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Language Features in the Catcher in the Rye

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Language Features in the Catcher in the Rye Journal of Literature and Art Studies, August 2015, Vol. 5, No. 8, 601-605 doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2015.08.004 D DAVID PUBLISHING Language Features in The Catcher in the Rye JING Jing Changchun University, Changchun, China The Catcher in the Rye was the first novel by Jerome David Salinger, published in 1951. The book is considered as one of American literature classics in the 20th century and releases six million copies in various versions in the world. This paper mainly introduces how Salinger uses the first person technique through the novel, the anti-tradition language features and it also introduces the usage of stream of consciousness in the novel. Keywords: the first person technique, language feature, the anti-tradition feature Introduction Jerome David Salinger (1919–2010) is a very popular American author. He had not published any work in 34 years until 1999 when he published his new novel Harper Watts. He produced a lot of novels, short stories, and novellas, among which the most prominent is The Catcher in the Rye, which has been outstanding at three aspects: anti-tradition, first person technique, and stream of consciousness. Shortly after its publication, writing for The New York Times, Nash K. Burger called it “an unusually brilliant novel” (Burger, 1951), while James Stern wrote an admiring review of the book in a voice imitating Holden’s. Up to the 21st century, The Catcher in the Rye has become a classic of contemporary American literature and has been selected as one of the hundred best English novels between 1993 and 2005. Over a long time, criticism is centered on the novel on the moral degeneration, nihilism, sex description, and excessive use of vulgar language, etc. An angry parent applies statistics to the foul language in the novel: There are 237 “Goddamn”, 58 “bastard”, 31“Chris sake”, and 6 “fuck”. In the 1970s, several American high school teachers were forced to resign because of teaching The Catcher in the Rye. But time is the most impartial judge. Up to the 21st century, this book has becom famous all over the whole world and the total sales of all versions of the book have been up to 65 million copies. Nowadays, the language style has become a characteristic of the novel. Many scholars study The Catcher in the Rye’s language features and artistic style around the world. This novel has a significant status in American literature. This thesis aims at revealing its language features: anti-tradition, the first person technique, and stream of consciousness. Anti-Tradition Language is a chronicler of the times. The Catcher in the Rye is not only a successful description of the status of the United States after the World War II and the mental state of the American youth, but also accurately and vividly record the language habits of the American youth. American critic Donald once said: We can see the language of The Catcher in the Rye is informal and colloquial art show of American teenagers. It has JING Jing, Master, Lecturer, School of Foreign Languages, Changchun University 602 LANGUAGE FEATURES IN THE CATCHER IN THE RYE typical, common features and individuality; it is vulgar, slang and lack of accuracy, with imitation marks, without losing the creativity. (Donald, 1953, p. 53) Firstly, the vulgar or crude words can be seen in any situations in the novel. Holden’s mouth was closed with “damn”, “goddamn”, and “hell”, for example, when he mentioned that he was fond of the red cap, he used “goddamn hunting cap” and called his luggage was “my goddamn bags”. In daily life, for the people and things which Holden did not like, he could not but to scorn. In the middle of the second chapter, Holden used such words to describe the principal of the original school: They were coming in the goddamn window. For instance, they had this headmaster, Mr. Haas that was the phoniest bastard I ever met in my life. Ten times worse than old Thurmer. He’d be charming as hell and all. Except if some boy had little old funny-looking parents. You should’ve seen the way he did with my roommate’s parents. I mean if a boy’s mother was sort of fat or corny-looking or something, and if somebody’s father was one of those guys that wear those suits with very big shoulders corny black-and-white shoes, then old Hans would just shake hands with them and give them a phony smile and then he’d go talk, for maybe a half an hour, with somebody else’s parents. (Salinger, 1951, p. 15) Holden said that the window was “damn” and former school Principal Mr. Haas was “the most hypocritical bastard in the life”; and Mr. Haas was buttering up people just like a whore and so on. On the surface, the vulgar words that protagonist Holden used were informal, colloquial, and rude, but if think carefully, we can see the author Salinger dealt with the language in fine and innovation. On one hand, Holden lived in a corrupt, depraved, and hypocritical society, he was unconsciously and inevitably tainted with some bad habits such as smoking, drinking, lying, and talking about sex, etc. But he had to do so in order to integrate into such a society. On the other hand, he felt depressed and he expressed his dissatisfaction with the society in the crude words to unleash his inner bitterness. He looked down the phony adult society, which was full of pursuing money, right and emotional alienation interpersonal. Holden expressed his disgust for society through abusive language to alleviate the grievances of mind. Secondly, the author used a lot of slang words. Holden used a large number of “old”, for instance, he called his little sister as “old Phoebe”; called the elevator who forced to blackmail him, and he hated not to shoot six times as “old Maurice”; called his history teacher as “old Spencer” who he both had sympathy and disgust; and as “my old heart”, “the old hunting hat” and so on. Holden had reverse psychology and he had some innovation ideas but a little cynicism. So the fuzzy slang was consistent with his identity and his character. Thirdly, attachment language appeared in the novel, as “and all”, “or something”, and “or anything”. For example, “she won’t even talk or anything”; “I thought I was going to choke to death or something”; and “Then I finished buttoning my coal and all”. This expression was ambiguous, as if there was still something to say but did not want to say more words. It abandoned the traditional expression such as “and so on”, “and the like”, and “etc.”. In the twelfth chapter, there was a text described the pianist in the bar: He’s a terrific snob and he won’t hardly even talk to you unless you are a big shot or a celebrity or something, but he can really play the piano. He’s so good he’s almost corny, in fact. I don’t exactly know what I mean by that, but I mean it. (Salinger, 1951, p. 92) This was the protagonist’s hated to the corrupt society and holds indifferent and cynical attitude. Society was full of chaos and false, in turn, Holden used the vague and uncertain language to express his inner thoughts and emotions. There was some other attachment, like “I really don’t”, “I admitted it”, and “no kidding” were LANGUAGE FEATURES IN THE CATCHER IN THE RYE 603 widely used in the novel. What Holden wanted to convey to the readers was that what he once said was reliable to a certain extent by using these words, because this society was full of a large number of false acts. Meanwhile the hero also used the exaggerated language to strength his tone. When Holden returned home, he told his father such a description: “You can hit my father over the head with a chair and he won’t wake up”; “That kills me”; “I take a long, long time to stop” (Salinger, 1951, p. 171). Holden uses hyped and exaggerating words to make others believe him, even though the world was phony and the youth was trying to seek a pure place. Repeating language also used widely in the novel, such as “phony” and “depressed” occurred 42 times and 32 times respectively. In the seventeenth chapter, when Holden and Sally went to the movies, what he experienced let him mention the word “phony” several times: “You never saw so many phonies in all your life” and “It was the phoniest conversation you ever heard in your life”. In a word, language style in The Catcher in the Rye has its unique artistic charm and strong influence. It becomes an indispensable carrier for us to understand the theme of the whole novel. Reading the ideas that conveys by the novel and feeling the language’s unique and charm, you will find that there are more things waiting us to discover, to interpret in The Catcher in the Rye. The First Person Technique The protagonist Holden in The Catcher in the Rye was a sixteen-year-old boy in high school. He had many bad habits-smoking, drinking, fighting, and lying, and he was a downright problem child. However, such a bad student, Salinger made him become a model image of everybody’s understanding, compassion, and love or even sought after by many young adolescents. Meanwhile, Holden also led adults to think and explore deep social reasons behind this problem child.
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