In August of 2003, a enveloped Europe, killing some 35,000 people—more deaths than any single nation suffered in the Invasion of Normandy. With temperatures hovering over 100 degrees for several weeks, it was probably that continent’s hottest summer in 500 years — and just one deadly example of how Earth is steadily, and dangerously, warming. In fact, the planet’s hottest 12 years on record—since reliable measurements began in 1861—have occurred over the past 17 years, according to a 2007 report by the Intergov- ernmental Panel on Climate Change. But that’s just the start. Scientists predict that Earth’s average temperature could increase up to 11.5°F by 2100—a rate more than 10 times greater than the warming witnessed in the 20th century, and possibly unprecedented in the past 10,000 years. Even conser- vative estimates predict the globe will heat by 2°F over the next century, possibly triggering a spiral of natural disasters far surpassing Hurricane Katrina or this summer’s wildfires in the western United States. Who’s to blame? Mostly us, it appears, and our galloping consumption of fossil fuels. But, more important, people are now asking: Is there a fix? The following pages examine the issue and reveal answers that our great-grandchildren will likely debate as the climate continues to transfigure their world. THE EVIDENCE IS IN ON GLOBAL WARMING AND, MORE THAN EVER, THE PLANET’S FUTURE IS IN OUR HANDS. SO WHAT CAN NEW YORK, NYU—AND YOU—DO…BEFORE IT’S TOO LATE?

38 FACTS AND 42 RESIZING YOUR FORECASTS FOOTPRINT The proof at hand and Conservation tips within predictions for the future reach of almost all budgets

40 REPRESSED 44 GREEN GOTHAM REALITY New York City and NYU Knowing what we know, bid to make themselves why aren’t we doing more? sustainable urban centers

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GLOBAL HARMING A glance at the damage already done from pole to pole— and what scientists say is still to come.

WARM WATER RISING TIDE PERFECT STORMS NOT SO PERMANENT 2 Oceans have absorbed 4For the past two millen- 6 Tropical sea surface 8 The top layer of per- FACTS 80 percent of the heat we’ve nia, the sea level has risen temperatures during the mafrost has increased in added to the climate, between 0.1 and 0.2 mil- hurricane season have temperature by 5.4°F since POISON IN THE AIR increasing average water limeters per year. Rates increased 1°F since 1970, the 1980s, causing some to 1 Greenhouse gases— temperatures even at depths have averaged 10 times that possibly boosting the inten- thaw for the first time in caused by burning fossil of almost 10,000 feet. in the past century, and 30 sity of North Atlantic more than 125,000 years. fuels such as oil, coal, and times that since 1993. storms. The number of cat- As it melts, permafrost re- gas—can stay in the atmos- ON THIN ICE egory four and five hurri- leases concentrated vol- phere for centuries, trapping 3 The Arctic warmed OH-NO-ZONE canes—registering winds of umes of the greenhouse gas heat from the Earth’s surface twice as fast as the rest of 5 First observed in the more than 131 mph—has methane. and warming the planet. the planet over the past early 1980s, the hole in the nearly doubled worldwide Greenhouse gas emissions 100 years. Its cap of sea ice Antarctic ozone—the since then. GOODBYE, GLACIERS jumped 70 percent between has shrunk by an average stratospheric gas that pro- 9 The 11,000-year-old 1970 and 2004. Ice cores of 8.4 percent each decade tects Earth from ultraviolet ACRES ABLAZE ice caps of Mount Kiliman- suggest that the current at- since the 1970s, and this light—now grows to an area 7 Significant drought af- jaro in Tanzania have melt- mospheric concentration of year reached a record low. larger than Antarctica most fected 52 percent of the ed by about 82 percent over carbon dioxide—the green- The less Arctic ice there is years. At the South Pole United States in 2006 and the past century—and could house gas most produced by to reflect sunlight, the itself, ozone depletion contributed to a record wild- be gone altogether by 2020. humans—far exceeds the more heat the sea absorbs. reached 99 percent in early fire season in which almost natural range of the past October 2006. 10 million acres burned. 650,000 years.

