research still uses statistical methods based on empirical epistemology. Scholars collect data from historical documents and materials, field investigations, and observation. The representations of spatial data are maps( sometimes supported by GIS technique) and formulas. In fact, cultural geographical study mainly depends on qualitative research rather than quantitative research. But cultural geography, especially the new cultural geography, prefers study in depth of small communities rather than discovering universal laws or models. In addition, cause-effect analysis based on statistical methods( e. g., correlation, regression, principal components analysis) does not accord with the characteristics of a cultural super- organism, which would exist in some cases. Comparably, qualitative research needs hermeneutics. It is hoped that cultural geography studies will diversify their methods and methodologies in the future. Theoretical exploration of cultural geography concentrates on two facets. First, scholars use the theory of semiotics to reveal the symbolic meaning of cultural landscapes. Second, theoretical exploration in cultural geography focuses on globalization and sense of place. Besides traditional research themes, such core concepts as cultural identity, place and sense of place, have been introduced into Chinese cultural geography and closely related to social practices( e. g., local identity in local development and cultural heritage protection in a time of globalization). However, cultural geographers in China do not adequately study sociological culture and ideological culture because most geographers in China have a background in science and engineering. Among the five themes of traditional cultural geography( the cultural landscape, culture hearths, cultural diffusion, cultural realms, and cultural integration), cultural diffusion and cultural integration have not been studied enough. The content of cultural geography in China concentrates on the cultural landscape, cultural realms or regions, and cultural space.

(1) Expansion of research on cultural landscapes The cultural landscape is a traditional theme in Chinese cultural geography, including settlement, architecture, etc83).. Recently, more researchers began to put importance on the intangible cultural landscape such as language, religion, music, art, and calligraphy. In addition, research on calligraphy geography has been extended to the cultural landscape84). Scholars not only focus on the morphological features of the cultural landscape (or cultural traits) but also pay attention to the symbolic meaning of landscape and to the relationship between symbolic meaning and locality or sense of place. To analyze cultural landscapes, scholars could reveal the principles of regional cultural evolution. Landscape research is a common means that is used in regional cultural analysis

― 9 ― 480 人文地理第59巻 第 6 号(2007)

which can help local governments to learn the cultural characteristics of their region. Regional planning or urban planning could also benefit from cultural landscape studies85). The concept of the cultural landscape is also applied in cultural heritage protection86).

(2) Deeper research on cultural realms or cultural regions Traditional researchers did a lot of work on regional cultures and comparison of cultural regions in China87). Recently, more research has shifted to a deeper analysis of regional culture, namely the cultural diversity within a province, the diffusion and integration of regional cultures, and cultural factors affecting regional development. For example, there are the series of studies of regional culture on Hainan Island88), cultural integration and diffusion studies in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao89) and the West Corridor Area of the Yellow River90), and the cultures in the habitat areas of minority ethnic groups91) in mainland China. This research has given people a sense of their local culture in different regions. First, they tend to make the people conscious of the meaning of their local culture. Second, they enhance local cultural identity and regional cohesive force. In addition, regional culture studies help improve mutual respect among different cultural regions. In fact all the research provides a basis for decision-making of local government on the development of local culture-based business.

(3) Emergence of research on cultural space Cultural space research is more affected by the ‘new cultural geography’ than traditional research. Different from the research on cultural realms or regions revealing the characteristics of local culture, cultural space research explores the spatial foundation of local culture. Zhou focuses on the space of local cultural accumulation and cultural production, and summarized the 92) spatial integration pattern of urban socio-cultural space and physical space. Some studies cite the characteristics of public space in harmonious communities. Taking the sample villages of Tangshan City in Hebei Province as research areas, the relationship between rural public space 93) and social organization during social transformation has been explored within structuralism. In urban areas, urban public squares as an important kind of open space for city culture production has attracted Chinese cultural geographers’ interest. Some scholars have put forward suggestions on city square construction94). The space of cultural industries and creative industries is regarded as a space of culture 95) production. From the critical view of the new cultural geography, Li et al. described and analyzed a Fordist and post-Fordist cultural industrial production mode at a theme park in Shenzhen. Due to the differences in the production process, location factors of cultural industries and creative industries obviously differ from those of traditional industries96). Such research can help local governments to develop local cultural industries, which are growing rapidly in China in recent years. On the basis of the local cultural differences, characteristics, and the spatial basis of local culture, local cultural identity can help people integrate different cultures in a certain region and take advantage of different cultures, protect cultural heritage, and face the challenge of cultural globalization while China marches to its modernization.

IV Th riving of tourism geography with high concern for quality of life

With the improvement of living standards, traveling has become a principal leisure activity for

― 10 ― Recent Progress of Human Geography in China( CHAI et al.) 481

many Chinese. Therefore, tourism as a tertiary industry greatly has increased in importance in regional economic development and improvement of quality of life. Accordingly, tourism geographers in China have paid more attention to tourist resources assessment and exploitation, tourism market analysis, the impacts of tourism, and the environmental capacity of tourism97), which are closely related to social practices. However, more tourism geographers are beginning to work on the differences between tourism geography, tourism management, and tourism economics. Through self-examination, tourism geographers came to strengthen their spatial studies( e. g., spatial structure of tourism destinations and attractions, spatial interaction of tourism flow, tour routes, etc.).

(1) Intensive study of the spatial features Tourism geography theories concentrate upon basic spatial analysis in order to construct the tourism spatial structure, including the spatial structure of tourism, spatial rules of tourist flows, and spatial interaction of different tourism areas98). Studies on spatial patterns of tourism contain integrated analyses of spatial structure and location characteristics in tourism regions, such as the study of spatial structure of tourism destinations99). Many studies concentrated on urban tourism areas or tourism areas around 100) metropolises, for instance the study of the spatial form of RBDs( Recreational Business Districts), and 101) study of ReBAMs( Recreational Belt around Metropolises). Fractal theory was also used in analysis of the optimal grade structure of urban tourism systems102). Research on spatial rules of tourist flows analyzed the supply and demand of tourism markets from a spatial approach to master the tourism flow rate and direction. For instance, Yang and Ma103) used statistical data from different periods to calculate different periods in radii of tourism attraction and an index of spatial proximity to generalize a rule of attenuation with distance of domestic tourism source markets and the trends of domestic tourist attraction to Xi’an. Ding104) analyzed temporal and distributed characteristics of domestic tourism flows to Nanjing. Studies on tourism spatial interaction focused on spatial relationships of different tourism destinations and the spatial relationship of tourist destinations and markets. Wang and Bao 106) analyzed the spatial competition of different tourist destinations105). Zhang et al. offered an analysis model of spatial competition among tourism regions based on the theory of tourism fields, explored the general characteristics of tourism fields( e. g. core, potential, hierarchical structure), and revealed the basic rules of tourism spatial competition. With the theory of spatial interaction, 107) Wang et al. set up a tourism area model with the support of GIS technology.

