Tree Anatomy I
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Seed Germination of the Corpse Giant Flower Amorphophallus Titanum
Latifah and Purwantoro - Seed Germination of The Corpse Giant Flower Amorphophallus titanum SEED GERMINATION OF THE CORPSE GIANT FLOWER Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc. Ex Arcang: THE INFLUENCE OF TESTA [Perkecambahan Biji Bunga Bangkai Raksasa Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc. ex Arcang: Pengaruh Testa] Dian Latifah and RS Purwantoro 1Center for Plant Conservation-Bogor Botanic Garden, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Jl. Ir. H. Juanda no.13, Bogor, Indonesia 16122 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Amorphophallus titanum is famous as the gigantic inflorescense and economically prospective due to its 20% glucomannan contents. Various cultivation techniques including germination have been conducted due to the delay in the seed germination of Amorphophallus titanum. Previous studies revealed that A. titanum seeds has not produced faster and better germination rate. Therefore this research was aimed to test the following hypotheses: (1) Fruit pericarp and the pericarp inhibited the germination, (2) testa/seed coat inhibited germination, (3) GA3hormone promoted the germination rate. The germination pattern was also monitored. The experiments consisted of: Experiment 1: sowing the fruit with the seeds inside and Experiment 2 with two treatments: testa peeling and GA3 hormone treatments. The results of Experiment 1 showed that the fruit pericarp and the pericarp inhibited the germination for 124 days. Experiment 2 resulted in: (1) the delay of the germination for 7-35 days caused by the testa/seed coat, (2) GA3 hormone promoted the germination rate 2.19 coefficient of germination rate; and higher GA3 (1000 ppm) may enhance the seedling growth (reached the highest 23.6 ± 1.3).We also recorded developmental stages from the seed germination, first-leaf emergence and tuber development in series of photographs overtime during the experimental period. -
Tree Planting Guide
City of Bellingham Tree Planting Guide This guide provides you with resources for planting trees in the city. Using the right tree in the right place, and maintaining it correctly will provide healthy, beautiful trees whose benefits can be enjoyed by the community for many years. Why plant trees? ....................... page 1 Get a Street Tree Permit First.... page 2 Check the Site & Choose the Right Tree……........ page 3 Plant it Right………………...……page 4 Four trees are removed for every one planted in most American cities. Help it Grow ……...……………… pg 5 & 6 A single large average tree absorbs 26 pounds of CO2 per year. Resources………………………… pg 6 Each vehicle spews out approximately 100 pounds of CO2 per year. Why Plant Trees? Trees in an urban area increase quality of life by: Air quality and cleansing - A typical person uses 386 lb. of oxygen per year. A healthy 32 ft. tall ash tree can produce about 260 lb. of oxygen annually. Two of these trees would supply the oxygen needs of a person each year! Improved water quality - The canopy of a street tree intercepts rain, reducing the amount of water that will fall on pavement and then be removed by a storm water system. Heating & Cooling Costs - A mature tree canopy reduces air temperatures by about 5 to 10° F, influencing the internal temperatures of nearby buildings. Trees divert wind in the winter and increase winter-time temperatures. Increased home sales prices - When homes with equivalent features are evaluated, a 6% increase to the value is associated with nearby trees. Soil Stabilization - Tree roots stabilize soil, helping to minimize erosion. -
Goethe's Plant Morphology: the Seeds of Evolution
JIDRJournalofInterdisciplinaryResearch Goethe’s Plant Morphology: The Seeds of Evolution TANYA KELLEY It has long been debated whether botanist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778), and the scientific writing of Johann the continuous view of nature, as Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) exemplified in the work of the English provided the seeds for the theory of naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882). evolution. Scholars have argued both Although best known for his sides with equal passion. German literary works, such as Faust, Die Leiden biologist and philosopher, Ernst Haeckel des jungen Werther, and Wilhelm (1834-1919) wrote, “Jean and Lamarck Meister, Goethe was also deeply and Wolfgang Goethe stand at the head involved with the sciences. Some of his of all the great philosophers of nature biographers lament that Goethe’s literary who first established a theory of organic productivity was impeded by all the time development, and who are the illustrious he spent pursuing his interests in fellow workers of Darwin.”1 Taking the comparative anatomy, metallurgy, opposite stance was Chancellor of Berlin meteorology, color theory and botany.3 University, Emil du Bois Reymond Goethe himself said that he valued his (1818-1896). Du Bois was embarrassed work as a scientist more than his poetic by Goethe’s forays into science. He work.4 He pursued a wide range of wrote, “Beside the poet, the scientist interests over the course of his 83 years Goethe fades into the background. Let of life. Until the very end of his life he us at long last put him to rest.”2 I argue was vitally interested in science. -
