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Rheolwyr Cymru OES Y TYWYSOGION Llinell amser Geni - marw Rhys ap Tewdwr c.1040 - 1093 Gruffudd ap Cynan 1055 - 1137 Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd c.1100 - 1136 Owain Gwynedd 1100 - 1170 Rhys ap Gruffudd 1132 - 1197 (Yr Arglwydd Rhys) Llywelyn ab Iorwerth 1173 - 1240 (Llywelyn Fawr) Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1225 - 1282 (Llywely ein Llyw Olaf) 1 TysIolaeth Sut ydyn ni’n gwybod beth ddigwyddodd yng Nghymru yn ystod yr Oesoedd Canol? Mae’r llawysgrif hon, sef Brut y Tywysogion, yn Cynnwys Cofnod o beth ddigwyddodd bob blwyddyn yng Nghymru yn ystod yr Oesoedd Canol. Gan nad oes llawer o dysGolaeth ysgrifenedig wedi goroesi o’r Cyfnod; dyma un o’r ffynonellau pwysiCaf i ddeall beth ddigwyddodd yng Nghymru yn ystod y Cyfnod yma. Mae’r llawysgrif hon yn Cael ei Chadw yn Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru, Aberystwyth. Brut y Tywysogion Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru Rhys ap Tewdwr Teyrnas c. 1040 - 1093 Rhys ap Tewdwr oedd Brenin y Deheubarth yn Ne Cymru. Teulu Rhys oedd wedi rheoli’r ardal ers blynyddoedd (hen dad-Cu Rhys oedd Hywel Dda). Defnyddiodd Rhys ei sgiliau gwleidyddol a milwrol i gadw rheolaeth ar y Deheubarth yn ystod ei deyrnasiad. Erbyn diwedd teyrnasiad Rhys roedd y Normaniaid yn rheoli mwy a mwy o Dde Cymru. Ffaith diddorol Mae Tewdwr yn fersiwn arall o’r enw ‘Tudur’. Roedd Harri Y Deheubarth Tudur yn perthyn i Rhys ap Tewdwr. Brut y Tywysogion. Pŵer yng Nghymru: “Y flwyddyn 1093 oedd hi pan laddwyd Rhys ap Tewdwr, Brenin y Deheubarth a dyna ddiwedd teyrnasiad y Brythoniaid” Llinell amser 1081 Taro bargen gyda Brenin 1088 Daeth yn ôl o Iwerddon 1093 Cafodd Rhys ei ladd gan y 1078 DeChrau teyrnasu dros y Lloegr, William I - £40 y gyda byddin i geisio ennill ei dir Normaniaid. Dyma oedd deChrau Deheubarth yn dilyn marwolaeth flwyddyn am yr hawl i reoli’r yn ôl. Roedd yn fuddugol, gan ConCwest y Normaniaid yn Ne 1040 ei ail gefnder Rhys ab Owain. Deheubarth. ladd Madog a Rhirid. Cymru. 1093 1081 Caradog ap Gruffydd yn ymosod ar 1088 Cael ei yrru allan o’r 1091 Daeth bygythiad arall i deyrnas Rhys gan y Deheubarth gan orfodi Rhys i guddio. Deheubarth gan dri uChelwr o ei gefnder pell Gruffydd ap Maredudd ab Ond Rhys yn brwydro’n ôl ym mrwydr Bowys: Madog, Cadwgan a Rhirid. Owain. Llwyddodd Rhys i dreChu a lladd Mynydd Carn ac yn lladd Caradog. Rhys yn ffoi i Iwerddon. Gruffydd mewn brwydr yn LlandudoCh. Rhys ap Tewdwr Darllen a deall Pa ardal yng Nghymru oedd Rhys ap Tewdwr yn ei rheoli? Ymha flwyddyn oedd yn rhaid i Rhys ffoi i Iwerddon? Pryd ddeChreuodd Rhys ap Tewdwr deyrnasu dros yr ardal Ymha flwyddyn gafodd Rhys ap Tewdwr ei ladd gan y yma? Normaniaid? Faint o arian oedd yn rhaid i Rhys ap Tewdwr dalu i Brenin Lloegr, William I, er mwyn rheoli’r Deheubarth? Gruffudd ap Cynan Teyrnas 1055 - 1137 Gruffydd ap Cynan oedd Brenin Gwynedd. Roedd yn rheoli yn ystod Cyfnod Cythryblus o ymladd yn erbyn y Normaniaid. Tair Gwynedd a gwaith fe gollodd ac adennill rheolaeth o Wynedd a Chafodd ei Phowys garCharu am 12 mlynedd gan y Normaniaid. Gruffudd osododd y sylfaen i dywysogion fel ei fab, Owain Gwynedd, i reoli ar ei ôl. Ffaith diddorol Cafodd ei eni a’i fagu yn Nulyn, Iwerddon. Roedd yn perthyn i Rhodri Mawr, Brenin Cymru yn y 9fed ganrif. Pŵer yng Nghymru: Wikimedia Commons Llinell amser 1075 Hwylio o Iwerddon i 1081 Brwydr Mynydd Carn. Mae Gruffudd 1114 Cyfnod gweddol heddychlon yng 1136 Buddugoliaeth Gymru am y tro Cyntaf yn dod yn Frenin ar Wynedd, ond yr un Ngwynedd. Gruffudd yn datrys dros y Normaniaid gyda’i fyddin o Wyddelod flwyddyn Cafodd ei garCharu am 12 problemau’n wleidyddol gyda Brenin yng Ngheredigion. ond yn gorfod ffoi yn ôl i mlynedd yng Nghaer gan y Normaniaid. Lloegr, Harri I. 1055 Iwerddon. 