(2) Extensive study of tourism planning and management Tourism geography plays a vital role in regional tourist resource development and spatial planning. Social practices within tourism geography in China fall into two categories. The first are studies on regional characteristics, such as the characteristics of regional tourism resources, the basis of decision-making for local authorities. The second are spatial analysis approaches, such as the spatial organization tools of tourist routes for administration. Through the hard work of two generations of Chinese geographers, a national standard for the classification, investigation, and evaluation of tourist resources drafted by IGSNRR( Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research) of CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences), has been published and was implemented on May 1, 2003. Various evaluation methods of tourist resources provided by geographers are used widely at different levels of regional planning. All of these can

― 11 ― 482 人文地理第59巻 第 6 号(2007)

help in the exploitation of tourism scenic regions. In recent years, tourism management has emphasized sustainable development of tourism in scenic regions108). More attention has been paid to the sustainable use of the tourism resources, for 109) example research on EIAs( i. e. environmental impact assessments) of tourism areas, studies on the physical and social environmental impacts of the tourism industry and the psychological responses of the residents of tourism destinations110), and approaches to a development model for ecological tourism111). The methods of resource and environmental economics and landscape ecology have been used in tourism exploration112). Recently, more and more Chinese geographers are participating in planning projects of regional tourism development and tourism sites. On the basis of comprehensive studies of tourism resource heritage, geographical location, economic background, and regional tourism spatial patterns, they have scientifically planned tour routes, designated the development sequence for the whole regional tourist resource, and constructed spatial structures of tourist resources113). Studies have favored regional tourism construction and development, especially the spatial planning of the regional tourism industry.

V Prospect

(1) Research trends (a) Urbanization studies in the context of globalization The process of globalization and development of telecommunications both have profoundly influenced and restructured the pattern of urbanization in China. Subsequently, national urbanization strategy and restructuring of the national urban system in the process of globalization became new hot topics114). China’s urban and regional research has gradually shifted to the role of the state, to the formation of local space, to the influence of foreign investment on local regions, to new enterprise networks, and to the development of a new urban system. Furthermore, the future key point of theoretical research of China’s urbanization process is to explore the urbanization mechanisms at different development stages, and to probe into their characteristics, causes, directions and paths, as well as their regional differences115).

(b) Urban and regional planning under the national urbanization strategy The national urbanization strategy as a general guideline for national and regional development will be implemented all over the country. Along with the promulgation of the national and local ‘11th Five-Year Plan’ and the completion of regional planning and the national urban system planning, regional strategy planning and a new round of urban system planning and urban planning will be launched. Planning at different scales will effectively guide the process of urbanization. Urbanization and urban development were first listed in the ‘Essentials of National Medium and Long-Term Science and Technology Plan’ as one of the most important areas. This plan emphasizes the rational distribution and scientific development of urban and rural areas, and advocates modern planning technology such as dynamic monitoring technology to achieve a mutually harmonious development among cities as well as regions.

(c) Urban space restructuring in the transitional period During the transitional period, together with the trend of socio-cultural globalization, Chinese human geographers are facing some new themes, such as the global communications network

― 12 ― Recent Progress of Human Geography in China( CHAI et al.) 483

and urban industry restructuring, social structure changes, and their spatial interaction. Urban spatial research in China should focus on the interaction mechanisms between urban space and society regarding population relocation and social area differentiation, as well as residents’ spatial behavior and daily activities.

(d) Urban socio ― cultural construction With economic development and the improvement of living standards, urban residents are paying much more attention to their quality of life and environment. Meanwhile, urban social problems have gradually become important issues in urban development. Consequently, urban socio-cultural construction and a human-oriented environment have become the core of urban development rather than urban economic construction. Thus social geography research will be a hot topic. Accordingly, under the systematical research framework of ‘pattern-process- mechanism’, Chinese human geographers should emphasize the role of new economic, socio- cultural, and political factors on human processes and emphasize studies of human-environment interaction and the human adaptability to environmental changes from the perspective of human demand and spatial behavior. In addition, with the goal of ‘building a harmonious society’, Chinese geographers should speed up exploring theories and approaches in social geography, cultural geography, and behavior geography116).

(2) Suggestions (a) Strengthen innovation in theories and methodologies At present, innovation in human geography in China is still limited, both in theory and in methodology. Therefore, in order to strengthen theoretical research and build models and theories with Chinese characteristics, Chinese geographers should do a systematic review of traditional Chinese human geography research and comprehensive review on the frontier theories and methods of Western human geography. On the one hand, human geography in China should be guided by systems science, target the human process, and explore comprehensive and integrative theories and methods. On the other hand, it should learn from other related disciplines, and build and develop research methodologies. Chinese geographers should also promote the diversification of methodologies117), that is to review and integrate with the empirical approaches, to abstract and build models with the logical positivist approaches, and to explain the phenomena of human geography from the perspective of humanism and structuralism, etc.

(b) Conducting comprehensive regional studies The complexity of human geographical phenomena calls for conducting comprehensive regional studies addressing a number of major issues around some key cities and regions. The key points are the synthesis among the interaction of factors, interaction of process, interaction of scales, interaction of data, interaction of methods, and interaction of disciplines118). Chinese human geographers should deepen comprehensive research on urbanization and regional development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Triangle, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta metropolitan areas. Regional comprehensive studies on urban agglomeration and metropolitan areas in western China should also be strengthened.

To sum up, Chinese human geography is still relatively weak in theoretical and methodology

― 13 ― 484 人文地理第59巻 第 6 号(2007) research. The applications of high technology in observation and information-processing are also limited. Therefore, Chinese human geographers should strengthen basic research, tracing the development trends of the overall discipline, participate in international academic communication, and develop a unique Chinese human geography discipline.

This paper is revised and translated from a part of Report on Advances in Geographical Science, China( in Chinese), Science and Technology Press, Beijing, March 2007, by the same authors. The authors are grateful for support from the China Association for Science and Technology, and The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China.