What Makes a Tree
Trees 101 Structure, Function, Identification, Jargon Pam Zipse Outreach Coordinator, Rutgers Urban Forestry Program of NJAES urbanforestry.rutgers.edu NJ Licensed Tree Expert # 426 NJ Certified Teacher of Biological Science # 863775 Defining a Tree What is a Tree? • A woody perennial plant, typically having a single stem or trunk growing to a considerable height and bearing lateral branches at some distance from the ground. What is a Tree? • A large water pump facilitating moisture exchange for energy conversion and food production. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis • For a tree to be healthy, it must be able to carry out photosynthesis. • Carbon Dioxide + Water in the presence of light , yields Sugar + Oxygen LIGHT CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ Photosynthesis • So what does a tree need to be able to successfully carry out photosynthesis? • Carbon Dioxide (Air) • Water • Light Photosynthesis • Anything that inhibits a tree’s ability to carry out photosynthesis… • Anything that prevents a tree from pumping water and cycling air… • is going to harm the tree! Forestry is Common Sense Elevated to a Science Structure and Function… Beginners Guide to Tree Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy & Physiology (Structure & Function) • Tree Anatomy deals with the structure of trees. – What are the parts of a tree? • Tree Physiology deals with the functions and activities of these parts. – How does a tree grow? How does a tree grow? How does a tree grow? • Trees grow from the outside out and from the top up. How does a tree grow? • The cambium is the living layer of actively dividing cells located just inside the bark that produces a new growth ring each year. -
Understanding the Origin and Rapid Diversification of the Genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae), Integrating Molecular Phylogenetics, Morphology and Fossils
University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Dissertations UMSL Graduate Works 8-3-2011 Understanding the origin and rapid diversification of the genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae), integrating molecular phylogenetics, morphology and fossils Monica Maria Carlsen University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Carlsen, Monica Maria, "Understanding the origin and rapid diversification of the genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae), integrating molecular phylogenetics, morphology and fossils" (2011). Dissertations. 414. https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation/414 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mónica M. Carlsen M.S., Biology, University of Missouri - St. Louis, 2003 B.S., Biology, Universidad Central de Venezuela – Caracas, 1998 A Thesis Submitted to The Graduate School at the University of Missouri – St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Biology with emphasis in Ecology, Evolution and Systematics June 2011 Advisory Committee Peter Stevens, Ph.D. (Advisor) Thomas B. Croat, Ph.D. (Co-advisor) Elizabeth Kellogg, Ph.D. Peter M. Richardson, Ph.D. Simon J. Mayo, Ph.D Copyright, Mónica M. Carlsen, 2011 Understanding the origin and rapid diversification of the genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae), integrating molecular phylogenetics, morphology and fossils Mónica M. Carlsen M.S., Biology, University of Missouri - St. Louis, 2003 B.S., Biology, Universidad Central de Venezuela – Caracas, 1998 Advisory Committee Peter Stevens, Ph.D. -
Managing Lenticel Breakdown – Don’T Get Caught by the Snowball
Managing Lenticel Breakdown – Don’t get caught by the snowball Rob Blakey Stemilt Growers LLC, Wenatchee, WA (Formerly Washington State University, Prosser, WA) [email protected] Lenticel breakdown and other lenticel‐related disorders can be serious quality defects on apples. As with any fruit defect, it is important to correctly diagnose the defect to adapt management practices accordingly. Lenticel breakdown can be misdiagnosed as calcium burn, mild lenticel blotch pit, blister spot (Pseudomonas syringae), lenticel sunburn, bitter pit, and early stage speck rot (Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis) in Washington, etc. For diagnosis assistance, the reader is referred to the Lenticel Related Disorders Matrix from WSU (bit.ly/LenticelDisorders). Lenticel breakdown symptoms express after postharvest handling, but damage is set‐up pre‐ harvest when fruit grow rapidly and micro‐cracks develop in the fruit cuticle the epidermis and hypodermis (skin) cells are exposed to aggravation and desiccation. Symptoms are associated with lenticels because these cuticle micro‐cracks are often associated with lenticels and the lenticel provides an access point for aggravants and water egress which can eventually result in cell death and pitting around the lenticel. Aggravants may be dust, environmental protectant spray particles, salts dissolved in water, or agro‐chemicals. Lower risk fruit are generally: smaller, firmer, have less starch clearing, lower soluble solids, higher titratable acidity, lower K, Mg, and N, and higher Ca. Lenticel breakdown is most typically seen in Gala and Fuji in Washington. Lenticel breakdown is caused by a number of factors, with these factors accumulating over time (i.e. ‘snowballing’ and finally resulting in severe losses from lenticel breakdown. -
