Keith Burgess
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Philosophical Transactions, »
INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, » S e r ie s A, FOR THE YEAR 1898 (VOL. 191). A. Absorption, Change of, produced by Fluorescence (B urke), 87. Aneroid Barometers, Experiments on.—Elastic After-effect; Secular Change; Influence of Temperature (Chree), 441. B. Bolometer, Surface, Construction of (Petavel), 501. Brilliancy, Intrinsic, Law of Variation of, with Temperature (Petavel), 501. Burke (John). On the Change of Absorption produced by Fluorescence, 87. C. Chree (C.). Experiments on Aneroid Barometers at Kew Observatory, and their Discussion, 441. Correlation and Variation, Influence of Random Selection on (Pearson and Filon), 229. Crystals, Thermal Expansion Coefficients, by an Interference Method (Tutton), 313. D. Differential Equations of the Second Order, &c., Memoir on the Integration of; Characteristic Invariant of (Forsyth), 1. 526 INDEX. E. Electric Filters, Testing Efficiency of; Dielectrifying Power of (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electricity, Diffusion of, from Carbonic Acid Gas to Air; Communication of, from Electrified Steam to Air (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrification of Air by Water Jet, Electrified Needle Points, Electrified Flame, &c., at Different Air-pressures; at Different Electrifying Potentials; Loss of Electrification (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrolytic Cells, Construction and Calibration of (Veley and Manley), 365. Emissivity of Platinum in Air and other Gases (Petavel), 501. Equations, Laplace's and other, Some New Solutions of, in Mathematical Physics (Forsyth), 1. Evolution, Mathematical Contributions to Theory o f; Influence of Random Selection on the Differentiation of Local Races (Pearson and Filon), 229. F. Filon (L. N. G.) and Pearson (Karl). Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution.—IV. On the Probable Errors of Frequency Constants and on the Influence of Random Selection on Variation and Correlation, 229. -
English Men Oe Science %Xm Lroit
English Men oe Science THEIR NATURE AND NURTURE. »Y FRANCIS GALTON, F.R.S., AUTHOR OP " HEREDITARY GENIUS,” ETC. % x m l r o i t : MACMILLAN & CO. 1874. PREFACE. I u n d e r t o o k the inquiry of which this volume is the result, after reading the recent work of M. de Candolle,1 in which he analyses the salient events in the history of 200 scientific men who have lived during the two past centuries, deducing therefrom many curious conclusions which well repay the attention of thoughtful readers. It so happened that I myself had been leisurely engaged on a parallel but more ex tended investigation— namely, as regards men of ability of all descriptions, with the view of supplementing at some future time my work on Hereditary Genius. The object of that book 1 “ Histoire des Sciences et des Savants depuis deux Siecles.” Par Alphonse de Candolle. Corr. Inst. Acad. Sc. de Paris, &c. Geneve, 1873. was to assert the claims of one of what may be called the “ pre-efficients ” 1 of eminent men, the importance of which had been previously over looked ; and I had yet to work out more fully its relative efficacy, as compared with those of education, tradition, fortune, opportunity, and much else. It was therefore with no ordinary interest that I studied M. de Candolle’s work, finding in it many new ideas and much con firmation of my own opinions; also not a little criticism (supported, as I conceive, by very im perfect biographical evidence,)1 2 of my published views on heredity. -
The Book and Printed Culture of Mathematics in England and Canada, 1830-1930