Notes 1) Wei Lihua and Yan Xiaopei, ‘Summaries and analysis on studies about urban social space in China’s socio-eco- nomic transition’, Urban Planning Forum, 5, 2005, pp. 12-16.( In Chinese) 2) Wu Fulong, ‘Intra-urban Residential Relocation in Shanghai : Modes and Stratifi cation’, Environment and Planning, A 36, 2004, pp. 7-25. 3) ( 1) Atiken S C., ‘Person-environment theories in contemporary perceptual and behavioral geography I : personal- ity, attitudinal and spatial choice theories’, Progress in Human Geography, 15-2, 1991, pp. 179-193.( 2) Atiken S C., ‘Person-environment theories in contemporary perceptual and behavioral geography II : the influence of ecological, environment learning, societal structural, transactional and transformational theories’, Progress in Human Geogra- phy, 16-4, 1992, pp. 553-562. 4) Chai Yanwei and Shen Jie, ‘Travel-activity based research frame of urban spatial structure’, Human Geography, 21- 05, 2006, pp. 108-112.( In Chinese) 5) ( 1) Lu Dadao, ‘Recent development of human geography in China : challenges and opportunities’, Acta Geographi- ca Sinica, S1, 2004, pp. 3-7.( In Chinese)( 2) Liu Weidong and Lu Dadao, ‘Th e development of economic geogra- phy in China : Progress and suggestions’, Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19-1, 2004, pp. 35-39.( In Chi- nese) 6) Liu Weidong and Lu Dadao, ‘Rethinking the development of economic geography in mainland China’, Environment and Planning A, 34-12, 2002, pp. 2107-2126. 7) Chai Yanwei, ‘Methodological problems in behavioral geography study’, Areal Research and Development, 24-2, 2005, pp. 1-5.( In Chinese) 8) Gu Chaolin, Chen Lu and Wang Luanjing, ‘Study on the discipline of urban sciences’, Urban Studies, 11-6, 2004, pp. 32-40.( In Chinese) 9) ( 1) Yan Xiaopei and Lin Zhangping, ‘Th e change of spatial disparities of urban development in China, 1990s’,Acta Geographica Sinica, 59-3, 2004, pp. 437-445.( In Chinese)( 2) Shen Jianfa, ‘Analysis of the trends of urbanization levels in Chinese provinces since 1982’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 60-04, 2005, pp. 607-714.( In Chinese)( 3) Li Zhen, ‘Th e provincial diff erentiation analysis of urbanization in China based on the fifth national census in 1990s’, Modern Urban Research, 21-3, 2006, pp. 39-44.( In Chinese)( 4) Zhao Qunyi, Zhou Yixing and Wang Maojun, ‘Th e comparative analysis of urbanization speed among Chinese provinces in recent 20 years : reconstruction based on the fifth population census’, Economic Geography, 25-5, 2005, pp. 632-637.( In Chinese)( 5) Wen Yuyuan, ‘Research on the regional gaps and its changes of the provincial urbanization levels in China’, Areal Research and Develop- ment, 24-5, 2005, pp. 25-29.( In Chinese) 10) Gu Chaolin, Yu Taofang and Chen Jinyong, ‘New characteristics development of Extended Metropolitan Regions in the time of globalization’, Planners, 18-2, 2002, pp. 16-20.( In Chinese) 11) ( 1) Yu Taofang, ‘Boundary analysis of the Jing-Jin-Ji global city-region’, Geography and Geo-Information Science, 21-4, 2005, pp. 45-50.( In Chinese),( 2) Wei Yaping, ‘A selective summarization on international trends of urban spatial studies and several important study issues on current China city-regions’, Urban Planning International, 21- 4, 2006, pp. 72-76.( In Chinese)( 3) Wang Danny T. and Zhao Simon X. B., ‘China’s most dynamic global city-re- gion under globalization’, City Planning Review, S 30, 2006, pp. 19-22. 12) Zhang Xiaoming, ‘Characteristics of the Yangtze River Delta mega-city region’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 61-10, 2006, pp. 1025-1036.( In Chinese) 13) Cao Xiaoshu et al., Study on the spatial evolution of Guangzhou-Shenzhen-HongKong megapolis corridor, Th e Commercial Press, 2006.( In Chinese) 14) Feng Jian and Zhou Yixing, ‘Intra-urban migration and correlative spatial behavior in Beijing in the process of suburbanization : based on 1000 questionnaires’, Geographical Research, 23-2, 2004, pp. 227-242.( In Chinese) 15) ( 1) Guan Chiming and Cui Gonghao, ‘A probe into the new commercial space in Chinese cities and its mecha-

― 14 ― Recent Progress of Human Geography in China( CHAI et al.) 485

nism’, Urban Planning Forum, 6, 2003, pp. 33-36.( In Chinese)( 2) Long Tao and Chai Yanwei, ‘Study on residents’ utilization of suburban shopping mall in Beijing City : a case study of JinYuanShiDai shopping mall’, Human Geogra- phy, 21-5, 2006, pp. 117-123.( In Chinese) 16) ( 1) Liu Shenghe, Chen Tian and Cai Jianming, ‘Peri-urbanization in China and its major research issues’, Acta Geographica Sinica, S 1, 2004, pp. 101-108.( In Chinese)( 2) Zheng Yanting, Liu Shenghe and Chen Tian, ‘Th e characteristics of peri-urbanization region : a case study of Dongguan Municipality in Guangdong Province’, Geo- graphical Research, 22-06, 2003, pp. 760-769.( In Chinese)( 3) Liu Shenghe, Ye Shunzan, Du Hongliang and Max X. X. Lu, ‘A probe into the impetus and mechanisms for the formation of quasi-urbanization area and its develop- ment prospect a sample study on Shaoxing County, Province’, Geographical Research, 24-4, 2005, pp. 601- 611.( In Chinese)( 4) Zhu Qing, Zhao Jin, Jiang Zhaorui and Li Hongjun, ‘Phenomenon and problem of peri-ur- banization in South Shandong Province : a case study of Tengzhou County’, City Planning Review, 30-9, 2006, pp. 42 -47.( In Chinese) 17) ( 1) Yan Xiaopei, Wei Lihua and Zhou Ruibo, ‘Research on the coordination between urban and rural area in the rapid urbanization with the redevelopment of Guangzhou Village-Amid-Th e-City as a case’, City Planning Review, 3, 2004, pp. 30-38.( In Chinese)( 2) Wei Lihua and Yan Xiaopei, ‘Transformation of ‘urbanvillage’ and feasible mode’, City Planning Review, 29-7, 2005b, pp. 9-13.( In Chinese)( 3) Li Junfu, 2004, Th e redevelopment of Village- Amid-Th -e City, Science Press.( 4) Zhu Rongyuan, Zhang Limin and Guo Xudong, ‘Implication from the survey of villages in Shenzhen urban area’, City Planning Review, 30-9, 2006, pp. 84-88. 18) Ning Yuemin, ’New process of urbanization : dynamics and features of urbanization in China since 1990’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 53-5, 1998, pp. 470-477 19) Gu Chaolin and Xu Haixian, ‘Development of urban geography in China since 1978’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 19- 4, 1999, pp. 320-331.( In Chinese) 20) ( 1) Li Xun, ‘Th e eff ects of economic growth on Chinese urbanization : panel data approach’, Geographical Re- search, 24-3, 2005, pp. 421-431.( In Chinese)( 2) Geng Haiqing, ‘An analysis on the lag of China’s urbanization and a primary prospect of its future’, Progress in Geography, 22-1, 2003, pp. 103-110.( In Chinese)( 3) Cai Jun, ‘In- stitutional analysis for the lag of urbanization behind the economic development’, City Planning Review, 30-1, 2006, pp. 68-72.( In Chinese) 21) Xu Xueqing and Zhou Suhong, ‘Th e review and new progress in China’s urban geography since 1980’,Economic Geography, 23-4, 2003, pp. 433-440. 22) Zhou Yixing, ‘More rapid development of urbanization is not better’, Decision Making Magazine, 8, 2005, pp. 30- 33.( In Chinese) 23) Zhou Yixing, ‘Human geography studies can contribute to the formulation of national policies : a case of the re- search on national urban growth policy’, Human Geography, 16-1, 2001, pp. 1-5.( In Chinese) 24) Yao Shimou, Wang Chengxin and Xie Xiaonan, ‘Th e urbanization pattern of China in the 21st century’, Science & Technology Review, 7, 2004. pp. 42-45.( In Chinese) 25) Zhou, op. cit., footnote 22. 26) ( 1) Fang Chuanglin and Bu Weina, ‘Competitiveness and extent of regional expansion restricted by water resource of Hexi Corridor’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 24-5, 2004, pp. 513-521.( In Chinese),( 2) Fang Chuanglin and Li Ming, ‘Urbanization mode with the restraint of water resource in Hexi Corridor arid area of Northwest China’, Geo- graphical Research, 23-6, 2004, pp. 825-832.( In Chinese)( 3) Fang Chuanglin and Yang Yumei, ‘Basic laws of the interactive coupling system of urbanization and ecological environment’, Arid Land Geography, 29-1, 2006, pp. 1-8. (In Chinese)( 4) Fang Chuanglin and Sun Xinliang, ‘Mechanism of urban system development and its space orga- nization in Northwest Arid Area with scarcity of water resource : the case of Hexi Corridor’, Journal of Desert Re- search, 26-5, 2006, pp. 860-867.( In Chinese) 27) Yu Kongjian, Li Dihua and Liu Hailong, Th e Negative Planning, China Architecture & Building Press, 2005.( In Chinese) 28) ( 1) Xu Xueqiang and Zhang Junjun, ‘Comprehensive evaluation of Guangzhou urban sustainable development’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 56-1, 2001, pp. 54-63.( In Chinese)( 2) Xu Xueqiang, Ge Yong-Jun and Zhang Junjun, ‘Sustainable development and enterprise behaviors in Guangzhou City’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 23-2, 2003, pp. 218 -222.( In Chinese) 29) Guo Rongchao and Gu Chaolin, ‘Research on optimization and reorganization of spatial structure model based on eco-city and application : a case study of Xiangfan city’, Geographical Research, 23-3, 2004, pp. 292-300.( In Chi- nese) 30) Zhang Wenzhong and Yi Weihong, A Study of Livable Cities in China( Beijing), Social Sciences Academic Press (China), 2006.( In Chinese) 31) Zhou Yixing and Zhang Li, ‘China’s urban economic region in the open context’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 58-2, 2003, pp. 271-284.( In Chinese)

