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An Evaluation of Bulb Growth and Structure of Lachenalia Cv. Ronina

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An Evaluation of Bulb Growth and Structure of Lachenalia Cv. Ronina South Afncan Journal of Botany 2001, 67. 667- 670 Copynght © N/SC Ply Ltd Pnnted m South Afnca - All nghts reserveo SOUTH -AFRiCAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY ISSN 0254-6299 Short Communication An evaluation of bulb growth and structure of Lachena/ia cv. Ronina bulbs ES du Toit1*, PJ Robbertse1 and JG Niederwieser2 ' Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 2 Roodep/aat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 20 September 2000, accepted in revised form 30 May 2001 Lachenalia species are mainly winter and spring flower­ plants normally have a typical rhythmic, sympodial, ing bulbous plants endemic to South Africa and modular growth. At the time of planting the bulbs con­ Namibia and representatives of the Hyacinthaceae. The sisted of a swollen bulb scale (cataphyll) and two annual growth cycle of most species is characterised by swollen leaf bases (euphyll) of the previous module sur­ active leaf growth during autumn, flowering during win­ rounding the initials of the new module consisting of ter or spring, followed by leaf senescence and a dor­ two cataphylls, two euphyll primordia and an inflores­ mant period during the hot dry summer. Being a fairly cence primordium. No 'supernumery bulblets' were new introduction to the flower market, there is a observed in this cultivar, but at the end of the growing demand for high quality, marketable size bulbs, but due cycle daughter bulbs were detected in the axils of the to the lack of information regarding bulb growth and swollen leaf bases. structure, there is a great need for further research. The Lachenalia, endemic to South Africa and Namibia, consists Niederwieser (1998), but some additional details are still of winter and spring growing bulbous plants belonging to the required for a clear understanding of the phenological family Hyacinthaceae. Lachenalia cv. Ronina was devel­ changes of the plant during the growing season and storage oped through crosses between L. a/aides and L. reflexa of bulbs. (Hancke and Coertze 1988). The annual life cycle of L. cv. The objective of this study was to determine the develop­ Ronina is characterised by active leaf growth during autumn, ment of bulb units (growth modules) up to marketable sizes a long flowering period from winter to spring, followed by leaf and to describe the annual growth cycle of Lachenalia cv. senescence and a dormant period during the hot dry sum­ Ron ina. mer (Duncan 1988). This kind of growth cycle, with a definite Sixteen-month-old bulbs (±1g), 4cm in circumference, dormant phase, is one of the main reasons why Lachenalia were selected after the growing season of Year I. bulbs show great potential as an ornam ental to be used as Temperatu re, day length and light intensity throughout Year pot plants, cu t flowers or as garden plants massed in formal I followed a natural, seasonal pattern characteristic for the beds and borders during dull winter seasons. Pretoria region. At the end of the growing season in early Information on the onset and duration of various stages of summer the bulbs were collected and stored dry at 2s•c bulb growth and development for a quality end-product is not until autumn of Year II. When this experiment started, a tem­ yet available for Lachenalia commercialisation and manipu­ perature regime representing the monthly average minimum lation of bulb growth is dependant on an understanding of and maximum temperature for the Pretoria region, was cho­ bulb construction. Most bulbs are constructed by a series of sen for growing these bulbs to a flowering export quality size morphologically equal, consecutive units or modules and are (±8g). therefore described as modular (Bell 1991 ). Each module of Four hundred bulbs were planted separately in 9cm plas­ the Lachenalia bulb is a sympodium (Roodbol and tic pots contai ning sterilised peatmoss as growth medium Niederwieser 1998) which means that it is comprised of a and grown in a temperature controlled cabinet (Model PGW- series of units which are determinate due to the consump­ 36, Conviron, Canada} at 22.C/1o•c day/night, with 14 tion of the apical bud during inflorescence development (Bell hours illumination at ±200J.1mol.m2.s·1 PAR. Bulbs were 1991). Th e bulb structure was described by Roodbol and watered three times a week to field capacity, but from mid- 668 Du Toil, Robbertse and Niederwieser August (22 weeks after planting) watering frequencies were M1l2) from the discarded leaf laminas of the previous mod­ gradually decreased and temperatures were increased to ule (module 1} . The new module (module 2} comprises two 32°C/20°C until mid-October (30 weeks after planting) when cataphylls (M2C 1; M2C2} and two green leaves (M2L1 ; no water was applied and day-night temperatures were M2l2) which enclose the differentiating terminal inflores­ raised to a constant 35°C to force bulbs into a dormant stage cence (M21nf} for Year II. At this stage the root primordia are before storage. Ten bulbs were randomly collected at 2 already present around the periphery of the basal plate. week intervals during the growing season and the remaining The cataphylls are neotenic leaves (reaching maturity in bulbs were harvested on the 151h of November and stored at the primordial stage) and are mainly devoid of chlorophyll 25°C for ultimate flower production. above the soil, therefore typical scale leaves which will usu­ Every fourth week the dry weight and circumference of the ally not grow out of the bulb to produce a lamina, but play an sampled bulbs were measured. Since growth was mainly important role in protecting the young apical bud (Bell1991 }. the result of morphological changes in the bulb, it was also necessary to look at bulb structure. Morphological studies were therefore conducted on these bulbs by means of seri· a) M2Ll .M2L2 al hand sections, ± 1mm thick, made at planes perpendicu­ lar and parallel to the axis of the bulb. Sections were stained with toliudine blue and studied, using a dissection micro­ MI C2--~r::/' : scope. MILl----~~~~ Figure 1 illustrates the sigmoidal growth pattern of the ·- --~_,_ . bulbs expressed in terms of circumference and dry mass. M 1L2 ---HK;-;-...,.....,....-,~~<!- During the first 14 weeks, after planting, bulbs showed a M2Ct-l-l-........,~­ slight increase in their dry mass and circumference, proba­ bly due to the root system that developed extensively during M2C2---iH'-~--I~ water uptake and the reduction in bulb size which will be dis· cussed under 'Bulb structure'. After anthesis (±22 weeks after planting) , the bulb size increased markedly reaching an average of 8.83cm during August. From mid-August (±22 weeks after planting) to mid-November (at harvest) bulb dry mass decreased, probably due to the reducing watering fre­ quency, deterioration of inflorescence parts as well as the cataphyll becoming more tunicate. Figure 2a and b is diagrammatic illustrations of the 'Ronina' bulb structure at the time of planting. The bulb con­ sisted of two modules, namely the new module (module 2) b) M2Inf situated inside the previous year's module (module 1). Similar development was described in L. cv. Romelia (Roodbol and Niederwieser 1998), but during this study dif­ ferences in the modular growth pattern, as well as in plant parts described, have been observed within bulbs of cultlvar Ronina. In Figure 2a it is shown that a bulb module consists of a dry papery tunic which was the 2nd cataphyll (M1C2) In the old module (Year 1}, two thickened leaf bases (M1 L1; 10 ·····-·········-····································-········-··············· .. ··················-········· 2.5 9 8 7 Figure 2: Illustration of the modular growth pattern at the stage of 6 planting. a) Cross section of a bulb illustrating the development of a E' 5 ~ new apical bud (module). b) Diagram of the construction of a mod­ 4 ular structure. 3 lnf -- lnflorescence 2 Db -- daughter bulbs L1 -leaf L2 -- second leaf 0 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 C1 -- cataphyll (bract) C2 -- cataphyll (true bulb scale) Weeks M1 -- Module 1 M2 -- Module 2 Figure 1: Sigmoidal growth pattern of bulbs in terms of circumfer­ Ab-- Apical bud (containing C1, C2, L 1, L2 and inflorescence, thus ence (em) and dry mass (g) from harvesting to planting a new growth module) Soulh African Journal of Bolany 2001 , 67 667- 670 669 The scale has also no terminal scar as in the case of the leaf bases (Rees 1969). Two weeks after planting, the leaves and their 2nd cata­ phyll were visible above the substrate. This bulb scale (M2C2). which enclosed the leaves early in the season, extends its semi-transparent membranous distal part above the substrate during this period, but seldom produces a lam­ ina. At the end of the growing season this scale becomes mainly tunicate. According to Roodbol and Niederwieser (1998) this cataphyll is called a thin bract and in cultivar Romella it also enclosed the two leaves early in the growing season and is visible above the soil within four weeks after planting. Approximately six weeks after planting the young apical a bud (module 2) was fully developed and clearly visible inside the bulbs (Figure 3a). Th e 1st cataphyll of the new module (M2C1), enclosing the leaves and the young differentiating inflorescence, never grew out with the leaves, but instead was reduced in size to become a small bract at anthesis and disintegrates during senescence of aerial parts with the result that it is often missed or even absent at the time of bulb inspection. This bract is morphologically the true pro­ phyll which is the leaf at the first (proximal) node on a shoot (Bell1991}.
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