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Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo Centro De Ciências Humanas E Naturais Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História Social Das Relações Políticas 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E NATURAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL DAS RELAÇÕES POLÍTICAS MARCELO DURÃO RODRIGUES DA CUNHA O CAMINHO À UNIDADE: HEINRICH VON SYBEL E OS DOIS MOMENTOS DO CONCEITO DE NAÇÃO NA ALEMANHA OITOCENTISTA VITÓRIA 2013 2 MARCELO DURÃO RODRIGUES DA CUNHA O CAMINHO À UNIDADE: HEINRICH VON SYBEL E OS DOIS MOMENTOS DO CONCEITO DE NAÇÃO NA ALEMANHA OITOCENTISTA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de PósGraduação em História do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em História, na área de concentração História Social das Relações Políticas. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Julio Bentivoglio. VITÓRIA 2013 3 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação-na-publicação (CIP) (Biblioteca Central da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, ES, Brasil) Cunha, Marcelo Durão Rodrigues da, 1988- C972c O caminho à unidade : Heinrich von Sybel e os dois momentos do conceito de nação na Alemanha oitocentista / Marcelo Durão Rodrigues da Cunha. – 2013. 154 f. : il. Orientador: Julio César Bentivoglio. Coorientador: Fábio Muruci dos Santos. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) – Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais. 1. Sybel, Heinrich von, 1817-1895. 2. Estado Nacional. 3. Nacionalismo. 4. Historiografia. 5. Alemanha – História. I. Bentivoglio, Julio César. ll. Santos, Fábio Muruci dos. llI. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais. IV. Título. CDU: 93/99 4 MARCELO DURÃO RODRIGUES DA CUNHA O caminho à unidade: Heinrich von Sybel e os dois momentos do conceito de nação na Alemanha oitocentista Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em História, na área de concentração História Social das Relações Políticas. Aprovada em __ de maio de 2013. COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA ____________________________________ Profª. Drª. Julio César Bentivoglio Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Orientador ____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Fábio Muruci dos Santos Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo ____________________________________ Profª. Drª. Josemar Machadode Oliveira Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo ____________________________________ Profª. Drª. Sérgio Ricardo da Mata Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à minha família, em especial aos meus queridos pais Marcos e Lenilce Cunha, pelo incentivo e incondicional apoio de todas as horas. À minha irmã, Renata Cunha e aos meus padrinhos Wesley e Lenilda Toledo, pelo infindável carinho e prestatividade. Às minhas avós Neyde Ribeiro e Zione Durão pelo exemplo de bons seres humanos que são em suas relações com todos que as cercam. Agradeço ao meu caro orientador Julio Bentivoglio, pela confiança, apoio e incentivo desde os tempos de graduação. Aos professores Fábio Muruci, Josemar Machado e Sérgio da Mata, pela leitura, correção e por tão prontamente terem aceitado nosso convite para participar da banca examinadora. Às instituições de financiamento, CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) e DAAD (Deutsche Akademische Austausch Dienst), pelo apoio financeiro e institucional. Ao professor Gangolf Hübinger da Europa Universität Viadrina pelas dicas, indicações de leitura, além da receptividade na acolhedora cidade de Frankfurt an der Oder. À equipe da Leipzig Universität, em especial aos professores Maren Eyck do Herder Institut e Matthias Middel do Zentrum für Höhere Studien der Universität Leipzig. Aos meus professores de alemão do centro de línguas da UFES, Stefanie Söhngen, Gisele Servare e Italo Alves, pelo auxílio e motivação no aprendizado do idioma, além do suporte na tradução e interpretação de textos e expressões utilizados neste trabalho. Também não poderia deixar de agradecer aos meus caros colegas de curso e companheiros de jornada ébrio-intelectual, que em muito contribuíram, de forma direta ou indidereta para a feitura desta dissertação, são eles: Marcela Vitali, Bruna Kethly, Juliana Quintela, Wander Demartini, Thiago Nicodemo, Thiago Brito, Júlia Freire, Leonardo Grão, Marcelo Rangel, Jussara Rodrigues, Marcela Sarnaglia, Enilson Oliveira, Gabriela Izoton e Filipe Duarte. Por fim, meus sinceros agradecimentos a toda equipe de professores do PPGHIS da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, pela acolhida institucional e pelo incansável trabalho acadêmico e administrativo. A ausência do auxílio e motivação de todas essas pessoas e instituições impossibilitaria a escrita desta dissertação, por isso agradeço mais 6 uma vez a todos aqui mencionados e a todos aqueles que de algum modo tiveram participação na construção deste trabalho. 