― 15 ― 486 人文地理第59巻 第 6 号(2007)

32) Gu Chaolin, Chen Lu, Ding Rui, Li Zhen and Dai Meimei, ‘Globalization and restructuring China’s national urban systems’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 25-6, 2005, pp. 641-654.( In Chinese) 33) Fang Chuanglin, Song Jitao, Zhang Qiang and Li Ming, ‘Th e formation, development and spatial heterogeneity patterns for the structures system of urban agglomerations in China’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 60-5, 2005, pp. 827- 840.( In Chinese) 34) ( 1) Zhu Yingming, Yao Shimou and Li Yujian, ‘Study on theory of regional structure of urban agglomerations in China’, Modern Urban Research, 6, 2002, pp. 50-52.( In Chinese)( 2) Zhu Yingming, Analysis on economic space of urban agglomeration, Science Press, 2004.( In Chinese)( 3) Yao Shimou, Chen Caihong and Chen Zhenguang, ‘Th e new idea of urban agglomeration planning in China’, Areal Research and Development, 24-3, 2005, pp. 37-41.( 4) Ye Yuyao, ‘Spatial evolution mechanism of urban conglomeration : a case study of the pearl river delta’, City Plan- ning Review, 30-1, 2006, pp. 61-66.( In Chinese)( 5) Lin Xianyang and Zhou Chunshan, ‘Th e connotation and fea- tures and its spatial process about economic integration of urban agglomerations’, Economic Geography, 26-1, 2006, pp. 70-73.( In Chinese) 35) Hu Gang and Yao Shimou, ‘Strategic Th inking about setting up urban belt in China’s coastal area’, Areal Research and Development, 23-5, 2004, pp. 19-23.( In Chinese) 36) Li Guoping, Th e Spatial Structure, Division and Construction Strategy of the Capital Circle, China City Press, 2004.( In Chinese) 37) Yan Xiaopei and Guo Jianguo, ‘Study on the dynamic of Guangzhou-Hong Kong-Macao Megalopolis’, Hong Kong & Macao Economy, 4, 1997, pp. 20-23.( In Chinese) 38) Gu Choalin and Zhang Min, ‘Study on the characteristics and dynamics of Yangtze Delta megalopolis’, Advances in Earth Sciences, 16-30, 2001, pp. 332-338.( In Chinese) 39) Hu et al., Studies on the Spatial Agglomeration and Dispersion in China’s Coastal City-and-town Concentrated Areas, Science Press, 2000.( In Chinese) 40) ( 1) Liu Shenghe, ‘Spatial patterns and dynamic mechanisms of urban land use growth’, Progress in Geography, 21- 1, 2002, pp. 43-50.( In Chinese)( 2) He Chunyang, Shi Peijun, Chen Jin and Xu Xiaoli, ‘Process and mechanism of urbanization in Beijing Area’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 57-3, 2002, pp. 363-371.( In Chinese)( 3) Ding Shenyan and Zhang Mingliang, ‘Urban landscape dynamics of Kaifeng city from 1988 to 2002’, Geographical Research, 24-1, 2005, pp. 28-37.( In Chinese)( 4) Ni Shaochun, Jia Tiefei and Zheng Xinjiu, ‘Land use and urbanization process in urban fringe : a case study in southwest of Shanghai’, Areal Research and Development, 25-2, 2006, pp. 92-95.( In Chinese)( 5) Chen Yanguang and Zhou Yixing, ‘Cellular automata and simulation of spatial complexity of urban systems : history, present situation and future’, Economic Geography, 20-3, 2000, pp. 35-39.( In Chinese)( 6) Li Xia and Ye Jia’an, ‘Constrained cellular automata for modeling sustainable urban forms’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 54-4, 1999, pp. 289-298.( In Chinese) 41) ( 1) Shi Peijun, Chen Jin and Pan Yaozhong, ‘Land use change mechanism in Shenzhen City’, Acta Geographica Si- nica, 55-2, 2000, pp. 151-160.( In Chinese)( 2) Fan Jie, Xu Yudong and Shao Yang, ‘Th e human geography view of land use study and new proposition’, Progress in Geography, 22-1, 2003, pp. 1-10.( In Chinese)( 3) Wang Yuhua, Liu Yansui and Zhou Yinghua, ‘Analysis of human driving forces underlying land use conversion in coastal devel- oped regions : a case study of Wenzhou City’, Progress in Geography, 23-2, 2004, pp. 43-50.( 4) Chen Weizhen and Zheng Wei, ‘Effective analysis on the evolution of urban spatial form : a case study of Shanghai’, City Planning Re- view, 29-3, 2005, pp. 15-21.( In Chinese)( 5) Hu Jun and Sun Li, ‘Institutional change & the urban development and structural evolution in China’, Human Geography, 20-1, 2005, pp. 19-23.( In Chinese) 42) ( 1) Yang Yinkai and Jin Fengjun, ‘Transportation technique renewal and the urban spatial evolvement’, Geography and Territorial Research, 15-1, 1999, pp. 44-47.( 2) Li Wenling and Yan Xiaopei, ‘Study on the development of ur- ban MTR system and land compound use : a case in Guangzhou City’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 22-5, 2002, pp. 574 -580.( In Chinese)( 3) Guan Chiming and Cui Gonghao, ‘A probe into transit-oriented spatial structure pattern of metropolis in China’, City Planning Review, 27-10, 2003, pp. 39-43.( 4) Guan Ying and Huang Ying, ‘Th e eff ect of urban mass transit to urban spatial forms’, Urban Problems, 1, 2004, pp. 36-39.( 5) Wang Chengxin, Mei Qing, Yao Shimou and Zhu Zhenguo,, ‘Analysis on the relationship between transportation pattern and urban spatial shape : a case study of Nanjing urban agglomerations, Geography and Geo-Information Science, 20-3, 2004, pp. 74-77.( 6) Wang Xifu, Xu Jiangang and Li Yangfan, ‘Potential in fl uencies of rail transportation construction to land use diff er- entiation in Nanjing’, Human Geography, 20-3, 2005, pp. 112-116.( In Chinese)( 7) Chen Feng, Liu Jinling and Shi Zhongheng, ‘Rail transit constructing Beijing urban spatial structure’, City Planning Review, 30-6, 2006, pp. 36-39. 43) ( 1) Yan Xiaopei and Mao Jiangxing, ‘Th e mutual relationship between urban transport system and land use in highly-densely developed cities : a case study of Guangzhou’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 59-5, 2004, pp. 643-652.( In Chinese)( 2) Mao Jiangxing and Yan Xiaopei, ‘Impacts of urban transport system on urban land use : case study of Guangzhou City’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 25-3, 2005a, pp. 343-360.( In Chinese)( 3) Mao Jiangxing and Yan Xiaopei, ‘Th e choice of sustainable transport pattern based on the mutual mechanism between urban land using