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5 ILLUSTRATION BY FUTUREFARMERS/AMY FRANCESCHINI SHRINKING tists pre- U.S. states could lose their of the world’s population— 10 ANTARCTICA dict, it official state trees or flow- including some in the west- In the space of 35 days in FORECASTS could raise ers, and seven may lose ern United States—will face 2002, about 1,255 square sea levels their state birds, as chang- water shortages as they miles of Antarctica’s SUBMERGED by 23 feet, submerging ing climates make those receive 10 to 30 percent Larsen B ice shelf disinte- 11 If current warming much of Florida and locations less habitable. less snowpack runoff than grated into the ocean. trends continue, sea levels threatening London and If summer ocean temper- today. Until this event, scientists could rise as much as 3.5 Los Angeles. atures increase by just 1.8°F, estimate the sheet meas- inches by 2100. However, the world’s coral reefs— AGRICULTURE ured more than 700 feet in the real danger is if CARBON considered the “rain forests 15 More frequent thickness and had likely Greenland’s ice sheet 12 OVERLOAD of the ocean” for their rich, floods and droughts will existed for 12,000 years. begins to rapidly melt. Experts predict global delicate ecosystem—could decrease crop production, It is now 40 percent of its Even if only part of it emissions of carbon diox- cause them to die en masse. especially in low-altitude, previous size. slides into the Atlantic, ide will jump an additional During one of the warmest subsistence regions. While this would cause flooding 75 percent by 2030. periods on record in the late the number of people along the Gulf Coast and 1990s, about 16 percent of worldwide facing food the eastern seaboard from LOSS OF LIFE reefs worldwide were shortages is expected to fall Boston to Miami, while 13 By 2050, more than a severely damaged. by 2085—from 521 to 300 places such as Bangladesh million species of plants and million—global warming would become uninhabit- animals may be on the road UNQUENCHABLE will offset the decline, able. If the ice sheet melts to extinction as a result of 14 THIRST pushing the total back up completely, as some scien- global warming. Nearly 30 By 2050, nearly one-sixth by 69 to 91 million.

NYU / FALL 2007 / 39 WHY WE PUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL TIME BOMB ON THE BACK BURNER by Sharon Tregaskis with Jason Hollander / GAL ’07 / and Nicole Pezold / GSAS ’04

IMAGINE A MAMMOTH METEOR blazing toward Earth. When it will arrive and whether it will hit directly is debatable, but scientists are NYU social psychologist John unanimous on one thing—it’s coming. And Jost, who calls this phenomenon they’re trying desperately to motivate every- “system justification theory.” one to take action before it’s too late. Last spring, Jost collaborated with graduate student Irina While this scenario is science effects is complicated, and so far Feygina (GSAS ’10) and Mount fiction, a similar danger—just as most evidence comes from dis- Sinai Hospital psychologist daunting and apocalyptic—is on tant, barely habited places. We, Rachel Goldsmith to investigate the horizon. Researchers now and our leaders, are easily dis- how system justification theory almost universally believe that tracted by closer issues—war, interacts with environmental catastrophic climate change, terrorism, disease, race rela- attitudes. Among their findings: caused primarily by carbon tions, economic distress. Most people who believe that dioxide emissions, is more a “People get motivated with society is generally fair are also matter of “when,” rather than near-term dangers, but this is skeptical about the forecasted “if.” NASA climate scientist different,” says Tyler Volk climate crisis. “There are psy- James Hansen predicts that we (GSAS ’82, ’84), a biologist and chological obstacles to creating have perhaps a decade to halt core faculty member in NYU’s real, lasting change,” Jost says, our runaway greenhouse gases, new environmental studies pro- “in addition to all of the scientif- otherwise we will guarantee for gram. “It’s not like the Hudson ic, technical, economic, and our children a fundamentally River is suddenly full of mercury political obstacles.” Because of different planet—one where sea and everyone is threatened.” this, he notes, denial is far easier ice no longer blankets the Arctic, As individuals, we may not and more convenient than sup- where storms relentlessly buffet deny the mounting evidence of porting a carbon tax, paying coastal communities, and con- global climate change, but we do more for high-efficiency tech- flicts over scarce fresh water harbor an inherent desire to nology, or giving up cheap goods and shifting climactic zones keep our minds on other things. shipped through elaborate, fuel- our future. “There’s no question rock international relations. And In his 1974 Pulitzer prize–win- guzzling supply chains. sea levels will rise,” says David yet global carbon emissions are ning book The Denial of Death, Even so, denial is getting hard- Holland, a mathematician and rising at unprecedented rates, social scientist Ernest Becker er, as scientists gain an increas- director of the Center for and Americans are expected to argued that “the essence of nor- ingly nuanced understanding of Atmosphere Ocean Science in produce ever-greater volumes of mality is the refusal of reality,” the mechanics—and the conse- the Courant Institute of carbon dioxide in coming years. echoing Freud who believed quences—of climate change. In Mathematical Sciences. “What’s Our inaction, in part, boils repression to be our natural self- February, the UN’s Intergovern- not clear is how long it will take.” down to how we think. As with protection. In order to tolerate mental Panel on Climate Change Holland has dedicated his career the meteor hurtling in our direc- all sorts of inequities, we will issued its most strongly worded to understanding the implica- tion from millions of miles away, often support or rationalize the report yet on the extent to which tions of changing weather pat- the science for measuring cli- status quo even when it contra- humans have already altered the terns, traveling to Greenland to mate change and its future dicts our own self-interest, says climate and how this will change study the deterioration of ice

