Cockatrice Aumbry at Canterbury Faire. The aumbry was built by Baron Richard d’Allier and the table styled by Baronessa Isabel Maria del Aguila February A.S. 50 February AS 50 Cockatrice Table of Contents Contributions As I Me Walked Crispin Sexi ____________________________________________________ page 4 Medieval Song: An Introduction Ludwig von Regensburg ___ _________________________________________ page 12 Cockatrice Cooks: Plumesye The Editor _____________ page 20 The A-Team: Part Two Anton de Stoc _______ __________________ page 24 Announcements Mediveal Science In Ye Tavern ____________________________________ page 11 Columns From the Editor ________________________________________________ page 2 Cockatrice FAQs _______________________________________________ page 27 This is the February AS 50 (2015 ) edition of Cockatrice, a publication of the Kingdom of Lochac of the Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc. (SCA, Inc.). Cockatrice is an email publication only via subscription with the editor. It is not a corporate publication of SCA, Inc., and does not delineate SCA, Inc. policies. Credits for this is6ue: Cover Art: Isabel Maria del Aguila, ©2016, Used with permission Photos and Art: p.10, Isabel Maria del Aguila, ©2016, Used with permission p.19, Bob Bain, ©2016, Used with permission ` p.20 Quentin McLaren, ©2015, Used with permission Articles: p. 4, Jaysen Ollerenshaw, ©2015, Used with permission p. 12.Patrick Bowman, ©2016, Used with permission p. 20, Josie Welch ©2016 Used with permission p. 24, Ian Whitchurch, ©2015, Used with permission 2 February AS 50 Cockatrice From the Editor Greetings! This is a musical edition of Cockatrice Faire was an excellent event with plenty with two excellent articles on period of interesting Arts and Sciences on songs. One of my highlights of display; fashion, dancing, cookery, Canterbury Faire was sitting outside at woodwork, book binding to name a few. night and singing so both brought back If you taught a class I would welcome some happy memories that helped with contributions based on your class notes! the post-Faire blues! I am looking forward to reading your contributions in 2016 To contact the Editor email: En servicio [email protected] Elisabetta Foscari Cockatrice Website: http://cockatrice.lochac.sca.org Cockatrice Calendar AS 50 (2016) May 51 Edition Submissions due 1 April Published 1 May August 51 Edition Submissions due 1 July Published 1 August Cockatrice Team Editor: Signora Onorata Elisabetta Foscari Deputy Editor (Website): Lord Theophrastus von Oberstockstall To contact the Cockatrice team email : [email protected] 3 February AS 50 Cockatrice As I Me Walked Baron Crispin Sexi Were you a round in the 16th century? "As I Me Walked" was! This short song has been noted down in three different manuscripts that I am aware of. The manuscripts are: ♣ The Winchester Anthology, c 1487-1574 ♣ The Lant Roll, 1580 ♣ Ravenscroft's Pammelia, 1609 The Winchester Anthology, c 1487-1574 The Winchester Anthology, full of stories, recipes and diverse other writings, has a small set of rounds almost at the back of the book, making them likely to date from towards the end of the range given for the writing of this book. Curiously these rounds occur after five ruled but otherwise mostly blank pages that follow a set of medicial recipes. ___, Additional MS 60577 (The Winchester Anthology) , St Swithun's Priory, Winchester, c 1487-1574. 4 Available on the British Library website at http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Add_MS_60577&index=0 February AS 50 Cockatrice The Lant Roll, 1580 The Lant Roll is a long and narrow scroll containing 57 rounds, with "As I Me Walked" at number 11. The introduction written at the start of the scroll says the rounds were collected and gathered by Thomas Lant. Lant, Thomas, MS Rowe 1 (The Lant Roll) , 1580 . Not pubished anywhere at time of writing, but it's available from King's College Library in Cambridge. I have a copy if you'd like to see it . Ravenscroft's Pammelia, 1609 Ravenscroft's books of rounds and airs, printed in the early 17th century, contain hundreds of rounds and are the source of most rounds we sing in the SCA. Many Ravenscroft rounds also occur in the Lant Roll and the Winchester Anthology, showing that the Ravenscroft books are also collections rather than original works. 