― 16 ― Recent Progress of Human Geography in China( CHAI et al.) 487

pattern and transport pattern : a case study of Guangzhou’, Human Geography, 20-3, 2005b, pp. 107-111.( In Chi- nese)( 4) Zhou Suhong and Yan Xiaopei, ‘Th e relationship between urban structure and traffi c demand in Guang- zhou’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 60-1, 2005, pp. 131-142.( In Chinese) 44) ( 1) Yan Xiaopei, Yao Yimin and Chen Haoguang, ‘Temporal and spatial differences of office activities in Guang- zhou since late 1970s’, Geographical Research, 19-4, 2000, pp. 359-368.( In Chinese)( 2) Yan Xiaopei, Zhou Chun- shan, Leng Yong and Chen Haoguang, ‘Functional features and spatial structure of CBDs in Guangzhou’, Acta Geo- graphica Sinica, 55-4, 2000, pp. 475-486.( In Chinese)( 3) Yan Xiaopei and Yao Yimin, ‘Analysis on characteristics of development and spatial distribution of the tertiary sector in Guangzhou’, Economic Geography, 17-2, 1997, pp. 41-48.( In Chinese) 45) Zhou Chunshan, Wang Lisi and Wu Xiaosong, ‘Spatial characteristics of occupational structure in Guangzhou, China’, Acta Scientiarum Naturalism Universitatis Sunyatseni, 45-2, 2006, pp. 92-96. 46) ( 1) Zhang Xiaoping and Liu Weidong, ‘Role of development areas in urban spatial changes in China : types and dynamics’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 23-2, 2003, pp. 142-149.( In Chinese)( 2) Wang Xingping, New Industrial Space in Chinese Cities : Development Mechanism and Spatial Organization, Science Press, 2005.( In Chinese), 47) ( 1) Wang Zhanhe and Xu Ling, ‘Hi-tech industries development zone and evolution of urban social space struc- ture’, Human Geography, 21-2, 2006, pp. 65-66.( In Chinese)( 2) Wang Hui, ‘Rise of new special development zones and polarization of socio-economic space in Xi’an’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 61-10, 2006, pp. 1011-1024.( In Chinese)( 3) Yang Shangguang and Ding Jinghong, ‘Th e study on social polarization of new developed area of Pudong’, Urban Planning Forum, 154, 2004, pp. 43-47.( In Chinese) 48) ( 1) Dong Xin, ‘Th e analyses on the location and impact factors of urban housing’, City Planning Review, 25-2, 2001, pp. 33-39.( In Chinese)( 2) Zhou Chunshan, Chen Susu and Luo Yan, ‘Th e housing spatial structures in Guangzhou urban built-up area and their causes’ analysis’, Geographical Research, 24-1, 2005, pp. 77-88.( In Chi- nese) 49) ( 1) Zhang Wenzhong, ‘An analysis of the factors that influence the urban residential location selection’, Progress in Geography, 20-3, 2001, pp. 268-275.( 2) Zhang Wenzhong and Liu Wang, ‘Study on the location characteristics of residential segregation in Beijing’, City Planning Review, 26-12, 2002, pp. 86-89.( In Chinese)( 3) Zhang Wen- zhong, Liu Wang and Li Yejin, ‘Housings’ spatial distribution and residents’ preference on housing location in Bei- jing’, Geographical Research, 22-6, 2003, pp. 751-759.( In Chinese)( 4) Zhang Wenzhong, Meng Bin, Lu Xin and Liu Wang, ‘Influence of traffic passages on housing spatial expansion and local residents’ selection of housing loca- tion : a case study of Beijing’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 24-1, 2004, pp. 7-13.( In Chinese) 50) Chai Yanwei, Tahara Yuko and Li Changxia, ‘A review of the geographical research on the elderly migration’, Areal Research and Development, 25-3, 2006, pp. 109-115.( In Chinese) 51) Wu Qiyan, Th eory and Practice of Research on the Diff erentiation of the Urban Residential Space in Dalian, Sci- ence Press, 2001. 52) ( 1) Chai Yanwei and Zhou Yixing, ‘Th e characteristics, mechanisms and tendency of suburbanization of residence in Dalian City’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 20-2, 2000, pp. 127-132.( In Chinese)( 2) Liu Changqi, Gan Guohui and Li Xiaojiang, ‘An analysis of population suburbanization and residential land expanding in Beijing’, Economic Geog- raphy, 23-5, 2003, pp. 666-670.( In Chinese)( 3) Zhou Yixing and Wang Ronxun, ‘Report on the Survey of A Th ousand Relocated Households in Beijing’,Planners , 16-3, 2000, pp. 86-89.( In Chinese)( 4) Feng Jian and Zhou Yixing, 2004, op. cit., footnote 14),( 5) Ma Qingyu and Zhang Wenchang, ‘Characteristics and factors analyses of suburbanization in Beijing’, Geographical Research, 25-1, 2006, pp. 121-131.( In Chinese) 53) Gu Chaolin and Kesteloot C., ‘Social polarization and segregation phenomenon in Beijing’, Acta Geographica Sini- ca, 52-5, 1997, pp. 385-393.( In Chinese) 54) ( 1) Wei Lihua and Yan Xiaopei, op. cit., footnote 1).( 2) Wei Lihua and Yan Xiaopei, ‘Studies on the driving forc- es and model of Guangzhou social space in socio-economic transition’, Geography and Geo-Information Science, 22 -1, 2006, pp. 67-72.( 3) Feng Jian and Zhou Yixing, ‘Th e study on the fl oating population in Nanjing City’,City Planning Review, 25-1, 2001, pp. 16-22. 55) Wu Zongqing, Dai Xuezhen and DaiXinghua, ‘Review and prospects for study on spatial structure of urban com- mercial activity’, Economic Geography, 23-3, 2003, pp. 327-332. 56) ( 1) Yan Xiaopei, Zhou Chunshan, Leng Yong and Chen Haoguang, ‘Functional features and spatial structure of CBDs in Guangzhou’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 55-4, 2000, pp. 475-486.( 2) Zhao Qunyi, Qing Bo and Zhou Yix- ing, ‘Research on the location selection of CBD in Chongqing’, Areal Research and Development, 24-6, 2005, pp. 56 -60. 57) ( 1) Xu Xueqiang and Zhou Suhong, ‘Th e location analysis of Guangzhou’s large retail emporia’, City Planning Re- view, 26-7, 2002, pp. 23-28.( In Chinese)( 2) Xue Ling and Yang Kaizhong, ‘Spatial planning of commercial alloca- tion in Haidian District in Beijing based on spatial interactive models’, Geographical Research, 24-3, 2005, pp. 265- 273.( In Chinese)( 3) Xue Juanjuan and Zhu Qing, ‘Spatial retailing distribution in Beijing’, Commercial Research,

― 17 ― 488 人文地理第59巻 第 6 号(2007)