Paper Index of the Mind: The Book and Printed Culture of Mathematics in England and Canada, 1830-1930 by Sylvia M. Nickerson A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto © Copyright by Sylvia M. Nickerson 2014 Paper Index of the Mind: The Book and Printed Culture of Mathematics in England and Canada, 1830-1930 Sylvia M. Nickerson Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto 2014 Abstract This thesis demonstrates how the book industry shaped knowledge formation by mediating the selection, expression, marketing, distribution and commercialization of mathematical knowledge. It examines how the medium of print and the practices of book production affected the development of mathematical culture in England and Canada during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Chapter one introduces the field of book history, and discusses how questions and methods arising from this inquiry might be applied to the history of mathematics. Chapter two looks at how nineteenth century printing technologies were used to reproduce mathematics. Mathematical expressions were more difficult and expensive to produce using moveable type than other forms of content; engraved diagrams required close collaboration between author, publisher and engraver. Chapter three examines how editorial decision-making differed at book publishers compared to mathematical journals and general science journals. Each medium followed different editorial processes and applied distinct criteria in decision-making about what to publish. ii Daniel MacAlister, Macmillan and Company’s reader of science, reviewed mathematical manuscripts submitted to the company and influenced which ones would be published as books. -
Philosophical Transactions (A)
INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS (A) FOR THE YEAR 1889. A. A bney (W. de W.). Total Eclipse of the San observed at Caroline Island, on 6th May, 1883, 119. A bney (W. de W.) and T horpe (T. E.). On the Determination of the Photometric Intensity of the Coronal Light during the Solar Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 363. Alcohol, a study of the thermal properties of propyl, 137 (see R amsay and Y oung). Archer (R. H.). Observations made by Newcomb’s Method on the Visibility of Extension of the Coronal Streamers at Hog Island, Grenada, Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 382. Atomic weight of gold, revision of the, 395 (see Mallet). B. B oys (C. V.). The Radio-Micrometer, 159. B ryan (G. H.). The Waves on a Rotating Liquid Spheroid of Finite Ellipticity, 187. C. Conroy (Sir J.). Some Observations on the Amount of Light Reflected and Transmitted by Certain 'Kinds of Glass, 245. Corona, on the photographs of the, obtained at Prickly Point and Carriacou Island, total solar eclipse, August 29, 1886, 347 (see W esley). Coronal light, on the determination of the, during the solar eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 363 (see Abney and Thorpe). Coronal streamers, observations made by Newcomb’s Method on the Visibility of, Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 382 (see A rcher). Cosmogony, on the mechanical conditions of a swarm of meteorites, and on theories of, 1 (see Darwin). Currents induced in a spherical conductor by variation of an external magnetic potential, 513 (see Lamb). 520 INDEX. -
Back Matter (PDF)
[ 395 ] INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, S e r ie s A, V o l . 193. A. Abney (W. de W.). The Colour Sensations in Terms of Luminosity, 259. Atmospheric electricity—experiments in connection with precipitation (Wilson), 289. Bakebian Lectube. See Ewing and Kosenhain. C. Colour-blind, neutral points in spectra found by (Abney), 259. Colour sensations in terms of luminosity (Abney), 259. Condensation nuclei, positively and negatively charged ions as (W ilson), 289. Crystalline aggregates, plasticity in (Ewing and Rosenhain), 353. D. Dawson (H. M.). See Smithells, Dawson, and Wilson VOL. CXCIII.— Ao : S F 396 INDEX. Electric spark, constitution of (Schuster and Hemsalech), 189; potential—variation with pressure (Strutt), 377. Electrical conductivity of flames containing vaporised salts (Smithells, Dawson, and Wilson), 89. Electrocapillary phenomena, relation to potential differences between‘solutions (Smith), 47. Electrometer, capillary, theory of (Smith), 47. Ewing (J. A.) and Rosenhain (W.). The Crystalline Structure of Metals.—Bakerian Lecture, 353. F. Filon (L. N. G ). On the Resistance to Torsion of certain Forms of Shafting, with special Reference to the Effect of Keyways, 309. Flames, electrical conductivity of, and luminosity of salt vapours in (Smithells, Dawson, and Wilson), 89. G. Gravity balance, quartz thread (Threlfall and Pollock), 215. H. Hemsalech (Gustav). See Schuster and Hemsalech. Hertzian oscillator, vibrations in field of (Pearson and Lee), 159. Hysteresis in the relation of extension to stress exhibited by overstrained iron (Muir), 1. I. Ions, diffusion into gases, determination of coefficient (Townsend), 129. Ions positively and negatively charged, as condensation nuclei (Wilson), 289. Iron, recovery of, from overstrain (Muir), 1. -
