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HAWASS-INGLESE.Pdf Harmakis Edizioni 09 ZAHI HAWASS MAGIC OF THE PYRAMIDS MY ADVENTURES IN ARCHEOLOGY Copyight © Zahi Hawass 2015 Copyight © Harmakis Edizioni 2015 All rights on this book are reserved by the author. Without the written permission of the author, you may not copy, print, or distribute all or parts of this work in any format. This includes audio, digital or any other medium currently in use or not yet invented and also any form of streaming of the above. All rights on this book are reserved by Harmakis Edizioni Division S.E.A. Servizi Editoriali Avanzati, Registered office in Via Del Mocarini, 11 - 52025 Montevarchi (AR) ITALY Headquarters the same aforementioned. www.harmakisedizioni.org [email protected] Typography: Universal Book ISBN: 978 88 98301 20 1 Finished printing in September 2015 Editing: Sue D’Auria © Layout and graphic processing: Sara Barbagli To Mark Lehner: for our Great Friendship and his love to the study of the pyramids. INTRODUCTION When the Arab travellers came to Egypt in the ninth century AD and saw the pyramids, they said: “Man fears time and time fears pyramids.” Pyramids fascinate people all over the world who still wonder about their function and construction. We as scholars have studied the pyramids and their sites intensively in order to reveal such information as the discovery of the tombs of the pyramid builders as well as major discoveries both inside and outside the pyramids. However, in contrast to these academic and scientific investigations undertaken by Egyptological experts, there are other studies that have been done by people who are unqualified in the field and that often present outlandish conclusions. A goal of this book is to present the results of scientific studies that can also debunk the more absurd conclusions that sometimes appear in print. In this introduction, I would like to present some of my many adventures in the pyramids. The Sphinx Cried Twice The Pyramids of Giza are sacred and divine. We come to Giza to learn about history, about a great people and what they achieved. But when it comes to a pop concert performed in front of the pyramids and Sphinx, I call this destruction and site pollution. A few years ago I said just this, when I heard that an Egyptian who had made his home in New York was planning to bring well-known 8 MAGIC OF THE PYRAMIDS MY ADVENTURES IN ARCHEOLOGY singers over to perform in front of the Sphinx. At that time, many people agreed with me, but others who worked in tourism argued that performances by famous singers would help promote Egypt abroad, and that the publicity it generated would stimulate tourism. It is my firm belief, however, that tourism is the greatest enemy of archaeology. Mass tourism causes harm to ancient monuments, which have weathered thousands of years only to witness their greatest damage in the last century. UNESCO has organized conferences in many countries to heighten awareness of what mass tourism can do to archaeological sites. It has been said that unless there are drastic changes, we can expect that many sites will have been irrevocably destroyed within two hundred years. In 1977, when I was a young archaeologist, I attended a Grateful Dead concert staged in front of the Sphinx. A huge crowd of ten thousand young people was standing, shouting, screaming, and drinking beer, and I even saw some foreigners smoking drugs. The sound of their music was so loud that I could feel the stones of the pyramids vibrate and the fragile rock of the Sphinx shake. I felt how sad the Sphinx must be that day, and how appalled that his descendants would violate his sacred precincts with such a cacophony. But the Sphinx kept silent, and only ten years later, when a big chunk of stone fell from his right shoulder, did the public become aware of the danger he was in. The world was shocked, and its press descended on Egypt to report on the tragedy. Many experts argued that it was the water table and rain that caused this damage, but I knew the truth: the Sphinx was suffering from what we were doing to him. Residents of Nazlet el-Samman had built their houses a mere fifteen meters away from him; water and sewage were seeping into the bedrock and infiltrating his body. An antiquities director, now retired, had given permission for some amateurs to knock on the Sphinx’s body while using ultrasound, and for the Grateful Dead to give a concert at his very feet. We never learn. Two decades later, a letter fell on my desk asking ZAHI HAWASS 9 for permission for Sting to sing in front the Sphinx. We sent a letter to the secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, Gaballa A. Gaballa, and we denied