1137 1055 Cael ei eni 1081 Hwylio i Gymru eto, glanio 1094 Llwyddo i ddianC o’r 1098 Y Normaniaid yn ymosod eto, 1124 Meibion yn Nulyn, ger Tyddewi a ffurfio Cynghrair CarChar yng Nghaer ac ymosod Gruffudd yn ffoi i Iwerddon. Brenin Gruffudd yn gwneud y Iwerddon gyda Rhys ap Tewdwr, Brenin y ar, a Chipio Cestyll Normanaidd Magnus o Norwy yn ymosod ar y rhan fwyaf o’r gwaith Deheubarth. ar draws Gwynedd. Normaniaid yn Ynys Môn. milwrol erbyn hyn. Gruffudd ap Cynan Darllen a deall Pa ardal yng Nghymru oedd Gruffudd ap Cynan yn ei rheoli? Beth ddigwyddodd i Gruffudd ap Cynan yn 1081? Pryd ddeChreuodd Gruffudd ap Cynan deyrnasu dros yr ardal Pa frenin helpodd Gruffudd drwy ymladd y Normaniaid yn yma? 1098? Ym mhle Cafodd Gruffudd ap Cynan ei eni? Gwenllian c. 1100 - 1136 MerCh Gruffudd ap Cynan, gwraig Gruffydd ap Rhys, a mam Yr Arglwydd Rhys. Pan ddeChreuodd y Normaniaid ymosod ar y Deheubarth yn Ne Cymru yn 1136 roedd ei gŵr yn y gogledd. Arweiniodd Gwenllian fyddin o Gymry i frwydro yn erbyn y Normaniaid yng Nghydweli. Cafodd ei lladd yn y frwydr. Ffaith diddorol Blynyddoedd ar ôl ei marwolaeth, byddai milwyr o Gymru yn gweiddi ‘Dros Gwenllian’ Cyn brwydr. Pŵer yng Nghymru: Llinell amser 1136 Aeth gŵr Gwenllian, Gruffudd ap Rhys i’r gogledd i ymladd y Normaniaid gyda thad Gwenllian, 1100 Gruffudd ap Cynan. 1136 Does dim llawer o 1136 Gyda’i gŵr i ffwrdd, penderfynodd y Normaniaid ffeithiau am fodolaeth ymosod ar y Deheubarth. Casglodd Gwenllian fyddin Gwenllian tan ei blwyddyn olaf. i’w hymladd. Cafodd ei dal a’i dienyddio gan y Normaniaid, ynghyd â’i meibion Morgan a Maelgwyn. Gwenllian, Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru Gwenllian Darllen a deall I bwy oedd Gwenllian yn perthyn? Pa gastell oedd Gwenllian yn ei amddiffyn? Blynyddoedd ar ôl i Gwenllian gael ei lladd, beth oedd milwyr Beth ddigwyddodd i Gwenllian yn y flwyddyn 1136? Cymru yn gweiddi cyn brwydr? Ble aeth gŵr Gwenllian yn 1136? Owain Gwynedd Teyrnas 1100 - 1170 Owain Gwynedd oedd Tywysog Gwynedd yng Ngogledd Cymru o 1137 hyd y bu farw yn 1170. Roedd Owain yn Gwynedd a Phowys arweinydd penderfynol. Bu’n ymladd yn erbyn tywysogion Cymreig arall, y Normaniaid a Brenhinoedd Lloegr. Owain Gwynedd oedd y Cyntaf i ddefnyddio’r teitl ‘Tywysog Cymru’. Ffaith diddorol Penderfynodd Owain ddallu ei nai ifanC Cunedda Cyn y gallai ddod yn fygythiad iddo. Pŵer yng Nghymru: Owain Gwynedd, Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru Llinell amser 1165 1136 Buddugoliaeth fawr dros y 1150 CarCharu 1160 Ennill Gr ym Mhowys Cael ei adnabod fel arweinydd Normaniaid gyda Gruffydd ap Rhys, ei fab, Cynan. ar ôl i Madog, tywysog mwyaf pwerus Cymru; teitl oedd yn tywysog y Deheubarth, gan gonCro Powys farw. gwyllGo Harri II. 1100 Ceredigion. 