Description of Suspension Bridges on Dredge's Patent Taper Principle
IRON BRIDGES William Ellis, after Michael Angelo Rooker, ‘Cast iron bridge, near Coalbrookdale’, London 1782 Miles Lewis Coalbrookdale Bridge, as built, and as it should have been according to Rondelet Jean-Baptiste Rondelet, Traité Théorique et Pratique de l'Art de Bâtir (published by the author, 6 vols, Paris 1812-17 [1812, 1814, 1814, nd, 1817, nd]), vol I, pl clxxv Coalbrookdale Bridge views Warwick Sheffield Coalbrookdale Bridge,detail of the ironwork Designing Buildings Wiki the compression arch ‘Wrought and cast iron arch bridge’ C D Young, A Short Treatise on the System of Wire Fencing, Gates, etc., as manufactured by Charles D. Young & Company (C D Young & Co, Glasgow 1850), pl 34 fig 2. project for building an iron bridge of one arch from 120 to 600 French feet span, by Vincent de Maupetit [or Montpetit], 1779 (cast iron with a wrought iron bond) Repertory of Arts, XX (1812), p 351: presumably from Vincent de Montpetit, Prospectus d'un Pont de Fer d'une seule arche. Proposé depuis vingt toites jusqu'a cent d'ouverture, pour être jeté sur une grande rivière: présenté au Roi le 5 Mai 1783 (Paris, chez l'auteur, 1783) Sunderland Bridge isometric section Charles Tomlinson [ed], Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts and Manufactures (in parts, London, no date, c 1851-4), sv Bridge. Sunderland Bridge, as built, and as it should have been according to Rondelet Jean-Baptiste Rondelet, Traité Théorique et Pratique de l'Art de Bâtir (published by the author, 6 vols, Paris 1812-17 [1812, 1814, 1814, nd, 1817, nd]), vol I, pl clxxvi Austerlitz Bridge, -
Potentially Global. a Story of Useful and Reliable Knowledge and Material Progress in Europe Circa 1474-1912.1 Ian Inkster
Potentially Global. A Story of Useful and Reliable Knowledge and Material Progress in Europe circa 1474-1912.1 Ian Inkster For those European economic historians who are determined to use their special insights and expertise in order to address some of the great questions concerning the global history of the material world, there are several approaches that might be adopted in an effort to avoid the diminishing returns that undoubtedly do set in when the conversation remains only global.2 The first tactic is to analyse ‘The West’, and to do so in a manner that somehow captures the whole and its margins without presuming that the lessons learnt about material advancement are somehow universal.3 The second tactic is to focus on the ‘Best of the West’, to take those exemplary regions of Europe and America that seem to have been the very epitomes of the essence that we are attempting to capture. Thus a renewed interest in pre-industrial Smithian growth and in the British case, not merely as a cumulative industrialisation, but possibly once more as a profound Industrial Revolution that through its very exceptionality may yet shed light on the material fortunes of both Europe 1 This article is an adaptation of two presentations to the global history group . I would like to thank Gerry Martin and Patrick O’Brien for involving me so closely in the global history discussions of the Achievement Project and in the Global History Seminars of the Institute of Historical Research since 1989, and for the insights and corrections provided in lively discussions with Simon Schaffer, Rob Illiffe, Alan Macfarlane, Harold Perkin, Bin Wong, Kent, Floris Cohen, and others of the GEHN group I would also like to acknowledge the value of the battles over Eurocentrism that I have fought with my Taiwanese students since the moid-1990s, but especially the cultural sensibilities and scepticisms of my graduate student Jerry Liu during years in both Taiwan and England 2 As an example of redundancies and repetitions in the global history debate see ‘Frank-Landes Debate. -
Back Matter (PDF)