40 / FALL 2007 / NYU “THERE ARE PSYCHOLOGICAL OBSTACLES TO CREATING REAL, LASTING CHANGE,” SAYS PROFESSOR JOHN JOST, “IN ADDITION TO ALL THE SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL OBSTACLES.”

mate change will affect the enforcement. (See “The Green average sports fan. Apple,” page 44.) This public conversation is But without federal support, slowly trickling up to policy it’s an uphill battle, says Richard makers. In April, a cadre of B. Stewart, director of NYU’s retired U.S. generals and admi- Center on Environmental & rals offered the chilling state- Land Use Law. “[Current U.S. ment that climate change was law] is totally inadequate,” says “a threat multiplier” for global the professor, who from 1989–91 security and the fight against headed the Exxon Valdez oil terrorism, as it will further spill prosecution as assistant destabilize desperate regions in attorney general in charge of the the Middle East, Africa, and Environment and Natural Asia. Even George W. Bush, Resources Division of the U.S. who rejected the Kyoto climate Department of Justice. “There accord in 2001, for the first time are no statutes that specifically acknowledged global climate address the causes or conse- change in last winter’s State of quences of climate change.” the Union address. “The prob- Statutes may not exist yet, but lem is, among other things, ide- the momentum seems to be ological,” Jost says, “and it growing, says philosopher and

ILLUSTRATION BY DAN PAGE needs to be addressed at that director of environmental stud- level, as well as at other, more ies Dale Jamieson, who sees a technological levels.” parallel between the climate Within the United States, a campaign and the Civil Rights schism has grown between com- Movement or widespread munities that favor ambitious efforts to enact smoking bans, sheets, and is especially con- ever, information on the sci- carbon reduction strategies and where over time, a moral and cerned with the vulnerable ence—and prospective hor- those in which change seems personal imperative emerged. coastlines on every continent rors—abounds. Pop culture has remote. More than 400 cities “There’s no way of addressing that will eventually be sub- gone green, from Al Gore’s and several states, including this unless people come to see it merged. “We’re going to have to Oscar-winning 2006 documen- New York, California, and as an ethical issue that changes move cities,” he says. “If it’s tary An Inconvenient Truth to Massachusetts, have decided what they see as right and going to flood in 1,000 years, we the Weather Channel’s regular that they can’t wait for the feder- wrong, how they live, and what can take a breather. If it’s within program Forecast Earth. Every al government to craft effective kind of world they’re going to 100 years, that’s a problem.” major magazine—Time, Vanity policies, and have themselves leave to their children,” says As scientists like Holland Fair, Rolling Stone to name a initiated efforts to reduce green- Jamieson, adding, “The ques- puncture many of our excuses few—has produced a “green” house gas emissions and hold tion [remains] whether we’re for doing nothing, the status issue, and even Sports the Environmental Protection going to act, and whether it will quo itself is shifting. More than Illustrated reported on how cli- Agency to more vigorous be meaningful.”

NYU / FALL 2007 / 41 THE INCREDIBLE 1 SHRINKING FOOTPRINT You don’t have to go broke on gadgets or move to a commune to go green. Here are a few easy tips for saving the planet—and lots of cash.