Pruning Young Trees Proper Pruning Is Essential in Developing a Tree with a Strong Structure and Desirable Form
Pruning Young Trees Proper pruning is essential in developing a tree with a strong structure and desirable form. Trees that receive the appropriate pruning measures while they are young will require less corrective pruning as they mature. Keep these few simple principles in mind before pruning a tree: • Always have a purpose in mind before making a cut. Each cut has the potential to change the growth of the tree. • Poor pruning can cause damage that lasts for the life of the tree. Learn where and how to make the cuts before picking up the pruning tools. • Trees do not heal the way people do. When a tree is wounded, it must grow over the damage. As a result, the wound is contained within the tree forever. • Small cuts do less damage to the tree than large cuts. Correcting issues when a tree is young will reduce the need for more drastic pruning later. 2 Making the Cut Pruning cut location is critical to a tree’s growth and wound closure response. Make pruning cuts just outside the branch collar to avoid damaging the trunk and compromising wound responses. Improper pruning cuts may lead to permanent internal decay. 1 If a large branch must be shortened, prune it back to a secondary branch or a bud. Cuts made between buds or branches may lead to stem decay, sprout production, and misdirected growth. 3 Pruning Tools Small branches can be cut easily with hand pruners. Scissor-type or bypass-blade hand pruners are preferred over the anvil type as they make cleaner, more accurate cuts. -
Tree Identification ISA Certified Arborist
Panelists: (comprised of urban foresters and certified arborists) • John Warner, Texas A&M Forest Service, Facilitator • Jordy Herrin, Texas A&M Forest Service, Chat box monitor • Mark Kroeze, Texas A&M Forest Service • Jack Hill, Burditt Consultants, LLC • Michael Gabrielse, Burditt Consultants, LLC What we will cover today in All About Trees Tree Pruning: Why prune, pruning types, pruning guidelines, wound wood, codominant stems, bad pruning habits, physiological characteristics of trees Tree Planting: Proper planting, when to plant, planting stock Tree Facts & Quiz Tree Root Architecture Small absorbing roots Lateral roots Sinker roots Taproot = Topping a tree is considered a healthy way of pruning. True or False? False! Topping, de- horning, hat-racking or what ever you want to call it is NOT recognized by any of the professional arboriculture organizations, urban forestry professionals or certified arborists as an approved method of pruning. Pruning Trees Proper pruning helps keep plants’ attractive and vigorous and will add years to the plant’s health. Many people are apprehensive about pruning, but knowing how, when and why to prune will end these fears. Basic Pruning Questions May include but are not limited to: – Three D’s – Dead, Dying or Diseased – Improve Tree Structure & Form – Crowded – Reducing risk – Potential hazards – Improving aesthetics – Satisfying a specific need Basic Pruning Guidelines •Prune first for safety, next for health, and finally for aesthetics. •Never prune trees that are touching or near utility lines; instead consult your local utility company. •Always have a reason for pruning •TREES DO NOT HEAL THEY SEAL Basic Pruning Guidelines • Remove broken or hanging limbs immediately before they fall. -
Tree Pruning: the Basics! Pruning Objectives!
1/12/15! Tree Pruning: The Basics! Pruning Objectives! Improve Plant Health! Safety! Aesthetics! Bess Bronstein! [email protected] Direct Growth! Pruning Trees Increase Flowers & Fruit! Remember-! Leaf, Bud & Branch Arrangement! ! Plants have a genetically predetermined size. Pruning cant solve all problems. So, plant the right plant in the right way in the right place.! Pruning Trees Pruning Trees 1! 1/12/15! One year old MADCap Horse, Ole!! Stem & Buds! Two years old Three years old Internode Maple! Ash! Horsechestnut! Dogwood! Oleaceae! Node Caprifoliaceae! Most plants found in these genera and families have opposite leaf, bud and branch arrangement.! Pruning Trees Pruning Trees One year old Node & Internode! Stem & Buds! Two years old Three years old Internode Node! • Buds, leaves and branches arise here! Bud scale scars - indicates yearly growth Internode! and tree vigor! • Stem area between Node nodes! Pruning Trees Pruning Trees 2! 1/12/15! One year old Stem & Buds! Two years old Dormant Buds! Three years old Internode Bud scale scars - indicates yearly growth and tree vigor! Node Latent bud - inactive lateral buds at nodes! Latent! Adventitious" Adventitious bud! - found in unexpected areas (roots, stems)! Pruning Trees Pruning Trees One year old Epicormic Growth! Stem & Buds! Two years old Three years old Growth from dormant buds, either latent or adventitious. Internode These branches are weakly attached.! Axillary (lateral) bud - found along branches below tips! Bud scale scars - indicates yearly growth and tree vigor! Node -
Lenticels of Different Plant Species