1170 1170 Bu farw ym mis 1146 Cipio Castell yr 1150 Cipio Castell 1157 Brenin Lloegr, Harri II, yn ymosod ar Tachwedd 1170. Wyddgrug oddi wrth Rhuddlan oddi wrth Wynedd. Owain yn dal ei dir ond yn Colli’r Dewisodd ei fab, Hywel y Normaniaid. y Normaniaid. frwydr yn y pen draw. ab Owain, fel ei olynydd. Owain Gwynedd Darllen a deall Pa ardal yng Nghymru oedd Owain Gwynedd yn ei rheoli? Beth wnaeth Owain i’w nai ifanC? Pa deitl oedd gan Owain yn 1165 a wyllGodd Brenin Lloegr, Pryd ddeChreuodd Owain Gwynedd deyrnasu dros yr ardal Harri II? EnwCh rai o’r Cestyll gipiodd Owain oddi wrth y Normaniaid Yr Arglwydd Rhys Teyrnas 1132 - 1197 Rhys ap Gruffudd oedd un o dywysogion mwyaf Cyfoethog a phwerus y Deheubarth, De Cymru. Roedd yn dywysog talentog ar faes y gad ac yn graff wrth ddelio â sefyllfaoedd gwleidyddol. Adeiladodd gestyll yn Ninefwr ac Aberteifi, Cynhaliodd yr ‘Eisteddfod’ gyntaf, a sefydlodd fynachlogydd fel Ystrad Fflur. Ffaith diddorol Yr Arglwydd Rhys gynhaliodd yr ‘Eisteddfod’ gyntaf yng Y Deheubarth Nghastell Aberteifi yn 1176. Pŵer yng Nghymru: Yr Arglwydd Rhys, Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru Llinell amser 1155 Bu farw ei frawd 1164 Rhys yn gwrthryfela yn erbyn y Brenin 1189 Ymosododd Rhys, gan 1136 Bu farw mam Rhys, Maredudd a daeth Rhys a’r Normaniaid. Cipiodd Geredigion gan goncro tiroedd oedd dan Gwenllian, mewn brwydr yn yn unig reolwr y gynnwys cestyll Aberteif a Chilgerran; sef reolaeth y Normaniaid ar draws 1132 erbyn y Normaniaid ger Cydweli. Deheubarth. y tiroedd a gollodd yn 1158. De Cymru. 1197 1146 Yn rhan o ymgyrCh gan y 1158 Brenin Lloegr, Harri II, yn Cymryd 1170 Harri II yn Cydnabod 1196 Yn 65 mlwydd oed Cymry i gipio Castell Normanaidd rhannau o dir Yr Arglwydd Rhys. Rhys mai’r Arglwydd Rhys oedd, i arweiniodd ei ymgyrch olaf Llansteffan ger Caerfyrddin yn 14 yn Cytuno i alw’i hun yn Arglwydd yn bob pwrpas, yn rheoli dros yng Nghaerfyrddin, mlwydd oed. hytrach na Brenin. Dde Cymru. llosgodd y dref i’r llawr. Yr Arglwydd Rhys Darllen a deall Beth wnaeth Yr Arglwydd Rhys ei adennill oddi wrth y Pa ardal yng Nghymru oedd Yr Arglwydd Rhys yn ei rheoli? Normaniaid yn 1164? Pryd ddechreuodd Yr Arglwydd Rhys deyrnasu dros yr ardal yma? Erbyn 1189 a oedd Yr Arglwydd Rhys yn rheoli’r Deheubarth? Pa ddigwyddiad pwysig gafodd ei gynnal yng Nghastell Aberteif yn 1176? Llywelyn Fawr Teyrnas 1173 - 1240 Mae Llywelyn ab Iorwerth yn enwog am ei ymdreChion i uno Cymru, ac am frwydro yn erbyn Brenin Lloegr a’r Arglwyddi Gwynedd a Normanaidd dros ryddid i Gymru. Bu’n Dywysog Gwynedd, ac yn Phowys ei anterth roedd yn rheoli’r rhan fwyaf o Gymru. Roedd tywysogion eraill Cymru’n ei gydnabod fel arweinydd. Ffaith diddorol Bu’n rhaid i Llywelyn ymladd yn erbyn ei deulu ei hun am dros Y Deheubarth 10 mlynedd am yr hawl i olynu ei daid, Owain Gwynedd. Pŵer yng Nghymru: Llywelyn Fawr, Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru Llinell amser 1216 Tywysogion Cymru’n 1230 Crogi Gwilym Brewys, 1194 Gorchfygu ei Cwrdd yn Aberdyfi a un o arglwyddi’r Mers, am 1205 Priodi Siwan, ewythr, Dafydd, a Chipio Chydnabod Llywelyn fel iddo gael perthynas gyda’i merch y Brenin John 1173 rhan o'r Berfeddwlad.