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7 4 2 Energy Star appli- • If you’re not ready for a 5 ances gobble half as hybrid, buying a car that HOME much energy and water gets 30 mpg instead of 20 You may not be ready as standard models, and can save $3,750 in fuel 1 to invest in home solar if one in 10 U.S. house- costs over five years—and panels, but switching to holds used them, the even more if gas prices green power now adds greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise. less to your monthly bill saved would eventually than the cost of one Star- be equivalent to planting • If 1,000 people shared bucks tall chai latte. Most 1.7 million acres of trees— their 20-mile round-trip electric companies offer minus the backache. commute with just one green energy options, other person, it would save such as Consolidated While you’re out, your almost 20,000 pounds of Edison Company of New 6 electronics don’t just carbon dioxide and about York’s Green Power, go to sleep—they’re up, $3,000 in gas each day—so a mix of wind and hy- sucking energy. Electron- hop on the bandwagon dropower, which helps ics in standby are respon- (literally) to get your share. an average household sible for one percent of reduce annual carbon the world’s carbon diox- Consider riding a bi- dioxide emissions by ide emissions. To make 9 cycle for shorter com- about the amount that sure TVs, cell phone mutes or taking public a car spews over 5,325 chargers, stereos, and transportation when it’s miles—almost a round- more are off the grid available. Leaving your trip drive from New York while you’re away, hook car in the garage just two to Los Angeles. them up to outlet timers days a week will reduce or power strips that can your greenhouse gas Everyone’s talking be turned off in one flick. emissions by about 1,600 2 about how compact pounds each year. fluorescent lightbulbs Don’t forget to green use two-thirds less energy 7 your home office. By To find out more about sav- and last up to 10 times design, laptops use up to ing money on gasoline, visit longer than regular bulbs. 50 percent less energy www.fueleconomy.gov. But have you actually re- than desktops, and ink- placed the ones in your jets use up to 90 percent home? We thought not. less than laser printers. Switching five regular AFTER- lightbulbs with CFLs can For more information on save $60 a year. If every how to use less, visit U.S. household did it, www.energystar.gov. 10 we’d save a trillion LIFE pounds of greenhouse Each year, Ameri- gases. 10 cans inject the planet with more than Heating and cooling 800,000 gallons of em- 3 account for 50 to 70 CAR balming fluid and more percent of the energy Cars generate almost than 180,000,000 pounds used in the average home, 8 1.1 billion tons of car- of nondegradable steel so turn off Extreme bon dioxide emissions caskets, which create con- Makeover: Home Edition each year, and with the siderable waste to pro- and weatherproof your national average gas price duce. Cremation is no house! Weather stripping hovering around $3 per better: You could fly to the 5 or caulking drafts around gallon, cutting your con- moon and back 83 times windows and doors can sumption could mean on all the energy used for save a household of four more green for the envi- cremations in one year. more than 30 percent, or ronment—and your wallet. almost $500 a year, on To make your last act on

ILLUSTRATION BY FUTUREFARMERS/AMY FRANCESCHINI utility bills. • Hybrid cars can reduce this Earth one that will smog by 90 percent and benefit it, reserve a plot at 9 To get your eight significantly cut down a green burial ground, 4 glasses a day you how much you pay at the where your biodegradable could buy three bottles of pump. A 40-mile round- wooden or cardboard water at your local Kwik- trip commute to work in a casket helps reduce after- E-Mart—or just attach a hybrid will average $500 life pollution. At roughly filter directly to your in gas each year but can $2,500, a green funeral faucet. A filter lasts four cost three times that in a also costs about half that months and costs about standard SUV. An added of a conventional one. $20 to replace, which bonus: For a limited time, equals an annual savings newly purchased hybrids To learn more about of up to $3,000—and a can earn more than green funerals, visit whole lot of plastic. $3,000 in tax credits. www.naturalburial.org.