5 February AS 50 Cockatrice Ravenscroft, Thomas, Pammelia. Musicks Miscellanie. Or, Mixed Varietie of Pleasant Roundelayes, and Delightfull Catches, of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Parts In One , William Barley, London, 1609. Available from Greg Lindahl's website at http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/ ravenscroft/ Since we have three editions of this round, we can compare them! The Words The three versions show slight changes in spelling, with the latest manuscript closer to our modern spelling than the earliest one, especially noticable in the transition from "hard" to "harde" and then to "heard". However in all three there is a consistency in the words used. The earlier two of the three versions of this round only have one verse: As I me walked, in a may morning, I heard a bird sing, . cuckoo. May is spring in the northern hemisphere, so the song starts out with the 6 February AS 50 Cockatrice subJect of a pleasant stroll in nature at a time of year associated with vigour of growth, blossoms, lambing, and of course love. The pause in the music then makes the call of "cuckoo" a sudden surprise. The use of cuckoo as a term for a crazy person appears to be post-period, however a meaning of "stupid" dates back as far as the 1580s (Dictionary.com ). Another period connotation of "cockoo" is "cuckold"; a husband with an unfaithful/adulterous wife, also used as a verb, for example "to cukold a man" meaning the act of his wife being unfaithful. This term probably refers to the practice of cuckoos laying their eggs in the nests of other birds. So, we have a person out walking when they are suddenly and unexpectedly reminded of being away from their home and their potentially unfaithful partner. The Ravenscroft version of the song has three additional verses that build on the cuckold theme, talking about what the cuckoo/wife claimed she was up to, and how married men (and those thinking of marrying) should learn this song, all the time with the cry of "cuckoo" echoing in their ears: She nodded up and down, and swore all by her crown, she had friends in the town, . cuckoo. All you that married be, learn this song of me, so shall we not agree, . cuckoo. All young men in this throng, to marry that think it long, come learn of me this song, . cuckoo. The Music The three versions of this song are not at the same pitch. Winchester begins on G, with an accidental f-sharp marked in. This would make it technically in the mixolydian mode, however to our modern ear it sounds like G MaJor. Lant and Ravenscroft have transposed the melody to start on C, making it use the newly popular ionian mode which the maJor keys we now use are based on. 7 February AS 50 Cockatrice Each of the manuscripts contain a symbol like .S. at the word "in" on the seventh beat of the music, to show where the next singer of the round should Join in from the beginning of the song. This gives a harmonic section 6 beats long, and despite Renaissance music not having bars as such, hints that the rhythm would be in what we now refer to as 3:4 time. When the round is sung with all the parts, the harmonic progression is I II VI Vsus4 V I. Lant makes a slight deviation to I II I Vsus4 V I due to moving the "a" note of "I heard a". All three versions of the music have the suspended 4 th which resolves on the following chord, a common flourish in Renaissance music. Winchester uses one semibreve per beat, where the later Lant and Ravenscroft versions use minims for the beat. This echos the general shift in musical notation over the years, where eventually crotchets become the beat during the baroque and classical era. Apart from that, there are very few changes in the wide ranging melody from one manuscript to the next. The fragment of melody at "I heard a" is different in each, although not making a substantial change to the harmony. Each manuscript shows that when one gets to the end one should continue singing from the beginning, indicated by writing the start of the music and/or text again. The later manuscipts deal with this in a more concise and regular manner. Unusually for a round, the Winchester Anthology repeats the melody starting with a different note. Scansion The Ravenscroft version has an anacrusis marked by a barline after the first note. Lant does not indicate an anacrusis, however the manuscript does have anacruses on other rounds. Winchester has "sowre etc" written under the beginning of the melody. Apparently "sowre" is an archaic spelling of sour, but I have no idea what that indicates for this song. Otherwise Winchester has no indication of an anacrusis. This difference alters where the lyrics fall relative to the first beat of the bar, 8 February AS 50 Cockatrice underlined in the following examples: Lant / Winchester: As I me walk-ed in a may morn-ing I heard a bird sing . cuckoo. Ravenscroft: As I me walk-ed in a may morn-ing I heard a bird sing . cuckoo. Of note, Lant and Winchester only have one syllable tied across a barline (may), where Ravenscroft has three ("walk-", "bird" and "cuck-").