Gela Svirava Professor at Shota Meskhia State Taeching University
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146 Forty Seasons of Excavation: Nokalakevi
This article has been published by the Georgian National Museum in Iberia-Colchis, available online at http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/242318/1/Iberia_Kolxeti_2017_N13.pdf. Copyright © 2017, Georgian National Museum. Paul Everill, Davit Lomitashvili, Nikoloz Murgulia, Ian Colvin, Besik Lortkipanidze FORTY SEASONS OF EXCAVATION: NOKALAKEVI-TSIKHEGOJI-ARCHAEOPOLIS Abstract. The ruins in the small village of Nokalakevi in Samegrelo, west Georgia, have attracted schol- arly interest since the first half of the 19th century. They were first excavated in 1930, confirming their identification as the remains of the fortress of Archaeopolis mentioned in early Byzantine historical sources, and known as Tsikhegoji or ‘the triple-walled fortress’ by the Georgian chroni- clers. The 40th season of excavation took place in 2015, part of an on-going collaboration be- tween the Anglo-Georgian Expedition to Nokalakevi, established in 2001, and the S. Janashia Museum expedition to Nokalakevi, which started work on the site in 1973. The fortifications en- close a naturally defensible area of approximately 20ha, with a steep limestone river gorge to the north, west and (to a lesser extent) the south, and a hilltop citadel standing more than 200m above the lower town. The site has seen human activity since at least the 8th century BC, with indications of a much earlier presence in the area. This paper seeks to outline the key results of the 40 seasons of excavation, against the backdrop of the shifting political landscape of Georgia. Introduction. In 2015 the multi-period site of Nokalakevi in western Georgia hosted its 40th season of exca- vation. -
GEORGIA Second Edition March 2010
WHO DOES WHAT WHERE IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN GEORGIA Second edition March 2010 Georgian National Committee of Disaster Risk Reduction & Environment Sustainable Development FOREWORD Georgia is a highly disaster-prone country, which frequently experiences natural hazards (e.g. earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudflows, avalanches, and drought) as well as man-made emergencies (e.g. industrial accidents and traffic accidents). Compounding factors such as demographic change, unplanned urbanization, poorly maintained infrastructure, lax enforcement of safety standards, socio-economic inequities, epidemics, environmental degradation and climate variability amplify the frequency and intensity of disasters and call for a proactive and multi-hazard approach. Disaster risk reduction is a cross-cutting and complex development issue. It requires political and legal commitment, public understanding, scientific knowledge, careful development planning, responsible enforcement of policies and legislation, people-centred early warning systems, and effective disaster preparedness and response mechanisms. Close collaboration of policy-makers, scientists, urban planners, engineers, architects, development workers and civil society representatives is a precondition for adopting a comprehensive approach and inventing adequate solutions. Multi-stakeholder and inter-agency platforms can help provide and mobilize knowledge, skills and resources required for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into development policies, for coordination of planning and programmes, -
Realizing the Urban Potential in Georgia: National Urban Assessment
REALIZING THE URBAN POTENTIAL IN GEORGIA National Urban Assessment ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK REALIZING THE URBAN POTENTIAL IN GEORGIA NATIONAL URBAN ASSESSMENT ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2016 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2016. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9257-352-2 (Print), 978-92-9257-353-9 (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. RPT168254 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. Realizing the urban potential in Georgia—National urban assessment. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2016. 1. Urban development.2. Georgia.3. National urban assessment, strategy, and road maps. I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. This publication was finalized in November 2015 and statistical data used was from the National Statistics Office of Georgia as available at the time on http://www.geostat.ge The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. -
World Bank Document
