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The Scottish Literati and the Problem of Scottish National Identity

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The Scottish Literati and the Problem of Scottish National Identity THE SCOTTISH LITERATI AND THE PROBLEM OF SCOTTISH NATIONAL IDENTITY DanieI I. Wells Depanment of History Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts Faculty of Graduate Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario September, 1997 @ Daniel Wells 1997 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 191 of Canada du Canada Ac uisitions and Acquisitions et ~it&ra~hic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence ailowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author' s ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ASSTRACT The Scottish literati's intellectual maturity coincided with the increasing importance of questions conceming Scotland's role and identity within the newly defined British arrangement. David Hume, William Robertson, Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson and James Macpherson -- the writers and theorists with which this thesis is concerned -- atternpted to salvage a workable national identity in a variety of ways. Their approach to the question of Scottish national identity generally looked to the institutional format which was at the centre of their understanding of society. Since it was institutions which shaped the customs and manners of a people, it was to Scottish institutions that the literati tumed in order to ensure the preservation of a distinct Scottish identity within the incorporating Union. This thesis intends to prove that the Scottish literati, contrary to the beliefs of their cntics, were patriotic supporters of what they considered to be the new "improved" Scotland. Their agitations for a national militia, their support of the Scottish church, and their attempt to create a tmly national literature of the first rank, it will be argued, must be understood within the context of the difficulties facing Scottish national self-conceptions in the years following the Union of the Parliamenu. Ambiguities surrounding the conception of 'Britishness,' as well as their own North Britishness,' had to be baianced against their sense of themselves as Scots. This thesis will show that the Scottish literati used history to preserve and refonn a national identity based on traditional institutions and values. Providing the most popular iii vehicle and scientific foundation for their thought, the literati turned to history to deal with questions of Scotiand's role and identity within Britain. Their support of the Kirk, agitations for a national militia. and attempt to develop a national Iiterature must be uderstood as an attempt to preserve social and cultural diversity in the face of political unity. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page .* CERTIRCATE OF EXAMINATION ......................................................................... 11 ... ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................III TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................ .. ........................................................... v INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE --THE RATIONAL COVENANT: THE ROLE OF THE CMURCH IN 'ENLIGHTENED SCOTLAND'.......... ,,... ...... 16 CHAPTER WO--TE SCOTTISH MILITIA: HARNESSING THE MARTIAL PAST ....................................................................... 45 CHAPTER THREE --THE 'IMAGINED COMMUNITY': MACPHERSON AND A NATIONAL LITERATURE .................................... .7 8 CONCLUS ION ..................................................................................................... 106 INTRODUCTION The Scottish literati are very infrequen tly portrzyed as individuals imbued wi th anything resembling an exclusivist national sentiment. Like many of their other enlightened brethren, dispassionate and rationally cosmopolitan, they are genetally understood as having eschewed the narrow byways of a merely national patnotism in favour of the wider avenues belonging to the 'community of man.' The fact that David Hume, Adam Ferguson, James Macpherson. Adam Smith, and William Robertson -- the 'North British' theorists and writers with which this snidy is principally concerned -- were Scottish has not until relatively recently been viewed as essential to understanding their philosophical and political programmes. Indeed, the ambiguity surrounding the conception of 'Britishness' and their 'Nonh Britishness' has made it particularly easy to overlook the specifically Scottish elements of their thought. The view of the eighteenth-century Scottish literati as detached observers of some generic and nationally undefinable human condition was perhaps most clearly stated by the nineteenth-century historian Thomas Carlyle. "Never, perhaps," he wrote, "was there a class of wnters so clear and well ordered, yet so totally destitute, to dl appearance. of any patriotic affection, nay, of any human affection whatever."' In Carlyle's hands, these Scots become clever aberrations as opposed to reai men. Possessing that "natural 'Thomas Carlyle, Citical and Miscellaneous Essavs: in Five Volumes, v. 1, (AMS Press, New York, I969), 289. 2 impetuosity of intellect" common to Scots, Carlyle believed that they nevertheless lacked the hem and vibrancy necessary for "true genius."' Carlyle concluded that their lives and thought "show neither briers nor roses; but only a flat, continuous thrashing floor for Logic, whereon al1 questions, from the 'Doctrine of Rent' to the 'Natural History of Religion,' are thrashed and sifted with the same mechanical impartiality."' Carlyle was not the only Romantic critic of enlightened thought. The Romantic reaction to the Enlightenment had a formative influence upon the historiographical approach to the period, an impact which was not noticeably shaken until the twentieth century. One of the purposes of this thesis will be to further point out the weaknesses of such an interpretation, and to argue thai the Scottish literati were individuals imbued with a large dose of patriotic national sentiment. This can be seen in some of their most notable concerns, including their agitations for a national militia, their support of the church, and their attempt to reconstruct a new literary heritage out of the ashes of an older one. Carlyle's accusation of a lack of patriotic feeling is pertiaps even ironie. After dl, it is apparent that the Scottish literati were the proponents of what they believed to be the 'Carlyle, Essarss.288. Cariyle believed that Rousseau, Burns and Johnson were the closest that the eighteenth-century came to genius. 'Carlyle, Essays, 289. 3 new, improved ~cotland?The preface to the first issue of The Edinburgh Review (1 755)' provides a clear statement of their ideas and feelings regarding their native country. Providing a short overview of the progress of Scottish leaming and development from the Renaissance to the Union of 1707, the authors of this preface -- most likely Adam Smith and Hugh BlaiP -- argued that post-Union Scotland had not been swallowed up and forgotten by its larger southem neighbour. Rather, it had been placed in its natural and deserved position as a nation respected for its learning and civility.' Passing through the period of civil wars and religious enthusiasm which followed upon the Union of the Crowns in 1603, Scotland had finally, through the triumphs of 1688 and 1707, regained the path it had trod upon under humanists such as George Buchanan (1506-82), sharing once again in that undaunted spirit of liberty that had animated their ancestors. There was, however, a catch. Scotland might remain Scotland, but it would henceforth have to do so as North Britain. "The lands of Bull-hall and Thistledown," as Adam Ferguson called England and Scotland respectively, "were never intended for two 'Nicholas Phillipson argues that the Sconish literati were arnong the first to offer a patnotic telling of Scotland's rke into prominence. See Nicholas Phillipson, "Politics, Politeness and the Anglicisation of Earl y Eighteenth-Century Scottish Culture," in Roger A. Mason, ed., Scotland and Enpland 1286-1815, (John Donald Publishers Ltd, Edinburgh, 1987), 226. 5Edinburgh Review. no. I,26/8/175% (m.film). Adam Smith, Hugh Blair, Alexander Wedderburn, Lord Chair, William Robertson and John Jardine al1 contributed extensively to the first issues of the Edinbureh Review. Hume, Home and Ferguson may have conu-ibuted as weil. 6Review, iv. A handwritten note at the end of the introduction to the first number of the Review cites Blair and Smith as likely authors. '~eview,ii. 4 farmsH8;their political, geographical and economic situations supported their closer union. "What the Revolution had begun," the authors of the preface to The Edinbureh Review argued, "the Union rendered more compleat. The memory of Our ancient state is not so much obliterated, but that, by compm9ngthe put with the present, we may clearly
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