7 “Posso prometer ser sincero, mas não imparcial” “Aufrichtig zu sein kann ich versprechen, unparteiisch zu sein aber nicht”. J. W. von Goethe 8 RESUMO O presente estudo trata de verificar as nuances no conceito de nação nos Estados alemães ao longo de um período do século dezenove. Referenciando dois momentos principais de expressão político-filosófica no pensamento nacional oitocentista – ideal e pragmático – busco compreender essa mudança de perspectiva em sua relação com a historiografia daquele contexto. Analisando biografia e obra do historiador renano Heinrich von Sybel, viso perscrutar o desenvolvimento gradual de uma perspectiva pragmática em seu ideal nacional, quando após a experiência revolucionária de 1848, seus escritos passaram a absorver elementos que o distanciavam das concepções idealistas características do cientificismo da primeira metade do século. Palavras-chave: Nação, Nacionalismo, Heinrich von Sybel, Alemanha, História. 9 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Veränderungen, die der Nationsbegriff im 19. Jahrhundert in den deutschen Staaten durchlief, zu untersuchen. Anhand der zwei wichtigsten politisch-philosophischen Aspekte des Nationalgedankens jener Zeit - dem idealistischen und dem pragmatischen - soll versucht werden, diese Perspektivänderung in Beziehung zu der zeitgeschichtlichen Geschichtsschreibung zu verstehen. Mithilfe des Werks und der Biografie des rheinischen Historikers Heinrich von Sybel werde ich versuchen, die allmähliche Entwicklung einer pragmatischen Sichtweise in seinem Nationsbegriff nachzuweisen, als - nach den Erfahrungen während der Revolution von 1848 - seine Schriften Elemente aufnahmen, die ihn von den idealistischen Vorstellungen eines für die erste Hälfte des 19.Jahrhunderts typischen wissenschaftlichen Idealismus distanzierten. Stichwörter: Nation, Nationalismus, Heinrich von Sybel, Deutschland, Geschichte. 10 LISTA DE IMAGENS Figura 1 - Heinrich von Sybel nos anos 1840.................................................................33 Figura 2 – Grupo de professores da Universidade de Marburg em 1856.......................38 Figura 3 – Sybel no início da década de 1860 em Munique............................................46 Figura 4 - As Fronteiras do Império Alemão em 1871....................................................54 Figura 5 – Mapa da Confederação Alemã com destaque para as cidades onde Sybel estudou ou lecionou.........................................................................................................60 Figura 6 - Oitava edição do Staatslesikon de Rotteck e Welcker, de 1847.....................79 Figura 7 - Primeiro volume da Historische Zeitschrift publicado em 1859..................126 11 SUMÁRIO Introdução........................................................................................................................13 Capítulo I 1. Heinrich von Sybel: a escrita da história como intenção política............................... 31 1.1. Os anos de Marburg: Sybel e os levantes de 1848...................................................38 1.2. O período pós-revolucionário, a História da Revolução Francesa e os anos em Munique...........................................................................................................................46 1.3. O retorno a Bonn e à vida política............................................................................50 1.4. O período como arquivista em Berlim e A fundação do Império Alemão por Guilherme I....................................................................................................................55 Capítulo II 2. Uma sociedade historicamente orientada: a ciência histórica e a política nos Estados alemães do século dezenove............................................................................................61 2.1. A emergência da nação no vocabulário histórico-político alemão: Herder, Fichte e as Guerras de Libertação.................................................................................................66 2.2. O período da Confederação Alemã: a dualidade austro-prussiana e a nação no contexto repressivo do Vormärz......................................................................................74 2.3. A Escola Histórica Prussiana e seu ideal nacional...................................................79 2.4. Nacionalismo idealista: historiadores e a nação alemã em 1848..............................83 2.5. Força e pragmatismo na historiografia: a nação entre o borussianismo e a Realpolitik........................................................................................................................90 Capítulo
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