The World Bank Report No: ISR2574 Implementation Status & Results Georgia REGIONAL & MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (P110126) Operation Name: REGIONAL & MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE Project Stage: Implementation Seq.No: 6 Status: ARCHIVED Archive Date: 01-Jan-2011 DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (P110126) Public Disclosure Authorized Country: Georgia Approval FY: 2009 Product Line:IBRD/IDA Region: EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Lending Instrument: Emergency Recovery Loan Implementing Agency(ies): Georgia Municipal Development Fund Key Dates Public Disclosure Copy Board Approval Date 02-Oct-2008 Original Closing Date 30-Jun-2013 Planned Mid Term Review Date 15-Mar-2010 Last Archived ISR Date 01-Jan-2011 Effectiveness Date 12-Dec-2008 Revised Closing Date 30-Jun-2013 Actual Mid Term Review Date 15-Mar-2010 Project Development Objectives Project Development Objective (from Project Appraisal Document) The objectives of the Project are to: (a) improve the efficiency and reliability of selected municipal infrastructure and service; and (b) assist in restoring infrastructure and services and improving the housing conditions of conflict-affected people in Georgia. Has the Project Development Objective been changed since Board Approval of the Project? Public Disclosure Authorized Yes No Component(s) Component Name Component Cost Infrastructure Investment 72.00 Emergency Construction 10.00 Institutional Development 3.00 Overall Ratings Previous Rating Current Rating Progress towards achievement of PDO Satisfactory Satisfactory Overall Implementation Progress (IP) Satisfactory Satisfactory Public Disclosure Authorized Overall Risk Rating NA Implementation Status Overview The overall implementation of the Regional and Municipal Infrastructure Development Project (RMIDP) and its Additional Financing (RMIDP-AF) is satisfactory. The Project is Public Disclosure Copy expected to meet its Development Objective. -
Map 87 Pontus-Phasis Compiled by David Braund and T
Map 87 Pontus-Phasis Compiled by David Braund and T. Sinclair (Turkey), 1997 with the assistance of Diane Braund Introduction Pontus The land of Pontus has two main parts, both of which belonged to the Mithridatic kingdom of Pontus in the Hellenistic period. The first is the main ridge of the Pontic mountains and the steep descent to the shore. The lower slopes are thickly wooded, and the shore districts have a humid and rainy climate. In the main Pontic ridge a gap occurs in the hinterland of Amisus (modern Samsun), after which the mountain chain continues at a lower height and with less abrupt slopes (Strabo’s term Paryadres seems to denote the higher part of the chain). As far east as Rhizaion (Rize) Greek settlements along the coast have existed since the sixth century B.C., and in the case of Sinope the seventh. To the south, the Pontic chain is bordered by Armenia Minor, a part of Armenia itself (Late Antique Sper, probably the Syspiritis of the classical authors), and what was to become the Georgian mountainous district of Tao, drained by the R. Glaukos (Oltu Çay) and the Tortum Çay. The district of Chaldia, the Gümüşhane basin, is difficult to classify, particularly in classical times, as there is no evidence that it belonged either to Pontus (in a geographical or administrative sense), to Armenia Minor, or to Armenia itself. The Roman empire made no effort to control the interior of Chaldia until the reign of Justinian. The second part of Pontus is the series of fertile inland plains, joined by relatively low chains of hills, in the river systems of the Iris (Kızıl Irmak) and the lower Halys (Yeşil Irmak). -
On Legal Deposit
ON LEGAL DEPOSIT This law defines state policy in the field of legal deposit and creates the legal grounds for establishing a national bibliographic data bank with other laws of Georgia; and ensures the production and development of Georgian national bibliography and the protection, preservation and availability of tangible documentary heritage; and determines the types of legal deposit documents, and categories of producers and recipients, and their rights and duties, and procedures for the establishment of a Georgian national bibliographic data bank, and liabilities for not complying with obligations. Chapter I - General Provisions Article 1 - Scope of the Law This law applies to the producers of legal deposit, and national and local recipients of legal deposit and all natural and legal persons, who are engaged in receiving, distributing, producing, transferring and preserving legal deposit. Article 2 - Legislation of Georgia on legal deposit The legislation of Georgia on legal deposit consists of this Law and and other legal and subordinate normative acts. Article 3 - Definition of terms The terms used in this Law have the following meanings: a) national bibliography - a bibliography, which is inventorying, registering and recording a complete list of all documents published within the boundaries of a single country and foreign publications about said country and works of compatriots of said country published in a foreign country. b) a document - any tangible object with any type of information on it, in textual, auditory or visual format or a combination thereof, which can be identified by its essential elements; and which is intended for public use in time and space for the purposes of transfer and storage; c) an electronic document – any document on an electronic (magnetic, optical, etc.) carrier which can be preserved, transferred, seen, read or listened to only by means of an electronic medium. -