University of Pretoria etd – Bezuidenhout, J L J (2005) CHAPTER 3 LENTICEL ONTOGENY OF ‘TOMMY ATKINS’, ‘KEITT’ AND ‘KENT’ FRUIT ABSTRACT Lenticels differentiate from existing stomata that lose their function and protrude above the fruit surface as a result of rapid anticlinal cell divisions in the epidermis of the exocarp. Based on the comparative study between different mango cultivars and mature marula fruit, it seems as if the absence of a cork cambium and cork cells in the mango lenticel could be one of the most important reasons for lenticel discolouration. An interaction between naturally occurring pigments and sap from the resin ducts in the exocarp appears to be another contributing factor for lenticel discolouration. 3.1 INTRODUCTION Lenticels can be found on the surface of stems, old roots and on several fruit types, including apples, pears, avocados and mangos (Dietz et al., 1988). In the absence of stomata will the lenticels take over the vitally important process of gaseous exchange needed for photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration (Mauseth, 1988). Postharvest discolouration of mango lenticels is a serious problem, since the resultant black markings on the fruit skin are unacceptable to consumers, consequently depreciating the economic value of the fruit (O’Hare and Prasad, 1992). The degree of lenticel discolouration may vary in different mango cultivars. In South Africa, ‘TA’ and ‘Keitt’ are two of the most important cultivars susceptible to lenticel discolouration, whereas ‘Kent’ is not known to problematic in that aspect. According to Dietz et al. (1988), mango fruit lenticels may develop from either pre-existing stomata, or from rupturing of the epidermis. -
Current U.S. Forest Data and Maps
CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA AND MAPS Forest age FIA MapMaker CURRENT U.S. Forest ownership TPO Data FOREST DATA Timber harvest AND MAPS Urban influence Forest covertypes Top 10 species Return to FIA Home Return to FIA Home NEXT Productive unreserved forest area CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA (timberland) in the U.S. by region and AND MAPS stand age class, 2002 Return 120 Forests in the 100 South, where timber production West is highest, have 80 s the lowest average age. 60 Northern forests, predominantly Million acreMillion South hardwoods, are 40 of slightly older in average age and 20 Western forests have the largest North concentration of 0 older stands. 1-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-99 100- 120- 140- 160- 200- 240- 280- 320- 400+ 119 139 159 199 240 279 319 399 Stand-age Class (years) Return to FIA Home Source: National Report on Forest Resources NEXT CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA Forest ownership AND MAPS Return Eastern forests are predominantly private and western forests are predominantly public. Industrial forests are concentrated in Maine, the Lake States, the lower South and Pacific Northwest regions. Source: National Report on Forest Resources Return to FIA Home NEXT CURRENT U.S. Timber harvest by county FOREST DATA AND MAPS Return Timber harvests are concentrated in Maine, the Lake States, the lower South and Pacific Northwest regions. The South is the largest timber producing region in the country accounting for nearly 62% of all U.S. timber harvest. Source: National Report on Forest Resources Return to FIA Home NEXT CURRENT U.S. -
Morphological Description of Plants: New Perspectives in Development and Evolution
® International Journal of Plant Developmental Biology ©2010 Global Science Books Morphological Description of Plants: New Perspectives in Development and Evolution 1* 2 Emilio Cervantes • Juana G . de Diego 1 IRNASA-CSIC. Apartado 257. 37080. Salamanca. Spain 2 Dept Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Campus Miguel de Unamuno. Universidad de Salamanca. Spain Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT The morphological description of plants has been fundamental in the history of botany and provided the keys for taxonomy. Nevertheless, in biology, a discipline governed by the interest in function and based on reductionist approaches, the analysis of forms has been relegated to second place. Plants contain organs and structures that resemble geometrical forms. Plant ontogeny may be seen as a sequence of growth processes including periods of continuous growth with modification that stop at crucial points often represented by structures of remarkable similarity to geometrical figures. Instead of the tradition in developmental studies giving more importance to animal models, we propose that the modular type of plant development may serve to remark conceptual aspects in that may be useful in studies with animals and contribute to original views of evolution. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: concepts, description, geometry, structure INTRODUCTION: PLANTS OFFER NEW reflects a more general situation in Biology, a discipline APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT that has matured from the experimental protocols and views of biochemistry, where the predominant role of experimen- The study of development is today a major biological disci- tation has contributed to a decline in basic aspects that need pline. Although it was traditionally more focused in animal to be more descriptive, such as those related with mor- systems, increased emphasis in plant development may phology.