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Análisis De La Flora Vascular De La Sierra Azul, Chihuahua, México

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Análisis De La Flora Vascular De La Sierra Azul, Chihuahua, México Botanical Sciences 98(3): 618-652. 2020 Recibido: 22 de enero de 2020, Aceptado: 21 de mayo de 2020 DOI: 10.17129/botsci.2565 Primero en línea: 24 de julio de 2020 Taxonomía y Florística / Taxonomy and Floristics ANÁLISIS DE LA FLORA VASCULAR DE LA SIERRA AZUL, CHIHUAHUA, MÉXICO ANALYSIS OF THE VASCULAR FLORA OF THE SIERRA AZUL, CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO ID JOSÉ HUMBERTO VEGA-MARES, OTILIA RIVERO-HERNÁNDEZ, MARTÍN MARTÍNEZ-SALVADOR, ID ALICIA MELGOZA-CASTILLO* Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, México. *Autor de correspondencia: [email protected] Resumen Antecedentes: La Sierra Azul constituye una zona de transición entre las regiones florísticas Xerofítica Mexicana y Mesoamericana de Montaña que carece de un inventario florístico. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles familias, géneros y especies de plantas vasculares alberga Sierra Azul?, ¿Qué características tiene la flora? ¿Cuánta afinidad florística tiene la Sierra Azul con las regiones florísticas adyacentes? Especie en estudio: Plantas vasculares Sitio de estudio y fechas: Sierra Azul, Chihuahua; marzo 2007 a octubre 2009 Métodos: Los ejemplares se determinaron con claves taxonómicas para los distintos grupos, consulta con taxónomos especialistas y corroboración con ejemplares de herbario. Con base en literatura, observaciones de campo y bases de datos se obtuvo información sobre: origen, duración del ciclo de vida, forma de vida, endemismo y estatus. La afinidad florística con cuatro localidades de las regiones florísticas adyacentes se analizó con datos de presencia ausencia, para esto se utilizó MVSP. Resultados: La flora está integrada por 742 taxones de 353 géneros pertenecientes a 89 familias; incluye seis nuevos registros para el estado. Del total de los taxones, el 82 % son herbáceas, 54 % son perennes, 4.6 % son especies introducidas y 10.1 % presenta algún estatus de protección. Alrededor del 60 % de la flora tiene afinidad con la región desértica y el resto con la templada de montaña. Conclusiones: Este trabajo contribuye al avance del conocimiento de la flora de Chihuahua y puede sentar las bases para declarar a Sierra Azul como zona de protección. Palabras clave: endemismo, Chihuahua, estatus de conservación, riqueza florística. Abstract Background: The Sierra Azul constitutes a transition zone between the Mexican Xerophytic and Mesoamerican Mountain floristic regions. There is not a floristic inventory for this area. Questions: What families, genera and species harbors Sierra Azul? What are the characteristics of this flora? How many species are shared among Sierra Azul and adjacent biogeographical regions? Studied species: Vascular plants Study area and dates: Sierra Azul, Chihuahua. March 2007 to October 2009 Methods: Specimen were identified with taxonomic keys for the different groups as well as support of plant taxonomy experts and comparison with herbarium specimens. Data for each taxon such as origin, duration of life cycle, life forms, endemism, and status were obtained from literature, field observations, and databases. Flora analysis was performed with presence-absence data and compared with adjacent biogeographical provinces using MVSP. Results: The flora of the area is composed by 742 taxa, 353 genera and 89 families; this includes six new records for the state. From the total taxa, 82 % are herbaceous, 54 % perennial, 4.5 % exotic species, and 10.1 % has a protection status. Around 60 % of the flora is related with the desert floristic region and the rest to the temperate mountains. Conclusions: This study contributes with new knowledge of the flora of the state of Chihuahua and can contribute to set the bases to declare Sierra Azul as a protection zone. Key words: Chihuahua, conservation status, endemism, floristic richness. ________________ Este artículo se encuentra bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Attribution License CCBY-NC (4.0) internacional. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ 618 Flora vascular de la Sierra Azul, Chihuahua, México A pesar de que México es un país mega-diverso, extensas este estudio son: 1) realizar un inventario de la flora regiones siguen sin ser exploradas florísticamente vascular del área, 2) proporcionar algunas características (Rzedowski 1993, Sosa & Dávila 1994, Villaseñor 2016, (origen, duración del ciclo de vida, forma de vida, González-Elizondo et al. 2017). En el catálogo de las endemismo y estatus) para cada taxón y 3) establecer las plantas vasculares nativas de México de Villaseñor (2016) afinidades florísticas del área. resalta la falta de inventarios florísticos del Estado de Chihuahua. De los más de 24 millones de hectáreas del Materiales y métodos Estado, sólo alrededor del 15 % ha sido estudiada desde el punto de vista florístico (Laferriere 1994, Spellenberg et al. Área de estudio. La Sierra Azul se encuentra a 1996, Royo & Melgoza 2001, Estrada-Castillón & 30 Kilómetros