346-14, 2006, pp. 32-35.( In Chinese) 58) Ning Yuemin and Huang Shengli, ‘Th e hierarchical system and its changing characteristic of the retail centers in Shanghai City’, Areal Research and Development, 24-2, 2005, pp. 16-19.( In Chinese) 59) Lin Geng and Xu Xueqiang, ‘Forming mechanism of spatial structure of commercial types in Guangzhou city’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 59-5, 2004, pp. 754-762.( In Chinese) 60) Guan Chiming and Cui Gonghao, 2003, ‘A probe into the new commercial space in Chinese cities and its mecha- nism’, Urban Planning Forum. 61) Guo Chongyi and Dai Xuezhen, ‘A study on locations and influences of foreign invested retailing enterprise in Beijing’, Economic Geography, 22-6, 2002, pp. 688-691.( In Chinese) 62) Wu zongqing et al. ‘Review and prospects for study on spatial structure of urban commercial activity’, Economic Geography, 23-3, 2003, pp. 327-332.( In Chinese) 63) ( 1) Wu Zongqing and Chai Yanwei, ‘Concerns of study on spatial structure of urban commercial activity’, Eco- nomic Geography, 20-1, 2000, pp. 115-120.( In Chinese)( 2) Chai Yanwei, Weng Guilan and Gong Hua, ‘A study on temporal and spatial characteristics of shopping behavior of Shenzhen residents’, Human Geography, 19-6, 2004, pp. 79-84.( 3) Shang Yanran and Chai Yanwei, ‘A study on preference and spatial characteristics of service con- sumption of Shenzhen residents’, Human Geography, 19-6, 2004, pp. 93-96.( In Chinese)( 4) Li Changxia and Chai Yanei, ‘Th e change of Shanghai citizens’ consumption behavior and its spatial expansion since 1978’, Economic Geog- raphy, 25-4, 2005, pp. 528-531.( In Chinese) 64) ( 1) Wang De and Zhang Jinqing, ‘Th e analysis of consumer trip characteristics and spatial structure of commer- cial facilities in Shanghai’, City Planning Review, 25-10, 2001, pp. 6-14.( In Chinese)( 2) Lin Geng, Yan Xiaopei and Zhou Suhong, ‘Th e development of department stores by the eff ect of consumption in Guangzhou’, Tropical Geogra- phy, 22-1, 2002, pp. 52-56.( In Chinese)( 3) Shen Jie and Chai Yanwei, ‘Study on residents’ utilization of down- town retail center in Beijing in the context of city suburbanization’, Human Geography, 21-5, 2006, pp. 113-116.( In Chinese) 65) Guan Chiming and Cui Gonghao, ‘A probe into the new commercial space in Chinese cities and its mechanism’, Urban Planning Forum, 6, 2003, pp. 33-36..( In Chinese) 66) Xue Desheng, Cao Xiaoshu and Cao Fenglin, ‘Social areas of a resource-oriented large city in mountain area : classifi cation, characteristics and infl uential factors : a case study of Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province’, Geograph- ical Research, 25-1, 2006, pp. 141-150. 67) Feng Jian and Zhou Yixing, ‘Th e social spatial structure of Beijing Metropolitan Area and its evolution : 1982- 2000’, Geographical Research, 22-4, 2003, pp. 465-483.( In Chinese) 68) Li Zhigang and Wu Fulong, ‘Socio-spatial differentiation in transitional Shanghai’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 61-2, 2006, pp. 199-211.( In Chinese) 69) ( 1) Gu Chaolin, Wang Fahui and Liu Guili, ‘Study on urban social areas in Beijing’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 58- 6, 2003, pp. 917-926.( In Chinese)( 2) Zhou Chunshan, Liu Yang and Zhu Hong, ‘Analysis on social areas of Guangzhou City during the economic system transformation’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 61-10, 2006, pp. 1046-1056. 70) Wang Xingzhong et al., Research on Structure of Urban Living Space in China. Beijing : Th e Science Press, 2004. 71) Chai Yanwei, et al., Time-space Structure of Chinese Cities, Peking University Press, 2002.( In Chinese) 72) Zhou Suhong and Yan Xiaopei, ‘Th e impact of commuters’ travel pattern on urban structure : a case study in some typical communities in Guangzhou’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 61-2, 2006, pp. 179-189.( In Chinese) 73) ( 1) Gu Chaolin and Song Guochen, ‘Urban image space and main factors in Beijing’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 56 -1, 2001, pp. 64-74.( In Chinese)( 2) Feng Jian, ‘Spatial cognition and the image space of Beijing’s residents’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 25-2, 2005, pp. 142-154.( In Chinese)( 3) Li Xueming and Li Jianhong, ‘Analysis of urban space in Dalian’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 61-8, 2006, pp. 809-817.( In Chinese) 74) Zhu Chuangen, Gu Chaolin, ‘Analysis on trait of urban fl oating population in China’, Population Journal, 2, 2001, pp. 3-7.( In Chinese) 75) ( 1) Feng Jian and Zhou Yixing, op. cit., footnote 54)(- 3)( 2) Lu Qi, Wu Peilin, Lu Lixin and Wang Guoxia, ‘Th e relation between the characteristics of the migrants and the economic development in Beijing and the regional dif- ferentiation of their distribution’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 60-5, 2005, pp. 851-862.( In Chinese)( 3) Xu Wei and Ning Yuemin, ‘Th e Floating Population in Shanghai in 1990s : Exploring Mechanisms of Demographic Dynamics’, Population Research, 29-6, 2005, pp. 47-55.( In Chinese)( 4) , Ren Guozhu, Lu Qi and Zhang Junyan, ‘Th e research of characteristics and causes of the migrant population in Chongqing’, Progress in Geography, 25-2, 2006, pp. 77-84.( In Chinese) 76) Yuan Yuan, Xu Xueqiang and Xue Desheng, ‘A review of urban poverty in transitional China’, Human Geography, 21-1, 2006, pp. 93-99. 77) ( 1) Chen Guo, Gu ChaoLin and Wu FuLong, ‘Spatial analysis of urban poverty in Nanjing’, Acta Geographica Si- nica, 24-5, 2004, pp. 542-549.( In Chinese)( 2) Liu Yuting, Study of Social Space of Urban Poverty in China’s Tran-