Laz-Megrelian Grammar" – Towards the History of the Interrelationship of Laz and Megrelian
Linguistics and Literature Studies 4(5): 371-382, 2016 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2016.040509 From "Chan Grammatical Analysis" to "Laz-Megrelian Grammar" – towards the History of the Interrelationship of Laz and Megrelian Merab Chukhua1,*, Lali Ezugbaia2, Chabuki Kiria3 1Institute of Caucasiology, Faculty of Humanities, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, The Circassian (Adyghian) Cultural Center, Georgia 2School of Governance and Social Science, Free University of Tbilisi, Kakha Bendukidze University Campus, Georgia 3Department of Kartvelian Languages, Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics, Georgia Copyright©2016 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract Laz-Megrelian study has a long history. Still, problematic issues of the Laz-Megrelian grammar. many issues of its structure and history require clarification and in-depth research. Just to this problem is dedicated the project fundamental work "Laz-Megrelian grammar. I. 2 . Methodology Morphology "which demonstrated the correlation, similarities and differences between Laz and Megrelian. The The issue has been processed from synchronic and research outcomes confirmed a substantiated and stable diachronic (historical) standpoint. Scientific research used nature of the postulate: system of sound correspondences is descriptive, historical and comparative methods, which the basis for the correlation between Laz and Megrelian as essentially were defined by the tasks set. linguistic entities. Linguistically, the limits between the Laz and Megrelian subdialectal properties have been Kartvelian languages and dialects are determined by regular, considered. systematic and logical sound correspondences which were Comparative analysis of the Laz and Megrelian data revealed among the members of this language group. -
Mingrelian Question’: Institutional Resources and the Limits of Soviet Nationality Policy
EUROPE-ASIA STUDIES Vol. 66, No. 6, August 2014, 993–1013 The ‘Mingrelian Question’: Institutional Resources and the Limits of Soviet Nationality Policy TIMOTHY BLAUVELT Abstract Based on primary source materials from the Georgian Party archive and periodical press, this article examines the conflict between central and local elites in the Soviet Republic of Georgia over whether or not to grant linguistic and territorial rights to residents of one of its regions. The case demonstrates how the promises and aspirations of Soviet nationality policy were actually negotiated and interpreted on the local level in the early years of Soviet power, and how actors attempted to make use of nationality policy in order to mobilise the institutional resources available to them. THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE CONFLICT BETWEEN CENTRAL AND LOCAL elites in the Soviet Republic of Georgia over whether or not to grant linguistic and territorial rights to residents of one of its regions. The case demonstrates how the promises and aspirations of Soviet nationality policy were actually negotiated and interpreted on the local level in the early years of Soviet power, and how actors attempted to mobilise the institutional resources available to them. This confrontation over the implementation of Soviet nationality policy in turn became one over the definition of Georgian national identity. This article makes use of reports, letters and petitions from the Georgian Party archive as well as the public discussion of the issue in the local periodical press. From 1925 until early 1933, the local leadership of Mingrelia in western Georgia, headed by a local district Party First Secretary, Isak Zhvania, an Old Bolshevik who had played a role in the Soviet victory in the Caucasus, demanded from the central republican leadership in Tbilisi (then Tiflis) that their local ethnic sub-group be recognised as a distinct nationality and should therefore receive the administrative, linguistic and territorial rights and privileges afforded to ethnic minorities. -
Hello America!
