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Glück Und Lebenskunst Dr Aufklärung und Kritik Zeitschrift für freies Denken und humanistische Philosophie Herausgegeben von der Gesellschaft für kritische Philosophie Nürnberg Mitherausgeber: Prof. Dr. Hans Albert (Heidelberg) Prof. Dr. Gerhard Besier (Dresden) Schwerpunkt: Prof. Dr. Dieter Birnbacher (Düsseldorf) Prof. Dr. Franz Buggle (Freiburg) Glück und Lebenskunst Dr. Gerhard Czermak (Friedberg) Herausgeber: Dr. Robert Zimmer Dr. Edgar Dahl (Gießen) Dr. Karlheinz Deschner (Haßfurt) Prof. Dr. Noel Felici (Grenoble) Autoren: Prof. Dr. Dietrich Grille (Erlangen) Dr. Jürgen August Alt Dr. Horst Groschopp (Berlin) Prof. Dr. Dieter Birnbacher Prof. Dr. Rainer Hegselmann (Bayreuth) Dr. Edgar Dahl Prof. Dr. Hans Henning (Grävenwiesbach) Dr. Günter Gödde Prof. Dr. Horst Herrmann (Münster) Prof. Dr. Malte Hossenfelder Prof. Dr. Eric Hilgendorf (Würzburg) Dr. Dr. Joachim Kahl Prof. Dr. Norbert Hoerster (Mainz) Prof. Dr. Bernulf Kanitscheider Prof. Dr. Bernulf Kanitscheider (Gießen) Prof. Dr. Mark Lindley (Boston) Bernd A. Laska Prof. Dr. Erich H. Loewy (Sacramento) Fürst de Ligne Prof. Dr. Ludger Lütkehaus (Freiburg) Pravu Mazumdar Ludwig A. Minelli (Forch-Zürich) Dr. Martin Morgenstern Prof. Dr. Hubertus Mynarek (Odernheim) Dr. Michel Onfray Prof. Dr. Johannes Neumann (Tübingen) Dr. Michael Rumpf Dr. Hans-Joachim Niemann (Poxdorf) Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Schmid Prof. Dr. Vallabh Patel (Neuburg) Dr. Kurt F. Schobert Prof. Dr. Gerard Radnitzky (Trier) g Prof. Dr. Heiko Schulz Prof. Dr. Hans-Martin Sass (Bochum) Prof. Dr. Ulrich Steinvorth Prof. Dr. K. A. Schachtschneider (Nürnberg) Helmut Walther Prof. Dr. Hermann J. Schmidt (Dortmund) Dr. Robert Zimmer Dr. Michael Schmidt-Salomon (Trier) Dr. Kurt F. Schobert (Augsburg) Prof. Dr. Werner Schuffenhauer (Berlin) Prof. Dr. Peter Singer (Princeton) Sonderheft 14 Prof. Dr. Anton Szanya (Wien) Prof. Dr. Ernst Topitsch (Graz) g Prof. Dr. Gerhard Vollmer (Braunschweig) Sonderheft 14/2008 ISSN 0945-6627 Prof. Dr. Franz M. Wuketits (Wien) Editorial Die politische Freiheit gehört nicht zu den Dingen, die man dauerhaft besitzen kann. Sie muß ständig neu erkämpft und durch Institutionen gesichert werden. Sie verlangt Engagement und zur rechten Zeit auch Opferbereitschaft, will man nicht selber eines Tages das Opfer politischer Gewalt sein. Freies Denken und rationales Handeln werden heute von drei Seiten zugleich angegriffen oder un- terminiert: auf der materiellen Ebene verdrängen Gewalt oder Gewaltandrohung zunehmend das rationale Ringen um Kompromisse. Auf der geistigen Ebene vergrößert sich die Schar der Relativisten und Nihilisten, die die Suche nach Wahrheit aufgegeben haben und vernünftige Argumente als Rhe- torik und Propaganda betrachten. Die Dritten im Bunde unkritischer Irrationalisten sind jene Dogma- tiker und Fundamentalisten, die sich im Besitz der Wahrheit glauben und sich seit jeher die Ohren gegen jedes bessere Argument verstopfen. Die Anhänger von Gewalt haben erreicht, daß in einigen Teilen Europas sich wieder Nationalismus und Fremdenhaß breitmachen. Die Fundamentalisten sorgen dafür, daß allenthalben neue Religio- nen und Okkultismus Zulauf finden. Die postmodernen Nihilisten liefern diktatorischen Systemen die Ideen, mit denen die Forderung nach mehr Menschenrechten als eurozentrisches Vorurteil zurück- gewiesen werden können. Aufklärung und Kritik ist eine Absage an Gewalt, Fundamentalismus und Nihilismus. Sie will der "Gleich-Gültigkeit" aller Meinungen und Werte, die zur politischen Gleichgültigkeit führt, genauso entschieden entgegentreten wie dem blinden Engagement für irgendwelche Überzeugungen. Im Kleinen möchte sie demonstrieren, daß die verschiedensten Meinungen hören muß, wer die beste auswählen oder zu ganz neuen Ansichten kommen will. Daher werden hier außer Fachleuten aus Philosophie, Politik und anderen Bereichen auch die zu Worte kommen, die sich mit den Lehren der Denker kritisch auseinandersetzen und sie zu leben versuchen. Aufklärung und Kritik sieht sich einer der ältesten Traditionen der Menschheit verpflichtet – älter als Christentum und Islam –, nämlich der Tradition des kritischen Denkens, das sich bis in die Zeit der frühesten griechischen Philosophen zurückverfolgen läßt. Kritisches Denken will die Menschen dazu bringen, von sich aus jegliche Bevormundung religiöser oder säkularer Art zurückzuweisen und die Verantwortung für ihr Leben selber in die Hand zu neh- men; sich von Abhängigkeiten aller Art zu befreien; aber auch die Augen vor den eigenen Fehlern nicht zu verschließen, sondern gerade aus diesen zu lernen, wie ein besseres Leben möglich ist. Aufklärung und Kritik sind nicht Modeerscheinungen. Daher sind sie nicht an Epochen gebunden, sondern immer wieder neu zu belebende Elemente der Menschheitsgeschichte. Die Ideale einer zweieinhalbtausendjährigen