al suroeste de la capital del estado de Villarreal-Quintanilla 2010, Vega-Mares 2010, Vega-Mares Chihuahua, en los municipios de Chihuahua y Riva Palacio. et al. 2014, González-Elizondo et al. 2017). La Sierra Azul El área se localiza entre las coordenadas extremas 28° 33' se ubica en una zona de transición entre la parte árida y la 01" N; -106° 15' 05" W y 28° 30' 31" N; -106° 17' 09" W y parte boscosa de Chihuahua, por lo que es considerada ocupa una superficie aproximada de 5,000 ha (Figura 1). La como una isla de montaña que se interconecta con la Sierra geología data del Cretácico inferior del Mesozoico en un Madre Occidental y el Desierto Chihuahuense (Ferrusquía- 40 %, constituida por rocas sedimentarias tipo caliza Ki Villafranca 1990). Además, esta área se encuentra en la (cz). El resto corresponde a formaciones del periodo Ecorregión terrestre Elevaciones Semiáridas Meridionales Terciario de la era Cenozoica, constituidas por rocas ígneas de México al pie de monte de la Sierra Madre Occidental, extrusivas de tipo riolita toba-ácida Tom (INEGI 2013). La bajo la categoría de pie de montes y planicies con pastizal, topografía es accidentada, presenta mesetas, cerros, matorral y bosques de encino y coníferas (Wiken et al. cañadas, lomeríos y cañones; esta heterogeneidad del 2011). Por su ubicación e importancia, el área se encuentra terreno da origen a diferentes microclimas que contribuyen dentro de una de las Regiones Terrestres Prioritarias (RTP) a la diversidad de flora y vegetación. Otros factores que de la Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la contribuyen a su heterogeneidad son los rangos de altitud y Biodiversidad (CONABIO) denominada Sierra del Nido- pendientes. En la parte ribereña, la altitud es de 1,700 m, Pastizal de Flores Magón (CONABIO 2004). Esta área mientras que en la parte alta es de 2,324 m y el rango de la destaca por su topografía con montañas interconectadas que pendiente va de 1 hasta 80 %. El área pertenece a la Región funcionan como corredor biológico. Los principales Bravo-Conchos en la cuenca hidrológica exorreica del Río ecosistemas son pastizal y bosque (encino-pino y pino- Conchos-Presa el Granero (CONAGUA 2007). Las encino) que sirven de hábitat para especies claves como el corrientes arteriales de la Sierra Azul alimentan al Río oso gris (Ursus arctos L.), el lobo mexicano (Canis lupus Chuviscar donde 20 km más adelante es retenido en las baileyii Nelson and Goldman), el berrendo (Antilocapra Presas Chihuahua y Chuviscar (Maderey-R & Torres-Ruata americana Ord), la zorra (Vulpes velox Say) y el venado 1990) para posteriormente continuar al Río Conchos-Bravo. bura (Odocoileus hemionus Rafinesque), además de Los suelos son poco profundos, dominados por regosol diversas aves rapaces y especies exóticas (Arriaga-Cabrera eutrico y litosol medio (INEGI 2013). et al. 2000). La combinación de climas es de tipo BS1kw (semiáridos- La Sierra Azul presenta otras características importantes templados); la temperatura media máxima es de 36 °C y la por las cuales pudiera ser propuesta como área natural mínima de 10 °C (Vidal 1990, García 1981), con media protegida. Desde el punto de vista hidrológico es una fuente anual que va de 12 a 18 °C. La mayor parte de la importante de abastecimiento de agua para la ciudad de precipitación se presenta en el verano y solo el 10.2 % en Chihuahua, dentro de la cuenca del Río Conchos-Presa el invierno (García 1981). El promedio anual es de 125 a Granero. La Sierra Azul es una zona recreativa en la parte 400 mm en la parte baja y 400 a 600 mm en la parte alta baja por su paisaje escénico a lo largo del Cañón Ojos del (Cuervo-Robayo et al. 2013) y se presenta entre 90 a Chuviscar y la presencia de una zona arqueológica. En la 180 días (García 1981). Los vientos dominantes son del parte alta presenta un bosque fragmentado (SARH 1992). Las actividades recreativas no controladas ponen en riesgo oeste. la zona arqueológica, flora y fauna; además, el De acuerdo con COTECOCA (1978), los tipos de sobrepastoreo ha incrementado la erosión de los suelos vegetación que se presentan son: matorral xerófito y bosque (SEMARNAT 2004). de galería en la parte baja, pastizal amacollado arborescente El estudio de esta área generará información sobre su en altitudes intermedias y bosque de encino-pino en diversidad florística. Esto es la base para la conservación, altitudes superiores (Figura 2). Las especies más conspicuas uso y manejo sustentable de sus recursos y posiblemente en del bosque son pino piñonero (Pinus cembroides Zucc.), la gestión como área natural protegida. Los objetivos de encino bellotero (Quercus emoryi Torr.), encino chino 619 Vega-Mares et al. / Botanical Sciences 98(3): 618-652. 2020 Figura 1. Ubicación del área de estudio Sierra Azul, Chihuahua, México. (Q. pungens Liebm.) asociados a algunas gramíneas de los árboles y arbustos de México (Standley 1920-1926), géneros Muhlenbergia, Andropogon y Schizachyrium entre gramíneas de Chihuahua (Lebgue 2013, Herrera-Arrieta & otros. Entre las arbustivas del matorral destacan el mesquite Peterson 2018), helechos de Chihuahua (Knobloch & (Prosopis glandulosa var.
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