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English 2074 English Revision Team Mr. Shankar Adhikari Ms. Smita Nepal Mr. Ramesh Ghimire Ms. Sushma Dhakal Self-Learning Material 2074 Publisher : Government of Nepal Ministry of Education National Centre for Educational Development Sanothimi, Bhaktapur National Centre for Educational Development First Edition : 2064 Second Edition : 2065 Third Edition : 2067 Fourth Edition : 2074 Telephone - 6630180, 6630766, 6638150 Fax - 6630193, 6630457 P.O.Box. - 2145, 3652 E-mail - [email protected] Printed at : Gratitude Ms. Dev Kumari Guragain Mr. Khagendra Prasad Nepal Mr. Shiba Kumar Sapkota Mr. Shyam Singh Dhami Content Editing Mr. Shiba Kumar Sapkota Language Editing Mr. Nabin Kumar Khadka Co-ordination Ms. Sunita Baral Cover Design Mr. Khados Sunuwar Layout and Type Setting Mr. Khados Sunuwar Preface This Self Learning Material (SLM) is based on the existing Secondary Level English Curriculum and textbook of Grade 10. This material is prepared for open school students. It is is a support or reference materials to the existing secondary textbook and it has been prepared keeping the principles of open/distance learning in view. It contains varieties of activities in simple language and it is believed to be student friendly and comprehensive. It is prepared by a team of experts comprising subject experts, curriculum specialists and experienced teachers. This book has 6 units that cover grammar, reading, writing, listening & speaking. Apart from this materials, the students will be facilitated by local resource teachers at schools along with other support materials like radio-lessons. The students need to attend all the contact sessions to follow the book. This book was originally written by Promod Kumar Shah, Gangadhar Hada, Nabin Kumar Singh, Modha Narayan Jha, Chuda Prasad Giri, Smita Nepal and Parshuram Tiwari. This book this time has been revised by a team of expers Mr. Shiba Kumar Sapkota, Mr. Shankar Adhikari, Ms. Smita Nepal, Ms. Sushma Dhakal, Mr. Ramesh Prasad Ghimire and Mr. Nabin Khadka. We are thankful to all of them. This book is believed to be useful for open school students if they do the tasks under the guidence of facilitators. However, there is always room for improvement in any kind of materials. It is requested to all for sending out every kind of constructive suggesion and idea to improve it and make it more helpful, and comprehensive for students. 2074 Dev Kumari Guragain Executive Director Content Unit Title Page No. Unit 1 Grammar 1-54 1. ARTICLES 1- 2. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT 5 3. TENSE USE 10 4. IF SENTENCES 23 5. CAUSATIVE VERBS 26 6. PREPOSITION 27 7. REPORTED SPEECH 31 8. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE 41 9. TAG QUESTIONS 45 10. TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES 48 11. CONNECTIVES 50 Grammar in SEE examination 55 Practice exercises in SEE format: 55 Unit 2 Reading passages 62-145 Unit 3 Unseen Passages 146-169 Unit 4 Writing 169 Paragraph writing: 170 Writing a dialogue 173 Writing a news story 177 Completing a skeleton story 180 Writing rules and regulations: 184 Interpreting charts and diagrams 186 Letter Writing 191 Essay Writing 200 Checklist for self-editing your writing 218 Writing Emails 222 Unit 5 Listening 230 Unit 6 Speaking 236 GLOSSARY 240-252 Unit 1 Grammar Introduction The present English curriculum and textbooks at the secondary level are based on the communicative approach. On this backstop, grammar is not taught in isolation but is taught in context. However, we have prepared grammar lessons separately since it is a self learning material and it mainly focuses on the SEE examination. This unit contains the 11 grammar lessons from which questions are asked in the SEE examination. There are some practice questions at the end of each lesson as well. Objectives Use articles, prepositions etc. appropriately in spoken and written form Produce utterances with appropriate subject-verb agreement and proper use of tense Transform statements into negative, interrogative etc. and vice versa Use question tags, causative verbs, conditionals and connectives appropriately Produce appropriate utterances in active and passive voice. Report someone's words in a direct or indirect form. 1. ARTICLES The adjectives A or An and Th e are generally called articles. They are mostly used as determiners. Types of Articles: There are two types of articles --- 'Definite' and 'Indefinite' Articles A and An are called indefinite and article the is called definite. A or An is called the indefinite article as it indicates the people or things in general sense. Examples: a teacher (that is, any teacher) an umbrella (that is, any umbrella) The is called the definite article, because it points out a particular person or thing. Examples: I saw 'a man' lying