― 18 ― Recent Progress of Human Geography in China( CHAI et al.) 489

sition, Science Press, 2005.( In Chinese) 78) ( 1) Li Changxia, Chai Yanwei and Liu Xuan, ‘Th e characteristics of appraisal cognition of the elderly in Beijing during shopping decision-making process’, Human Geography, 19-6, 2004, pp. 89-92.( 2) Li Changxia, Chai Yan- wei, Zhang Chun, ‘Th e characteristics of time-use and activity space of the elderly in Chinese cities’, Areal Research and Development, 24-7, 2005, pp. 108-113.( In Chinese)( 3) Chai Yanwei and Li Changxia, ‘Th e spatial character- istics of shopping behavior of the Chinese urban elderly : a case study of Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai’, Acta Geo- graphica Sinica, 60-3, 2005, pp. 401-408.( In Chinese) 79) Chai Yanwei and Liu Xuan, ‘A time geographical framework and prospect of urban ageing study’, Areal Research and Development, 21-3, 2002, pp. 55-59. 80) Zhou Shangyi, Liang Hongmei and Li Liang, ‘Analysis of urban spatial characteristics of outdoor public places for old people’, Beijing City Planning & Construction Review, 6, 2003, pp. 72-75. 81) Zhou Shangyi and Jiang Miaomiao, ‘Convenience and justice : accessibility of the assisted living residences for aged people’, Journal of Beijing Union University, 16-1, 2002, pp. 21-25. 82) ( 1) Sun Fenghua, Wei Xiao, ‘New advance of study on criminal geography’, Human Geography, 19-5, 2004, pp. 60 -63.( In Chinese)( 2) Wang Fazeng, Crime Analysis and Spatial Anticrime in City, Masses Press, 2003.( In Chi- nese)( 3) Wang Fazeng, ‘Th e marginal spatial blind area of urban crime and its comprehensive treatment’, Human Geography, 191, 2004, pp. 9-12.( In Chinese) 83) ( 1) Yao Yifeng, Historical Geography Changes and Temporary Landscape in Nanjing, Nanjing University Press, 2006.( In Chinese)( 2) Shen Xiuying, Liu Peilin, Deng Yunyuan, Wang Liangjian, ‘Landscape communities of tradi- tional settlement in southern China and their values of conservation and utilization’, Geographical Research, 25, 2006, pp. 485-494.( 3) Xu Guiling, Situ Shangji, ‘Cultural landscape of overseas Chinese in Guangdong and its ter- ritorial distribution’, Geographical Research, 23, 2004, pp. 411-421.( In Chinese)( 4) Xu Guiling, Situ Shangji, ‘On the blending of Chinese and western urban planning and architecture culture in the wuyi mother-towns of overseas Chinese in Guangdong’, Tropical Geography, 25, 2005, pp. 87-91.( In Chinese)( 5) Jiao Yuanmei, Yang Youjie, Hu Wenying, Su Shaohua et al., ‘Analysis of the landscape pattern and aesthetic characteristics of the Hani terraced fi elds’, Geographical Research, 25, 2006, pp. 624-632.( In Chinese)( 6) Lu Hong, Wang Xiaochun, Zhu Tong, ‘A study of traditional architectural cultural geography of Wa nationality in Damasa, Ximeng, Yunnan’, Journal of Yun- nan Normal University( Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 36, 2004, pp. 13-17.( In Chinese) 84) Wu Huiping, Situ Shangji, ‘Th e Interpretation of Calligraphy Landscape in Cultural Geography’,Acta Geographica Sinica, 18, 2002, pp. 757-762.( In Chinese) 85) Wang Aiping, Zhou Shangyi, Zhang Shuyue, Chen Lang, ‘Study on landscape perception and cognition of com- munity landmark’, Human Geography, 21, 2006, pp. 124-128.( In Chinese) 86) Zhou Nianxing, Yu Kongjian, Huang Zhenfang, ‘New challenges of world heritage conservation : cultural land- scape’, Human Geography, 21, 2006, pp. 61-65. 87) Cai Xiaomei and Situ Shangji, A review on the studies of food culture from geographical perspective. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research, 18, 2006, pp. 83-88.( In Chinese) 88) ( 1) Peng Jing, Zhu Hong, ‘Review on the progress of island culture and prospect’, Human Geography, 21, 2006, pp. 99-103.( In Chinese)( 2) Zhu Hong, Situ Shangji, ‘Areal diff usion and integration of the frontier pioneering culture in Hainan Island’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 56, 2001a, pp. 99-106.( In Chinese)( 3) Zhu Hong, Situ Shangji, ‘Spatial distribution of Hainan culture’, Geographical Research, 20, 2001, pp. 463-470.( In Chinese)( 4) Zhu Hong, Cao Xiaoshu, Situ Shangji, ‘A study of the features of Hainan culture’, Journal of Sun Yatsen University( Social Sci- ence Edition), 41, 2001, pp. 115-119. 89) Xu Guiling, Situ Shangji, ‘On the formation of the regional culture complex in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Ma- cao’, Geographical Research, 25, 2006, pp. 495-506.( In Chinese) 90) Zhang Liren, Cultural Intercourse and Cultural Integration : Cultural Geography Research on Corridor West of Yel- low River, Science Press, 2006. 91) Luo Ya, ‘Initial study on the cultural geography features of Gelo minority ethnic group in Guizhou’, Journal of Gui- zhou Normal University( Natural Science), 21, 2003, pp. 25-29.( In Chinese) 92) Zhou Shangyi, On Spatial Integration Pattern of Physical Space and Social-cultural Space, Beijing Normal Univer- sity Press, 2006.( In Chinese) 93) Zhou Shangyi, Long Jun, ‘Rural public space and rural culture development : a case study in Tangshan’, Hebei Aca- demic Journal, 23, 2003, pp. 72-78.( In Chinese) 94) ( 1) Mao Guangxiong and Zhu Guochuan, ‘Humanization construction of urban public square under postmodern- ism’ Human Geography, 20, 2005, pp. 75-77, 36.( In Chinese)( 2) Zhou Shangyi, Wu Liping, Zhang Qingye, ‘Research on the allocation, the radiation area of squares and their differences as space of culture production in Beijing City’, Areal Research and Development, 25, 2006, pp. 19-23. 95) Li Leilei, Zhang Han, Lu Jiajie, Wen Jun, Wang Xirui, ‘Th e production mode of tourism performing art as a cul-

― 19 ― 490 人文地理第59巻 第 6 号(2007)