[ 387 ] INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, S e r ie s A, V ol. 194. A. Alloys of gold and aluminium (Heycock and Neville), 201. B. Bakerian Lecture (Tilden), 233. C. Chappuis (P.). See Habkeb and Chappuis. Children, association of defects in (Yule), 257. Cole (E. S.). See W obthinoton and Cole. Combinatorial analysis (MacMahon), 361. Conductivity of dilute solutions (W hetham), 321. E. Earthquake motion, propagation to great distances (Oldham), 135. G. Gold-aluminium alloys—melting-point curve (Heycock and Neville), 201. Gbindley (John H.). An Experimental Investigation of the Tliermo-dynamical Properties of Superheated Steam.—On the Cooling of Saturated Steam by Free Expansion, 1. H. Habkeb (J. A.) and Chapptjis (P.). A Comparison of Platinum and Gas Thermometers, including a Determination of the Boiling-point of Sulphur on the Nitrogen Scale, 37. Heycock (C. T.) and Neville (F. H.). Gold-aluminium alloys, 201. VOL. CXCIV.---- A 261. 3 D 2 388 INDEX. T. Impact with a liquid surface (W orthington and Cole), 175. Ionization of solutions at freezing point (W hetham), 321. L. Latin square problem (MacMahon), 361. M. MacMahon (P. A.). Combinatorial Analysis.—The Foundations of a New Theory, 361. Metals, specific heats of—relation to atomic weights (Tilden), 233. N. N eville (F. H.). See H eycock and N eville. O. Oldham (R. D.) On the Propagation of Earthquake Motion to Great Distances, 135. P. Perry (John). Appendix to Prof. Tilden’s Bakerian Lecture—Thermo-dynamics of a Solid, 250. R. Resistance coils—standardization o f; manganin as material for (Harker and Chappuis), 37. S. -
Science and the Industrial Revolution
Jan 31 "The Evolution of Useful Knowledge: Great Inventors, Science and Technology in British Economic Development, 1750-1930" B. Zorina Khan Bowdoin College and NBER [email protected] 1 “If for four centuries there had been a very widely extended franchise ... the threshing machine, the power loom, the spinning jenny, and possibly the steam-engine, would have been prohibited” --Sir Henry Sumner Maine (1885) INTRODUCTION This paper provides an empirical assessment of the contribution of different types of knowledge to British industrialization. Endogenous growth models are based on the premise that knowledge, ideas and induced innovation comprise a significant source of economic development. These theories raise fundamental questions about the nature of human capital, knowledge, skills, and other characteristics that are conducive to extraordinary creativity, and how those factors vary over time and field of endeavor. They imply that our understanding of economic progress requires an assessment of the types of knowledge inputs that are in elastic supply, and how they respond to economic incentives. Walt Rostow, for instance, contended that one of the preconditions for economic and social progress is an advance in scientific knowledge and applications, inputs which typically are scarce in many developing countries.1 Nathan Rosenberg similarly highlights the determining role of science and specialized knowledge in economic advances.2 Others regard scientists as disinterested individuals who are motivated by intangible rewards such as enhanced reputations and honour, the desire to benefit mankind, or the pursuit of timeless truths, rather than material benefits. If highly specialized skills and scientific knowledge are prerequisites for generating productivity gains, but such inputs are in scarce or inelastic supply, this has important implications for development policy measures. -
The Relevance of Skills to Innovation During the British Industrial Revolution, 1651-1851
The Relevance of Skills to Innovation during the British Industrial Revolution, 1651-1851 WORKING PAPER (NB: the final sample will be double the size, and extended back to 1551) Anton Howes [email protected] Brown University August 2016 What role did skills and education have in causing the rate of innovation to accelerate during the British Industrial Revolution? I present new evidence on the educational and professional backgrounds of 677 people who innovated in Britain between 1651 and 1851. Almost a third of innovators improved at least one industry or process for which they had no prior professional experience or training. And a fifth of innovators had professional experience irrelevant to all of their innovations. Yet common to almost all innovators was that they had prior contact with other innovators, suggesting the spread of an improving mentality. Where people lacked the skills to realise their envisioned improvements, they engaged in self-education. Even of the majority of innovators who improved familiar industries, it was not the skills training itself that influenced their decisions to become innovators, but that they were trained by other innovators. Skills and education often influenced what people chose to improve – people tended to stick to what they knew best – but not their decisions to become innovators. 