Aufklärung sind zum zeitlosen Besitz der Menschheit geworden. Ihre Realisierung wird von fast allen Völkern der Welt, wenn auch nicht von deren Herrschern, ange- strebt: Freiheit, Gleichheit, Brüderlichkeit, Rechtsstaatlichkeit, Gewaltenteilung und Demokratie; der Glaube an die problemlösende Macht der Vernunft, Erziehung und Wissenschaft; der Wille zu unblu- tigen Gesellschafts- und Staatsreformen; die Kritik der Religionen, sofern sie uns bevormunden, verbunden aber mit dem Toleranzgedanken. Zu den Denkern dieser Tradition zählen unter vielen anderen Sokrates, Demokrit und Epikur genau- so wie Spinoza, Erasmus, Hume, Voltaire, Smith und Kant. Auch nach der "Aufklärung" des 18. Jahrhunderts blieb die Idee von Aufklärung und Kritik lebendig durch Bentham, Schopenhauer, Feuer- bach, Marx, Mill, Nietzsche, Dewey, Darwin, Russell, Karlheinz Deschner u.a. In unserer Zeit erfuhr sie erneut einen Aufschwung durch die Philosophen des Wiener Kreises und des kritschen Rationa- lismus, vor allem durch den österreichisch-englischen Philosophen Karl Raimund Popper. Inhalt Vorwort des Herausgebers ...................................................................................... 3 Prof. Dr. Ulrich Steinvorth Philosophie und Lebenskunst ................................................................................. 8 Dr. Michel Onfray Begnüge Dich mit der gegebenen Welt! .................................................................. 28 Prof. Dr. Bernulf Kanitscheider Hedonismus – eine naturalistische Ethik ................................................................. 32 Prof. Dr. Malte Hossenfelder Vor- und Nachteile des Hedonismus ...................................................................... 44 Bernd A. Laska La Mettrie – ein gewollt unbekannter Bekannter. Zur Thematik „Aufgeklärter Hedonismus“ und „Zweite Aufklärung“ .................................................................. 64 Prof. Dr. Dieter Birnbacher Glück – Lustempfindung, Wunscherfüllung oder Zufriedenheit? Der wechselvolle Umgang mit dem Glück im Utilitarismus ....................................... 85 Dr. Robert Zimmer Das Erbe des Theophrast. Moralistische Charakterzeichnung und ihre Bedeutung für eine Philosophie der Lebenskunst .................................................... 96 Dr. Michael Rumpf Der Fürst de Ligne als Moralist. Erwägungen über Dankbarkeit ................................109 Dr. Martin Morgenstern Schopenhauers Lehre vom Glück ........................................................................... 116 Helmut Walther Nietzsche und das Glück ....................................................................................... 136 Dr. Günter Gödde Askese als Lebensform, therapeutisches Prinzip und Axiom der Lebenskunst bei Freud ................................................................................................................ 163 Aufklärung und Kritik, Sonderheft 14/2008 Pravu Mazumdar Die Glücksmaschinen: Anmerkungen zur Industrialisierung des Glücks ................... 176 Dr. Edgar Dahl Glück kann man kaufen ......................................................................................... 188 Dr. Kurt F. Schobert Suche nach Glück – auch im Sterbeprozess? ........................................................ 199 Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Schmid Mit sich selbst befreundet sein ............................................................................... 209 Dr. Robert Zimmer Was heißt „einstimmig leben“? ................................................................................ 220 Prof. Dr. Heiko Schulz Das Beanspruchte und das Verdankte. Zur Idee der Selbstverwirklichung im Anschluss an Sören Kierkegaard ....................................................................... 228 Dr. Jürgen August Alt Selbstverwirklichung ohne Illusionen ....................................................................... 254 Fürst de Ligne Mein Besuch bei Voltaire ........................................................................................ 264 Dr. Dr. Joachim Kahl Rezensionen zum Thema Lebenskunst ......................................................................270 GKP im Internet ..................................................................................................... 274 Impressum .............................................................................................................. 277 2 Aufklärung und Kritik, Sonderheft 14/2008 Vorwort des Herausgebers Lebenskunst – die Kunst ein gutes und sen wie der Anspruch, von der Philoso- glückliches Leben zu führen – war für die phie etwas über Möglichkeiten und Inhal- Philosophie der Antike nicht nur ein selbst- te dieses Glücks zu erfahren. Verschließt verständliches, sondern auch ein zentra- sich die Philosophie diesem
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