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Bell Pepper Production in California

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Bell Pepper Production in California UC Vegetable Research BELL PEPPER PRODUCTION & Information Center IN CALIFORNIA TIM HartZ and Marita CANTWELL, University of California Cooperative Extension Specialists, Department of Plant VRIC.UCDAVIS.EDU Sciences, University of California, Davis; MICHELLE LESTRANGE, Vegetable Production Series RICHARD SMITH, JOSÉ AGUIAR, and OLEG DAUGOVISH, University of California Cooperative Extension Farm Advisors PRODUCTION AREAS AND SEASONS slow. Day temperatures of 75° to 85°F (24° to 30°C) California has four main bell pepper (Capsicum annu- with night temperatures about 15° to 20°F (9° to 12°C) um L.) production areas: the southern desert valleys lower are ideal for growth. Although tolerant of tem- (Imperial and Riverside Counties), Ventura County on peratures above 100°F (38°C), such extreme condi- the southern coast, the central coast (San Luis Obispo, tions during bloom can reduce effective pollination, Monterey, San Benito, and Santa Clara Counties), and fruit set, and yield. the Central Valley (Kern, Fresno, and San Joaquin Counties). VARIETIES AND PLANTING Fields in the southern desert valleys are transplant- TECHNIQUES ed in January or February for harvest from late April A wide range of varieties are grown for both fresh through June. In Ventura County planting occurs market and processing. These include varieties with in April and May for harvest from July through the traditional “blocky” 3- or 4-lobe shape as well as October. Along the central coast planting is done from longer, more pointed varieties known as European March to June for harvest from August to November. Lamuyo types. Small acreages of specialty “colored” Planting in the Central Valley begins in Kern County peppers (mature fruit color other than red) are also in February and proceeds northward over the next grown. Both hybrid and open-pollinated varieties are four months for harvest from late May to November. used, with the trend toward greater use of hybrids. For fall production in the southern desert valleys, Where hybrids are used, high seed cost mandates fields are transplanted in August for harvest from transplanting rather than direct seeding; open-polli- October to December. nated varieties can be either transplanted or seeded in the field. BELL PEPPER ACREAGE AND VALUE In the southern desert valleys and the coastal dis- Year Acreage Average yield Gross value/ tricts peppers are commonly grown using fumigation, (tons/acre) acre plastic mulch, and drip irrigation. Peppers for fresh market may also be staked for support, particularly 2004 19,000 20.0 $11,460 in fields to be harvested at mature fruit color. These 2005 23,000 18.5 $10,420 practices maximize earliness and yield and help com- 2006 28,000 16.5 $10,220 pensate for the high cost of land and water, particu- larly in the coastal areas. No support or mulch is used Source: USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, http://www.nass.usda.gov. for processing peppers. Elsewhere in the state, neither fumigation nor plastic mulching is common, although individual growers may utilize them. Bed width CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS varies from 30 to 72 inches (0.75 to 1.8 m), with one Bell pepper is a warm-season crop, sensitive to freez- or two rows of plants per bed; in-row plant spacing ing temperatures at any growth stage. The rate of seed ranges from 8 to 16 inches (20 to 40 cm). Where direct germination decreases rapidly below 77°F (25°C), seeding is done, 0.5 to 2 pounds of seed per acre (0.6 with germination below 68°F (20°C) exceedingly to 2.2 kg/ha) is used. Higher rates are used early UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu Publication 7217 2 • Bell Pepper Production in California in the season when soil temperature is suboptimal; pounds per acre (56 to 168 kg/ha) of K2O, depending pepper seed germinates slowly and erratically below on soil test value. 68°F (20°C). Regardless of irrigation technique, most P is Greenhouse production of bell pepper is common in applied preplant, usually in a banded application. Europe, Canada, and Mexico. In California greenhouse Where drip irrigation is used, nitrogen (N) and K production is still rare, but it likely to expand in com- are usually applied in numerous small fertigations ing years. Production under shade cloth is already an throughout the season. In conventionally irrigated established technique in the southern desert. fields, N and K are applied preplant and in one or more sidedressings; a late season water-run applica- SOILS tion can also be used. Many soil textures are used for bell pepper pro- Nitrogen fertilization rates tend to be very high, duction. Sandy soils are preferred for the earliest with many growers using more than 250 pounds per plantings because they warm more rapidly in the acre (336 kg/ha) seasonally. It is a widespread belief spring. Heavier soils can be quite productive, pro- that very high N rates increase plant vigor, foliage vided they are well drained and irrigated with care. cover, and