1 Introduction In the two centuries between the end of the English Civil War in 1651 and the Great Exhibition of 1851, Britain became the world’s technological leader.1 The Great Exhibition was symbolic of the transformation from war-torn country to innovation superpower. Between May and October of 1851 over six million people, equivalent to a fifth of the country’s population, flocked to a glass hall, a Crystal Palace, purpose-built to celebrate the latest innovations.2 The transformation – an Industrial Revolution – was brought about by an unprecedented acceleration in the rate of innovation. -
Iron, Engineering and Architectural History in Crisis: Following the Case of the River Dee Bridge Disaster, 1847
$UFKLWHFWXUDO Taylor, W 2013 Iron, Engineering and Architectural History in Crisis: Following the Case of the River Dee Bridge Disaster, 1847. Architectural +LVWRULHV Histories, 1(1): 23, pp. 1-13, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ah.ao ARTICLE Iron, Engineering and Architectural History in Crisis: Following the Case of the River Dee Bridge Disaster, 1847 William M Taylor*, 1 This paper establishes relations—historical, material and evidential connections—between two responses to a ‘crisis’. The first features in the history of industrialised iron construction, specifically period report- ing on the spectacular collapse of the River Dee bridge in Cheshire, England, in 1847. The second response highlights a blind spot in the historiography of modern architecture. Robert Stephenson became suspect when his cast- and wrought-iron railway bridge across the River Dee failed, resulting in death and injury and continuing uncertainty as to its cause. At the time the incident sparked national furore, setting off a coroner’s inquest followed by a Royal Commission into the perilous state of Britain’s bridges. The inquest jury concluded no one was to blame; rather, it was an accident brought about by use of iron, an uncertain and “treacherous” metal. This explanation has failed to satisfy contemporary materials specialists who have reopened the case, albeit under different terms of reference. The paper examines the initial verdict, firstly, in view of aspects of the social context of evidence and proof prevailing at the inquest and, secondly, given historical writing on iron construction whereby the inquest’s seemingly imprecise and arbitrary judgment is taken as sign of the subsequent progress of engi- neering as a practical and moral science. -
The Impact of Iron
702243 Formative Histories of Architecture the impac t of iron COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 Warning This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. do not remove this notice cast iron • impure: up to 4% carbon, up to 10% other elements • poured into a mould • crystalline texture • good in compression • poor in tension • poor in bending • brittl e und er ch ange i n t emperat ure wrought iron • pure (to commercial standards) • hammered or rolled • fibrous texture • good in tension • gggood in bending • subject to rust steel (a less precise term) • pure (maximum 0.25% carbon) • hammered or rolled • good in tension • good in bending • stronger than wrought iron • even more subject to rust the invention of the factory the industrial revolution rise of cotton spinning centralised power sources (water, steam) 5 or 6 storey buildings masonry exterior, timber interior subject to fire Calver Mill, between Derby and Sheffield, 1785 MUAS 16,690 Be lper Nor th Mill, by William Strutt, 1803-4: sections, showing the waterwheel driving shafts which power the looms on each floor. Abraham Rees [ed], Cyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature (45 vols, London 1814) MUAS 16, 691 Derby Cotton Mill by