NYU / FALL 2007 / 43 WITH LOOMING CLIMATE CHANGE, A SWELLING POPULATION, AND CRUMBLING INFRASTRUCTURE, THE CONCRETE JUNGLE AIMS FOR A SUSTAINABLE MAKEOVER

by Sharon Tregaskis

WHEN THE TIME CAME for Jonah “Cecil” Scheib to leave Dancing Rabbit, the 280-acre Missouri eco-village he co-founded in 1997, one destina- tion, and an aging infrastructure our ability to respond to some of tion rose immediately to the top of his reloca- already operating at near-peak the projected consequences of tion list: New York City. A self-described capacity. Stir in concerns about global climate change.” “ecological activist” and civil engineer, Scheib global climate change and the While not yet an overhaul, had installed solar energy systems on six capacity of unpredictable weather change appears on the horizon. patterns to transform the city’s Last fall, Mayor Michael homes in his decade on the land The Big Apple may boast more low-lying areas into wetlands, and Bloomberg (HON ‘03) created an before becoming NYU’s first green credibility than most urban the mandate for action becomes Office of Long-Term Planning director of energy and sustain- centers in the United States, crystal clear. “We need a cultural and Sustainability to tackle pre- ability in late April. “New York thanks to its high density and change on the part of our infra- cisely such issues, and on Earth ILLUSTRATION BY DAN PAGE offered the possibility to have a extensive mass-transit system, structure and planning agencies,” Day, April 22, 2007, announced low impact,” he says, “because of but with a million new residents warns Rae Zimmerman, professor PlaNYC 2030, which aims to, the shared walls, the tall build- expected to call New York City of planning and public adminis- among other things: reduce the ings, the dense population, and home by 2030, it also faces a stark tration in the Robert F. Wagner city’s global warming emissions access to locally and organically imperative to avert the dangerous Graduate School of Public by more than 30 percent over two grown food through the city’s synergy of rapid population Service. Without such an over- decades; repair the city’s outdat- farmer’s markets.” growth, soaring energy consump- haul, she’s “not optimistic about ed water and electrical systems;

44 / FALL 2007 / NYU ensure that all New Yorkers live within a 10-minute walk of a park; and implement a controversial pricing scheme to reduce vehicle With a million new residents traffic and emissions in Manhattan. The estimated $32 billion, 127-point plan—which expected to call New York City even puts invertebrates to work, with mussels serving as river- cleaning bio filters—is slated to home by 2030, the Big Apple receive funds from a mix of city, state, and federal sources over the faces a stark imperative to avert next two decades. “I don’t think any [city] has attempted to deal with [sustainability] in as compre- the dangerous synergy of rapid hensive a fashion as this,” says Daniel Doctoroff, deputy mayor for economic development and population growth, soaring rebuilding. But PlaNYC isn’t the only green energy consumption, and an game in town. In May 2007, the Clinton Climate Initiative, a proj- ect of former president Bill aging infrastructure already Clinton, engineered a several- billion-dollar loan fund to finance green retrofits of existing build- operating at near-peak capacity. ings in 16 cities, including New York, and Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer recently de Cerreño, director of the NYU- certification by the U.S. Green Action Plan with the formation of launched Go Green East Harlem, Wagner Rudin Center for Building Council. But the tallest, a 40-plus-member Sustainability an initiative aimed to make the Transportation Policy and greenest of them all will be the Task Force of faculty, students, neighborhood a model green Management. “But if you don’t Bank of America Tower at One and administrators to inventory community. put in the appropriate investment Bryant Park, slated to open in the university’s ecological impact Not that New York had much to maintain good repair, then in 2008 with USGBC’s top honor, a and suggest improvements. Other choice. Brownfields cover 7,600 the long term it can’t be sustain- platinum certification, for its features of the plan include a acres of New York City, about able.” That logic became star- high energy efficiency, extensive $400,000 purchase of wind ener- nine times the size of Central tlingly clear this summer when a use of natural daylight, storm gy credits to mitigate the energy Park, and in central Harlem, one steam pipe dating to 1924 burst water runoff controls, and use of purchases the university makes in four kids has asthma, one of the under a Midtown Manhattan local materials for construction. from Con Edison—garnering highest rates ever documented for street, sending a geyser of water, “We need to look at buildings kudos from the EPA as the largest a neighborhood in the United asbestos, and asphalt into the air. that create no new CO2, that are bulk-wind-power buyer in higher States. Throughout the city, levels A few weeks later, much of the using materials that are renew- education and in New York City— of asthma-causing soot currently transit system was paralyzed fol- able resources,” says Bank of and a new state-of-the-art co-gen- exceed Environmental Protection lowing a brief, but violent rain America Tower architect Robert eration plant, which will Agency (EPA) limits. And then storm. Fox, a member of the mayor’s significantly reduce pollutants there’s the infrastructure: By Perhaps the most critical sustainability advisory board and and emissions in the area and will 2030, 70 percent of the city’s change, however, must come in the founding chairman of allow NYU to take an additional power plants will have passed the design and construction, because USGBC’s New York chapter. 23 buildings, for a total of 30, off half-century mark and much of buildings generate close to 80 NYU faces many of the same of the overtaxed Manhattan the city’s water and subway sys- percent of the city’s carbon out- challenges confronting the city— power grid. The university also tems—only about 40 percent of put and, by 2030, the city will from aging infrastructure to a launched an environmental stud- which are considered in good need 265,000 more housing projected student body growth of ies major this fall that offers class- repair—will turn 100. “Even in units. Manhattan boasts a sky- 13 percent by 2032—and over the es taught by experts from various the shape NYC transit is in, it’s rocketing green building indus- past year, its approach to tackling NYU schools. still better than places where it try, including such efforts as 7 them has gone from piecemeal to “The sleeping giant is waking,” doesn’t exist,” says assistant World Trade Center and the high priority. In October 2006, says Jeremy Friedman (GAL ’07), research professor Allison L. C. Hearst Tower, both awarded gold the university launched a Green who as a senior co-authored the