Science Signpost Publishing Advances in Ecological and Environmental Research Hello America! Vazha Todua1, Otari Chitanava2 1. Botanic-Zoology Department, Sokhumi State University, 9 Politkovskaya Str., 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia. 2. Georgian Technical University, 77, Kostava Str., 0160, Tbilisi, Georgia. Received: December 30, 2020 / Accepted: February 12, 2020 / Published: Vol. 5, Issue 04, pp. 135-141, 2020 Abstract: The article presents a description of the plant sequoia that grows in the Zugdidi Botanical Garden of the Samegrelo region in Georgia. The Megrelian sequoia is compared to the sequoia collection in California. It is characterized by the nature of Samegrelo and the Poti lowland, which is comparable to the nature of California. Economic gains and links with other countries are also shown. The article was written in August 2019. Key words: Flora, Megrelian, Kolkheti, Botanical garden, Zugdidi, Sequoia, Poti 1. Introduction Welcome to the evergreen tree – Sequoia – Sequoiadendzon giganteum of the cypress family (Cupzessaceae) imported from the Nikiti Botanical Garden in the 50s of the 19th century (about 1850). Samegrelo is one of the sides in Georgia and is conditionally equivalent to the state US. Its administrative center is Zugdidi. Zugdidi's Megrelian Sequoia had a strategic ally "mother" at the Big Tree Park, Calaveras (California), America, with a tunnel cut in its trunk (was cut in 1880), in which the car could freely be getting through. This giant tree sequoia called the Ioner Chabin Tree at the age of 1000, in 2017 was knocked down by the wind and fell. He practically could not withstand the strong storm, but left his "children and grandchildren," which subsequently spread around the world, in the Colchis part of Samegrelo. -
Mapping Emerging and Potential Manufacturing and Agri-Business Clusters in Georgia
EU4Business Mapping Emerging and Potential Manufacturing and Agri-Business Clusters in Georgia EU Innovative Action for Private Sector Competitiveness in Georgia (EU IPSC) ENI/2018/401-351 UNIDO project ID: 180316 December 2019 Disclaimer This material has been produced with the assistance of the Euro- pean Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of UNIDO and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. This material has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in signed articles are the responsibility of the author and should not neces- sarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information herein, neither UNIDO nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of the material. Content LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5 Executive Summary 6 Introduction 8 Chapter I: Methodology of the report 9 1.1. Limitations 12 Chapter II: Overview of identified emerging and potential clusters in the regions 13 2.1 Overview -
Social Assistance Description and Recommendations
Social Assistance Description and Recommendations 2014-2016 Analysis of Social Benefits/Assistance Provided to the Population of Georgia by Central and Municipal Governments Tbilisi 2017 SOCIAL ASSISTANCE DESCRIPTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 2014-2016 This research has been conducted with the assistance of UNICEF and the European Union. The Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs of Georgia, the Social Services Agency and other institutions were actively involved in the process. The research was carried out by a group of consultants. The authors of this report are solely responsible for the accuracy and quality of its information. The views presented in this document belong to its authors and do not do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union and UNICEF. © UNICEF, 2018 2 SOCIAL ASSISTANCE DESCRIPTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 2014-2016 Terms and Expressions • The local level - 71 municipal units that provided social benefits to socially vulnerable persons and participated in this research (for the complete list see Annex N 1); • The central level - 6 ministries that provided social benefits to socially vulnerable persons and participated in this research (for the complete list see Annex N 1); • This research covers three types of social benefits: . Direct financial aid – monetary assistance provided to beneficiaries by local or central government bodies regularly or only once. Indirect financial aid provided in the form of a subsidy – an amount allocated by local or central government bodies which allows beneficiaries and their families to use various services under preferential conditions. For example, this includes utility services and transport. Service – different types of benefits provided by local or central government bodies, with the exception of direct and indirect financial aid. -
Special Report on Monitoring of Small Family Type Houses
THE PUBLIC DEFENDER OF GEORGIA NATIONAL PREVENTION MECHANISM THE CENTRE OF CHILD,S RIGHTS SPECIAL REPORT ON MONITORING OF SMALL FAMILY TYPE HOUSES 2015 WWW.OMBUDSMAN.GE The publication was prepared with the financial assistance of Open Society Georgia Foundation. The views, opinions and statements expressed by the authors and those providing comments are theirs only and do not necessarily reflect the position of Open Society Georgia Foundation. Therefore, the Open Society Georgia Foundation is not responsible for the content of the information material. Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................5 Standard 1- Information on service ..................................................................................................................7 Standard 2 - Inclusion of care............................................................................................................................9 Standard 3 - Maintaining confidentiality .......................................................................................................10 Standard 4 - Individual approach to care........................................................................................................11 Standard 5 - Emotional and Social Development...........................................................................................12 Standard 6 - Diet ..............................................................................................................................................15