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    The Problem of Pendar: a lost abbey in medieval Senghenydd and the transformation of the church in South Wales ‘A thesis submitted to the University of Wales Lampeter in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy’ 2015 Paul Anthony Watkins The Problem of Pendar: a lost abbey in medieval Senghenydd and the transformation of the church in South Wales List of figures Acknowledgements Introduction Chapter I: The Problem of the Abbey of Pendar: the documentary evidence The ‘problem’ and the historiography The Pendar charters The problem of dating Who was Brother Meilyr? Chapter II: The Problem of Pendar: the evidence of the landscape Mapping the charter The archaeology of the charter area The evidence of place names Conclusion Chapter III: The Native Lords of Glamorgan, Senghenydd and Gwynllwg The native lords of Glamorgan The Lords of Senghenydd The kingdoms of Deheubarth, Caerleon and Gwynllŵg Conclusion: Chapter IV: The Earls of Gloucester and Lands of Glamorgan Robert fitz Hamo and the establishment of Norman power in south Wales The followers of Robert fitz Hamo Robert de la Haye The family of de Londres The earls of Gloucester Robert, earl of Gloucester William, earl of Gloucester King John The de Clare earls Hugh le Despencer Conclusion Chapter V: The changes made by immigrant lordship on the church in South East Wales in the early years of the conquest The Pre-Norman church Changes made by Immigrant Lordships Tewkesbury Abbey Gloucester Abbey and its dependency at Ewenny Glastonbury Abbey The Alien Priories St Augustine’s Abbey, Bristol The church under native lordship Conclusion Conclusion Bibliography Appendices Figures and Maps I.1 Copy of Manuscript Penrice and Margam 10 supplied by the National Library of Wales.
  • Download Article (PDF)

    Download Article (PDF)

    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 437 International Scientific Conference “Digitalization of Education: History, Trends and Prospects” (DETP 2020) The Problem of Constructing a Myth About “Helen of Wales” in Historical Memory and UK Digital Space (End of the 18th-Beginning of the 21st Centuries) Shestakova N.F. Ural State Pedagogical University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Based on medieval chronicles, works of antiquaries and online content, the article presents a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of the image of the Welsh Princess Nest in the historical memory and digital space of great Britain (late 18th - early 21stcenturies). The author concludes that the myth of the Princess occupies an important place in the hierarchy of images of the past that make up the collective memory of Wales. From the end of the 18th century with the growth of self-awareness and the process of nation- building, the Welsh have increasingly been turning to the medieval past, which they perceived as a period of continuous struggle for their political independence. In this context, the image of Nest as a victim of Norman violence became the personification of the whole Wales. Keywords: Wales, the Welsh, Nest, image, national identity, historical memory, digital space 1. INTRODUCTION 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT Currently, one of the most popular tourist destinations in At present, many points in the history of Nest remain the UK is Wales, which attracts travelers with a large controversial and unexplored due to the scarcity of number and variety of castles located on its territory. preserved material.