46 / FALL 2007 / NYU Perhaps the most critical improvements. Other features helped select the winners of of the plan include a 15 grants for NYU’s change must come in design $400,000 purchase of wind $250,000 Sustainability energy credits to mitigate the Fund, which subsidizes proj- and construction because energy purchases the univer- ects including a feasibility sity makes from Con Edison— study of wind and solar instal - buildings generate close to garnering kudos from the EPA lations on campus, a bicycle as the largest bulk-wind- salvage effort, and promotion 80 percent of the city’s power buyer in higher educa- of the green renovation of carbon output. tion and in New York the Gallatin School of City—and a new state-of-the- Individualized Study, which art co-generation plant, which will feature recycled furniture on to the ambitious American greenhouse gas emissions by will significantly reduce pollu - and special heating and cool- College & University Presidents 30 percent within the next tants and emissions in the ing systems. Among the most Climate Commitment, a pledge decade—13 years ahead of area and will allow NYU to take visible changes will be NYU by campus heads to go carbon PlaNYC’s 2030 target. “We an additional 23 buildings, for gardener George Reis’s trans- neutral—completely eliminating have a long way to go,” says a total of 30, off of the over - formation of a 3,000-square- their greenhouse gas emis- Executive Vice President taxed Manhattan power grid. foot plot behind the Coles sions—and to bolster teaching Michael C. Alfano, who formed The university also launched Sports Center into a chemi- and research on sustainability. the Sustainability Task Force. an environmental studies cal-free display bed planted Already, more than 300 college “But my hope is that 10 years major this fall that offers with native species and main- and university presidents have out, we’re acknowledged as a classes taught by experts tained using organic princi - joined the effort, toward a goal leader, not only in talking and from various NYU schools. ples. Says Reis: “My intention of 1,000 signatories by planning, but in implementa- “The sleeping giant is wak- is to make NYU number one in December 2008. tion.” ing,” says Jeremy Friedman the U.S. for sustainable gar - Building on this collabora - Transforming an institution (GAL ’07), who as a senior dening in an urban campus.” tive spirit, last June, NYU the size of NYU won’t come co-authored the 115-page The moves all mark a nation- became a PlaNYC Challenge cheap, though many of the report “Greening the Urban al trend in higher education as Partner along with eight other green initiatives already Campus, A Sustainability leaders respond to the environ- campuses, each of which under way promise signifi- Assessment of New York mental pleas that many stu- pledged to reduce their cant long-term financial ben- University,” and now serves dent activists have been GREEN ROOFS, SUCH AS THIS ONE IN THE WEST VILLAGE, CAN REDUCE AIR POLLU- as project administrator for making for years. In March, NYU TION BY ABSORBING CARBON DIOXIDE, OFFSET THE HEAT TRAPPED BY CITY STREETS the Task Force. Friedman President John Sexton signed AND BUILDINGS, AND LOWER HEATING AND COOLING COSTS. PHOTO © JOHN LEI/THE NEW YORK TIMES/REDUX

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