tural industry, a case study of the theme park in Shenzhen Overseas Chinese Town’, Tourism Science, 19, 2005, pp. 44-51. 96) ( 1) He Jianping, Li Leilei, ‘Th e developing way of the animated comics industry in Shenzhen’, Contemporary Cine- ma, 6, 2005, pp. 113-117.( 2) Li Leilei, Zhang Xiaodong, Hu Lingling, ‘Cluster modes of advertising industry, with the case study of Shenzhen’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 60, 2005, pp. 257-265. 97) Gao Yang and Hao Gezong, ‘Development of tourism geography in China from 1998 to 2004’, Journal of Guangxi Teachers Education University( Natural Science Edition), 22, 2005, pp. 71-77.( In Chinese) 98) Yin Yimei, Lu Yuqi, Deng Zutao, ‘A review of researches on tourism spatial structure in China’, Tourism Science, 18, 2004, pp. 49-54l, 61.( In Chinese) 99) ( 1) Yang Xinjun, Ma Xiaolong, Huo Yunpei, ‘Tourist destination district and its spatial structure’, Acta Geographi- ca Sinica, 24, 2004, pp. 620-626.( 2) Yang Xinjun, Ma Xiaolong, Huo Yunpei, ‘Tourist destination district and its spatial structure’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 24, 2004, pp. 620-626. 100) Bao Jigang, Gu Shiyun, ‘Th e formation and development of recreational business district in Guangzhou City’,Hu- man Geography, 17, 2002, pp. 1-6.( In Chinese) 101) ( 1) Wu Bihu, ‘A study on recreational belt around metropolis( REBAM), Shanghai case’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 23, 2001, pp. 354-359.( 2) Su Ping, Dang Ning, Wu Bihu, ‘Attraction categories and spatial characteristics in Recre- ational Belt around metropolis, Beijing case study’, Geographical Research, 23, 2004, pp. 404-410. 102) Dai Xuejun, Lin Lan, Xu Zhihui and Ding Dengshan, ‘Fractal study on hierarchical structure of tourist scenic spot system : a case study of Nanjing’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 26, 2006, pp. 244-250.( In Chinese) 103) Yang Xinjun, Ma Xiaolong, ‘A spatial analysis and construction of domestic tourism of ‘Big Xi’an Tourism Circle’ ’, Geographical Research, 23, 2004, pp. 695-704.( In Chinese) 104) Ding Zhengshan, ‘Research on the space―time evolution of the domestic tourist flow in Nanjing’, Tourism Tri- bune, 19, 2004, pp. 37-40.( In Chinese) 105) Wang Guanxian, Bao Jigang, ‘Th e character and spatial competition of thermal spring tourist resort : a case study of the thermal springs in Conghua City’, Areal Research and Development, 23, 2004, pp. 83-122.( In Chinese) 106) Zhang Jinhe, Zhang Jie, Liu Zehua, ‘A study on spatial competition among tourism regions based on the theory of tourism field’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 25, 2005, pp. 248-256.( In Chinese) 107) Wang Zheng, Jiang Yihong, Wang Ying, , Wang Ying, Weng Guilan, ’Tourism area model and the applica- tions based on GIS’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 17, 2002, pp. 57-62.( In Chinese) 108) Ma Yaofeng, ‘Th e advantage and challenge to Chinese tourism geography’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 59, 2004, pp. 139-144.( In Chinese) 109) ( 1) Liu Yi, ‘Re-discussion on measure method of tourist carrying capacity in large-scale scenic areas’, Tourism Tribune, 19, 2004, pp. 42-46.( In Chinese)( 2) Zhang Jinhe, Zhang Jie, ‘Touristic ecological footprint model and analysis of Huangshan City in 2002’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 59, 2004, pp. 763-771.( In Chinese)( 3) Ge Xia- odong, Li Wenjun and Zhu Zhongfu, ‘Network efficiency : a new indicator for environmental impact assessment of trails’, Journal of Natural Resources, 17, 2002, pp. 381-386.( In Chinese) 110) Qin Yuanhao, Xie Deti, Wei Chaofu, ‘Research on Environmental impacts of tourism industry’, Economic Geogra- phy, 26, 2006, pp. 504-510.( In Chinese) 111) ( 1) Chen Guojie, Wang Qing, Tu Jianjun, ‘Th eoretical analysis on eco-tourism industry development of Sichuan Province’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 26, 2006, pp. 151-155.( 2) Chen Yibin, Linag Jinmei and Yu Wanyuan, ‘Study on the development model of ecotourism in mountainous area : a case study of the tourism scenic region of Yinna Mountain in Meizhou’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 25, 2005, pp. 508-512.( In Chinese) 112) ( 1) Wu Dianting, Wu Congying, Wang Xin, ‘An initial discussion on the evaluation of profits, losses and risks in tourism exploitation : taking the exploitation of Baitan Lake as an example’, Tourism Tribune, 19, 2004, pp. 44-48.( In Chinese)( 2) Xiong Jianping and Liu Chengliang, ‘Evaluation on sustainable development of regional tourism sys- tem based on cost-effectiveness analyses’, World Regional Studies, 14-9, 2005, pp. 97-102.( In Chinese)( 3) Weng Yi, Zhou Yongzhang, Zhang Weiqiang, Chu Deping, ‘Research on applying landscape ecology to coastal landscapes of the subtropical zone and the protective exploitation : a case study of Fujian Province’, Human Geography, 21, 2006, pp. 57-61. 113) ( 1) Wu Dianting, Ge Quansheng, Xu Jitian, ‘A discussion about the strategy models of tourism development in the western region of China.’ Tourism Tribune, 18, 2003, pp. 9-13.( 2) Huang Tai, Zhang Jie, Xie Zhu, Liu Ze-hua, ‘On spatial organization of tourism destination system with special reference to regional urban system ― a case study of Province.’ Human Geography, 18, 2003, pp. 49-54.( In Chinese)( 3) Wang Zheng, Wang Ying, Li Shan, Weng Guilan. Song Xiukun, ‘Research of reconstitution of tourism location of Guizhou Province in China’, Geo- graphical Research, 22, 2003, pp. 313-322.( In Chinese) 114) Gu Chaolin and Chen Lu, ‘New trends of progress in contemporary human geography’, Acta Geographica Sinica, S1, 2004, pp. 11-20.

― 20 ― Recent Progress of Human Geography in China( CHAI et al.) 491

115) Leng Shuying, Song Changqing, ‘Challenges and opportunities of Chinese geography’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 60 -4, 2005, pp. 546-552. 116) Song Changqing, Leng Shuying, ‘Some important scientifi c problems of integrative study of Chinese geography in 5 to 10 years’, Acta Geographica Sinica, 60-4, 2005, pp. 546-552. 117) Song Changqing, Leng Shuying, ‘Characteristics and trend of modern geography and progresses of geographical research in China’, Advance in Earth Sciences, 20-6, 2005, pp. 595-599. 118) Song and Leng, op. cit., footnote 116).

Recent Progress of Human Geography in China : Retrospect and Prospect

Yanwei CHAI College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Pekin University Shangyi ZHOU School of Remote Sensing and Geography, Beijing Normal Universtity Yunlong CAI College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Pekin University Yan ZHANG College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Pekin University Liping WU School of Remote Sensing and Geography, Beijing Normal Universtity Guilan WENG Department of Geography, University of Washington

Th e great socio-economic transition and the process of globalization have profoundly infl u- enced human geography studies in China. During the transitional period, a large volume of re- search in Chinese human geography was launched and great progress has been achieved. In this paper, the authors provide a review of recent progress achieved in Chinese human geography mainly in the following fields : urban and regional development, cultural globalization and the 'cultural turn', improvement of quality of life and tourism development. As for urban and region- al development, urbanization studies during the process of globalization and socio -economic transitional period are of great importance, with the main features of urbanization, urban spatial restructuring and urban social problems. At the same time, this paper summarizes progress in cultural geography against the background of cultural globalization and the trend towards a cul- tural turn, concerning the expansion of cultural landscape studies, deeper analysis of cultural realms or regions and study of cultural space influenced by the ‘new cultural geography’. In addi- tion, recent progress in tourism geography in China is closely related to its application from a spatial perspective. Finally, several future research directions are highlighted and some sugges- tions are advanced for the future development of Chinese human geography. To sum up, al- though considerable progress has been achieved in applied research in recent years, human ge- ography studies in China are still relatively inadequate in theoretical and methodological exploration.

Key words : recent progress, human geography, prospect, China

― 21 ― 492 人文地理第59巻 第 6 号(2007)

中国における人文地理学の近年の進展 ―回顧と展望―

柴 彦威(北京大学都市与環境学院) 周 尚意(北京師範大学地理与遙感学院) 蔡 運龍(北京大学城市与環境学院) 張 艶(北京大学城市与環境学院) 呉 莉萍(北京師範大学地理与遙感学院) 翁 桂蘭(ワシントン大学地理学部)

社会経済の変化とグローバル化が中国の人文地理学研究に大きな影響を与えている。この移行期に中 国の人文地理学においては多くの研究が行われ,大きな進展を獲得してきた。本論文は中国の人文地理 学の近年の展開を展望するが,おもに以下の分野について述べている。それらは都市と地域の発展,文 化のグローバル化と「文化的転回」,生活の質の向上とツーリズムの発展である。都市と地域の発展に ついては,グローバル化と社会経済変化の下での都市化の研究が大きな位置を占めており,都市化の特 徴,都市空間の再編成,都市の社会問題が考察されている。また本論文では文化のグローバル化と文化 的転回の動向を背景とする文化地理学の進展について,文化景観研究の発展,文化的領域あるいは地域 の深い分析,「新しい文化地理学」の影響をうけた文化空間の研究を紹介している。そして中国におけ る観光地理学の近年の進展は,空間的視点の導入が深く関わっている。最後にいくつかの将来的な研究 の方向性を述べ,中国の人文地理学の将来的な発展についていくつかの提案を行っている。要約して言 えば,近年,応用的な研究についてはかなりの進展がみられたものの,中国の人文地理学研究は理論あ るいは方法についての探求についてなお相対的に不十分である。

キーワード:近年の進展,人文地理学,展望,中国

― 22 ―