  • 1 LEGENDS PACK for VISIT WALES WORKSHOP, ABERYSTWYTH CADAIR IDRIS Cadair

    LEGENDS PACK FOR VISIT WALES WORKSHOP, ABERYSTWYTH CADAIR IDRIS Cadair (or Cader) Idris is one of Wales’s most iconic mountains. It is about 893m in height, standing at the southern gate of Snowdonia, overlooking Dolgellau. The three peaks are Pen y Gadair (Head of the Chair), Cyfrwy (the Saddle) and Mynydd Moel (the Bare Mountain). In the cwm half way down the mountain is Llyn Cau, supposedly a bottomless lake. There are numerous stories and legends associated with this mountain and Idris, the giant who’s seat it supposedly is. A few of the nearby lakes – such as Llyn Mwyngul (commonly known as Tal-y-llyn lake) are reputed to be bottomless, and those who venture up the mountain at night should take heed before sleeping on its slopes. It is said that those who sleep on the mountain will awaken either as a madman, a poet or indeed never wake again. Idris appears in many guises in the Welsh tradition – as giant, prince and astronomer. One of the tales told of the giant, is that sitting on his great chair one day, he felt pieces of grit inside his shoes which he removed and cast down the mountainside. The three large stones that rest at the foot of the mountain are said to be those annoying pieces of grit. Another tale tells of Idris throwing pieces of grit across the area. One of these pieces – a significant sized rock landed in Aberllefenni, another in Rhydymain and the third in Abergeirw. There are two other stones on the left of the road through the pass as you head for Dolgellau, linked with this story.
  • Border Archaeology, 2009)

    Border Archaeology, 2009)

    MEYSYDD BRWYDRO HANESYDDOL HISTORIC BATTLEFIELDS IN WALES YNG NGHYMRU The following report, commissioned by Mae’r adroddiad canlynol, a gomisiynwyd the Welsh Battlefields Steering Group and gan Grŵp Llywio Meysydd Brwydro Cymru funded by Welsh Government, forms part ac a ariennir gan Lywodraeth Cymru, yn of a phased programme of investigation ffurfio rhan o raglen archwilio fesul cam i undertaken to inform the consideration of daflu goleuni ar yr ystyriaeth o Gofrestr a Register or Inventory of Historic neu Restr o Feysydd Brwydro Hanesyddol Battlefields in Wales. Work on this began yng Nghymru. Dechreuwyd gweithio ar in December 2007 under the direction of hyn ym mis Rhagfyr 2007 dan the Welsh Government’sHistoric gyfarwyddyd Cadw, gwasanaeth Environment Service (Cadw), and followed amgylchedd hanesyddol Llywodraeth the completion of a Royal Commission on Cymru, ac yr oedd yn dilyn cwblhau the Ancient and Historical Monuments of prosiect gan Gomisiwn Brenhinol Wales (RCAHMW) project to determine Henebion Cymru (RCAHMW) i bennu pa which battlefields in Wales might be feysydd brwydro yng Nghymru a allai fod suitable for depiction on Ordnance Survey yn addas i’w nodi ar fapiau’r Arolwg mapping. The Battlefields Steering Group Ordnans. Sefydlwyd y Grŵp Llywio was established, drawing its membership Meysydd Brwydro, yn cynnwys aelodau o from Cadw, RCAHMW and National Cadw, Comisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Museum Wales, and between 2009 and Cymru ac Amgueddfa Genedlaethol 2014 research on 47 battles and sieges Cymru, a rhwng 2009 a 2014 comisiynwyd was commissioned. This principally ymchwil ar 47 o frwydrau a gwarchaeau. comprised documentary and historical Mae hyn yn bennaf yn cynnwys ymchwil research, and in 10 cases both non- ddogfennol a hanesyddol, ac mewn 10 invasive and invasive fieldwork.