on the road. (Anyone, does not matter who) A policeman came and took 'the man' to hospital. (Now the same man who is referred to in the previous example.) Where to use 'a' or 'an' ? The choice between 'a' or 'an' is determined by sound. The article 'a' is used before a English 1 countable noun that begins with a consonant sound, whereas the article 'an' is used before a countable noun that starts with a vowel sound. For example, an orange, an apple, an ink-pot, an ass, an enemy, an umbrella, an hour, an honest man, an heir, an M.A. etc. Note: You can easily notice that the words ' hour', 'honest' and 'heir' begin with a vowel sound, as the initial letter 'h' is silent. Examples: a donkey, a monkey, a ruler, a woman, a yard, a hole, a university, a union, a European, a ewe, a useful person, a unicorn, a B.A. etc. Because the words such as university, union, European, ewe, useful, unicorn, etc. begin with a consonant sound, i.e. /j/ 'o', we use the article 'a' before all these words. Likewise, we say: a one-rupee note, a one-eyed person, a one-man show, etc. Note: You can notice that in the above phrases ' one' begins with a consonant sound, i.e. /w/. Therefore, we should always use the article ' a' before one. Where to use the definite article 'the' ? The definite article ' the' is normally used: • When we speak of a particular person or thing, or one already referred to . - tf]lsPsf] jf lglZrt ul/Psf] JolQm÷j:t'sf] cufl8_ For examples: The book on the table is mine. The girl with a long nose is my sister. I helped the man who came to me. • When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole class. • The cow is a useful animal. The rose is the sweetest of all flowers. • With Superlatives. (best/ tallest/ highest are Prerana is the best student in her class. superlatives Prashant is the tallest boy in his group. This is the best book I have ever read. Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. • With names of gulfs, rivers, seas, oceans, groups of islands, and mountain ranges. The Persian Gulf The Himalayas, etc. (First, second, third, The Ganges is a sacred river. The Red Sea fourth, fifth………are ordinal numbers. The Indian Ocean The Alps London is situated on the river Thames. 2 English • With ordinals Pritija was the first girl to arrive at the party. The fifth chapter of this novel is very boring. • Before the names of certain books The Ramayan The Mahabharat The Geeta The Bible The Kuran The Vedas, etc. • Before the unique nouns The earth The sky The universe The sun The moon, etc. • Before the musical instruments The madal The piano The guitar The flute, etc. • Before the names of newspapers The Kathmandu Post The Rising Nepal The Himalayan Times, etc. • Before plural nouns of countries The USA The UK The Netherlands, etc. • Before the names of ships The Titanic The Mary Celeste, etc. • Before the parts of day in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon • When something is mentioned second time, He bought a bicycle. The bicycle was made in China. • Before the names of direction and poles, the west, thee east, the North pole, the south pole • Before names of the periods of history, the Victorian age, The Renaissance, the modern age • Before names of nationalities / religious/ races/ positions or posts the Nepalese, the Hindus, the Black, the Prime minister, the President • Before the names of scientific innovations the computer, the telephone • Before proper and abstract nouns to make them common Bal Krishna Sum is the Shakespeare of Nepal. She is the beauty of the town. English 3 No Article: If plural nouns, uncountable nouns are definite, we use the article 'the', if they are not definite, we use no article. (For example) Milk is white. The milk in this glass is hot. Horses are animals. The horses in that stable run fast. We use no article with proper nouns. If they are compared, we use the article 'the'. For example: Shakespeare is a great English poet. Balkrishna Sama is 'the' Shakespeare of Nepal. We use no article with abstract nouns if it is not specified in the context. e.g. Honesty is the best policy. We generally use no article with the names of languages, subjects, games, days, months, diseases. We use no article with these expressions: by bus, by air, by mistake, at first sight, on foot, on duty, at once, in time etc. Before the names of the metals, e.g. Gold is a very expensive metal. Before names of seasons Before names of relation : father, mother , brother Before school, college, university, temple, mosque, church, hospital, when these places are visited for their primary purpose : He goes to college every day. She goes to temple every morning. If these places are visited for other purposes, the definite article 'the' is used before them as: He goes to the college to meet is father.
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