permission and gave our reasons. Our opinion was respected. But when the organizer of the show couldn’t get authorization for the performance on archaeologically protected land, he decided to hold it in front of the Sound and Light Theater, which belongs to the Sound and Light Company. The organizer sold fifteen thousand tickets before it became clear that the theater, filled to capacity, could hold only three thousand spectators. The overflow, the concert organizers decided, would have to be accommodated on the area north of the Sound and Light building, which, needless to say, is land belonging to the Antiquities Department. The Egyptian Tourist Authority wanted the concert; the Egyptian antiquities authorities refused. A few hours before the scheduled opening, the latter were obliged to give way. About fifteen thousand concertgoers, most of them young people in their teens and twenties, packed the area. Many could not even enter the plateau because it was so crowded, and there was no crowd control. Sting started to sing, and the vibration of the music echoing from the gigantic speakers shook the ground. The spectators jumped around in time with the music, the sound reverberated, and every stone of the pyramids, not to mention the Sphinx, suffered. At midnight, one of my students called me and said, “Dr. Zahi, you taught us to preserve the monuments, and I cannot understand how you gave permission for this.” I was glad to hear that just then the concert finished. I did not go. I have not forgotten that first scene, two decades ago, when this magical site was transformed into an anthropoid zoo. I had no desire to repeat the experience. The next day, I went to the Sphinx and walked around to see if anything had befallen the statue. I searched his face for anger; I was afraid that what happened in 1988 could happen again, that another large section of the ancient monument could fall down. I do not object to antiquities sites being used for cultural 10 MAGIC OF THE PYRAMIDS MY ADVENTURES IN ARCHEOLOGY performances, such as the opera Aida, which is in keeping with the dignity of this sacred site. Certainly the audiences of such performances are easier to manage than the crowds at a pop concert. However, what is done is done; but we should think carefully before we ever allow something like this to happen again. I don’t want to hear the Sphinx crying again. I hope that this time he will forgive us. Meanwhile, we have found another site for rock performances and similar events, west of the pyramids. The Sphinx can sleep in peace. Adventure in the Bent Pyramid When I was teaching at the American University in Cairo in 1988, I once told my students that we would share an adventure. We were going inside a pyramid that had been entered by only a few Egyptologists. Even some of the distinguished scholars specializing in the pyramid field had not entered it. We met in front of the pharaoh Snefru’s “Bent Pyramid” at Dahshur, and I explained its history and archaeology. My class was surprised and delighted when we met Rainer Stadelmann, the former director of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo. Rainer, who ranks among the finest of scholars, has dedicated his life to excavating around this pyramid and has made many interesting discoveries, among them the oldest capstone of the North Pyramid of Snefru, sometimes called the Red Pyramid. I told my students that Rainer was one of the few archaeologists with a profound knowledge of the pyramids and, let me add, he has also made solid friendships with many Egyptians. “Why does Snefru have four pyramids?” asked one of my students. “Rainer can give you a better answer than I can,” I replied. Rainer explained that the first pyramid Snefru built was at Sila in the Fayoum. This did not have a burial chamber, and most scholars believe the pyramid, built behind the king’s palace, must represent the primeval mound of Egyptian mythology. Snefru then started building a second pyramid in Meidum as a “step pyramid” but, for reasons unknown, ZAHI HAWASS 11 he did not finish it. (Many scholars, incidentally, still believe that this pyramid belonged to Huni, the last king of the Third Dynasty.) He subsequently went to Dahshur and there built the “Bent Pyramid”—the original angle of 54° 31’ 13” was later changed to 43° 21’. After this he moved north and built the first “true pyramid” in Egypt, the North Pyramid. Finally, he returned to Meidum and completed the structure there as a true pyramid. We now believe that Snefru ruled for more than fifty-four years. We eagerly anticipated our adventure: twelve young students about to enter the Bent Pyramid for the first time.
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