fruit size, which in turn increases yield and Phytophthora root rot, a soilborne fungal disease, can decreases sunburn damage to fruit. This has not been be a serious problem in soils that receive excessive verified in replicated field tests, which have shown irrigation or rainfall. that 180 to 240 pounds per acre (201 to 268 kg/ha) of N is normally sufficient to produce maximum market- IRRIGATION able yield. In fields harvested over a prolonged period (more than a month), somewhat higher seasonal rates Statewide, at least half of bell pepper acreage is drip may be justified. irrigated, and the use of drip is increasing. Most drip systems employ lines buried 2 to 10 inches (5 to 25 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGMENT cm) deep, with either one or two drip lines per bed. The irrigation requirement is determined by weather- Detailed information about IPM for bell pepper is available in the UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines based reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimates and crop growth stage. The frequency of irrigation for Peppers, http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/ can vary from once or twice a week early in the sea- selectnewpest.peppers.html. Herbicides, insecticides, son to daily during times of peak water demand. and fungicides should always be used in compliance The remainder of California pepper acreage is pre- with label instructions. dominately furrow irrigated. Sprinkler irrigation is Weed Management sometimes employed for seedling establishment and Control of annual and perennial weeds is a serious early- season watering, but it is seldom used for the problem in pepper production. Nearly all nonfumi- entire production season. The frequency of furrow gated fields are treated with preplant or preemer- or sprinkler irrigation varies widely, depending on gence herbicides, or both; mechanical cultivation soil type, environmental conditions, and crop growth and hand-hoeing are usually also required to achieve stage. Although peppers are moderately deep-rooted, acceptable weed control. Since pepper shows slow they are quite sensitive to moisture stress. Stress dur- early-season growth and the choice of selective her- ing bloom can cause substantial reduction in fruit bicides is extremely limited, fields with heavy weed set, while stress during early fruit development can infestations should be avoided. Black plastic bed induce blossom end rot, a physiological disorder. mulch is an aid in weed control as is drip irrigation, Soil moisture stress can also minimize foliage cover, which reduces weed pressure by maintaining a drier increasing sunburning of fruit. soil surface. FERTILIZATION Insect Identification and Management Bell pepper is among the most heavily fertilized crops A wide variety of insect pests can cause severe dam- grown in California. Preplant phosphorus (P) appli- age to pepper plantings. Flea beetles (Epitrix and cation of 80 to 200 pounds per acre (90 to 224 kg/ Phyllotreta spp.), cutworms (Agrotis and Peridroma ha) of P2O5 is common; the higher rates are generally spp.), and wireworms (Limonius spp.) are common used on early-spring plantings or in strongly alkaline seedling pests that periodically require control mea- soils (> 7.5 pH). Many California soils have adequate sures. Later in the season, aphids (Myzus persicae) potassium (K), but in some areas K deficiency may be can build to damaging levels; more important, they encountered. Soils with ammonium acetate extract- serve as vectors for several serious virus diseases. able K less than 150 ppm should be fertilized with Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and tomato fruit- K; appropriate seasonal rates vary from 50 to 150 worm (Heliothis zea) can damage foliage as well as 3 • Bell Pepper Production in California fruit. Pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii) can be a be marginally beneficial in controlling subsequent serious pest of pepper fruit; damaging weevil popula- in-field spread of the viruses by colonizing aphids. tions are generally confined to Southern California. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is relatively common in In the southern areas tomato psyllid (Paratrioza cock- California pepper fields but does not often cause sig- erelli) and greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporari- nificant yield loss. Curly top virus, a disease vectored orum) may also require control measures. Leafminer by the beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus), appears (Liriomyza spp.) is not a serious primary pest in pep- periodically. It is most commonly observed in the per but can build to populations sufficient to defoliate Central Valley, although it may occur elsewhere; seri- plants where heavy use of broad-spectrum insec- ous economic loss from this virus is unusual. Tomato ticides (used for control of other pests) destroy the spotted wilt virus, a disease vectored by several spe- complex of beneficial insects that usually keep leaf- cies of thrips, can be locally severe; its incidence has miner populations in check.
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