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EP ANSWERS

1st Quarter

DAY 5 Concept Map

1-4. The answers for are on the bottom of each chapter. 5. grow, develop and die. - Every organism has a cell - Every organism constantly wears out or breaks done over time - Nothing last forever sooner or later a living thing can no longer do what it must to survive 6. change over time as they adapt to their environment. - Fossils show us that things living are evolving from things that lived long ago. 7. homeostasis. - heart rate - respiration rate - amount of waste products in the blood - the amount of water in the body.

DAY 6 What is Biology

1. It responds to the environment, It grows and develops, It produces offspring, It maintains homeostasis, It has complex chemistry, and It consists of cells. 2. The four unifying principles of biology are cell theory, theory, homeostasis and . 3. The outline levels of organization of a complex, multicellular organism such as a mouse, starting with the cell is: The Cell - then Tissue – then Tissue –then Organ – then Organ System – to Finally Organism (the mouse) 4. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment. Humans are an example of Homeostasis.

DAY 11 Characters Of Living Questions

1. Biology is the study of living things. 2. Cells are the smallest unit of life capable of carrying out all the functions of living things. The small structures within cells are called organelles. 3. A 4. Two types of reproduction are sexually and asexually. 5. An organism needs a constant supply of energy and materials to carry out its essential processes to stay alive. 6. Metabolism is the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. 7. False 8. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment.

DAY 12 Characteristics of Living Things Questions Study Guide

1. If the new discovery has cells then it is living. 2. False 3. All living things are made up of cells 4. True 5. Energy 6. Anything that causes a reaction is considered a Stimulus 7. True 8. A plant cell divides when a cell gets so large that it takes too long to obtain water and nutrients into a cell quickly. 9. Cells 10. Growth is an increase in size due to producing new cells where development is changes in the form of an organism as it proceeds to maturity. 11. Evolution 12. Become extinct 13. Metamorphosis is changes in form as an organism matures; may be complete or incomplete. 14. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment. 15. One way plants can maintain a relatively stable amount of water in its tissues is that plants can close the holes underneath their leaves to prevent loss of water 16. The levels of organization of life from molecules to the biosphere are: molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem and biosphere.

DAY 14 Science and the Natural World

1. Science is a distinctive way of gaining knowledge about the natural world that starts with a question and then tries to answer the question with evidence and logic. T he goal of science is to understand the natural world. 2. An outline of a scientific investigation outline is 1. 1. Make observation, 2. Ask a question, 3. Form a Hypothesis, 4. Draw a conclusion, and 5. Communicate results. 3. A hypothesis is a possible answer to a scientific question, but it isn’t just any answer. Characteristics of a hypothesis are: 1. must be based on scientific knowledge, and it must be logical, and 2. must be falsifiable. 4. Why does a rock fall faster than a piece of paper? -can be investigated How does gravity work? -cannot be investigated 5. A natural study shows what actually occurs in nature. Therefore, it may provide a truer picture of what happens in the real world than an experiment does. DAY 15 1. Independent/Manipulating Variable: the time it takes to run a kilometer Dependent/Responding Variable: amount of exercise a person gets 2. Independent/Manipulating Variable: The higher temperature of water Dependent/Responding Variable: the faster the egg will cook 3. Independent/Manipulating Variable: if keeping the lights on for different amounts of time each day Dependent/Responding Variable: the number of eggs laid. 4. Independent/Manipulating Variable: at different depths Dependent/Responding Variable: the temperature of water in a lake varied 5. Independent/Manipulating Variable: is watered weekly than grass that is not watered Dependent/Responding Variable if grass will grow taller

DAY 17 Scientific Method Video

1. Opinion 2. To build upon and support prior knowledge obtained from experiments, scientists typically repeat the experiments to confirm that it was not an error in the conclusion. Furthermore other experiments are created that will look at anything that may affect the conclusion. Science is testing one hypothesis, retesting and trying something new. 3. Aristotle was not a scientist, he never tested any of his ideas 4. Recognize the Problem, Hypothesis, Experiment’s, Results Evaluated, Conclusion made. If the experiment shows the Hypothesis works, it becomes a Scientific Theory, 5. Thomas Edison tested hundreds of metals for the filament of the light bulb before he found the right one.

Metric Video

1. An example of measurement that happens all around it how far did the car drive. 2. Scientists all over the world use the metric system because it li logical and easy to use 3. The first standardized system of measurement, based on the decimal was proposed in France about 1670. However, it was not until 1791 that such a system was developed. It was called the "metric" system, based on the French word for measure. 4. The Metric system is used all over the world except the United States. 5. The United States is the only country that still uses a system that was based on Queen Elizabeth’s arm.

Day 20 Structure & Function

Function Structure Example: What DNA structure regulates the replication? DNA is replicated only a few pieces at time. DNA has sections that signal for the beginning of a coding sequence as well as a DNA section that signals for the ending of a coding sequence. The possibility of damage to the DNA is minimized by having only small sections opened up at any time.

Example: How do hummingbirds access their ? Hummingbirds often feed from flowers that do Hummingbirds can beat their wings fast enough to hover in midair and not have a place for them to perch. they have long bills and tongues which allow them to drink from the nectar of flowers.

In vertebrate organisms, the nervous system What structure of nerve cells (neurons) allows for communication must establish an effective system of throughout the body? The nervous system is a complex network of communication. nervous tissue that carries electrical messages throughout the body.

Muscle tissue responds to electrical charges How does skeletal muscle respond to the nervous signals to result in which cause them to contract, resulting in movement? Skeletal muscle responds to nervous system signals and movement. interacts with the skeleton to causes Voluntary muscle contraction.

Chlorophyll and other pigments needs isolation What organelle isolates these pigments? Plastids, Cytoplasmic organelle from the cytosol in order to perform its function. in plants, bounded by a double membrane that carries its own DNA and is often pigmented. Chloroplasts are plastids.

The cell membrane must be flexible enough for Cholesterol is the component of the cell membrane provides stability. transport, but sturdy enough to withstand the impact of external factors.

Hemoglobin is a globular that carries How does the structure of hemoglobin allow it to carry oxygen?. Since multiple oxygen molecules throughout the blood oxygen is not very soluble in water (the major constituent of blood), an stream. oxygen transport protein must be used to allow oxygen to be 'soluble'. Hemoglobin (Hb) is the oxygen transport protein used in the blood of vertebrates.

Proper cell function requires the ability to digest What organelles perform this function and what specific toxin do they old organelles/metabolic wastes that take up eliminate? The peroxisome gets rid of toxic peroxides and digests fatty space, waste valuable resources, and may be acids. The lysosome digest (these can be membrane proteins i.e. toxic to the cell. receptors).

Most fungi do not have a system of transport for As heterotrophic organisms, how do fungi “find” their food? The water and food. just grows on its food. They secrete a wide range of extracellular enzymes into the environment to increase the availability of the nutrients they need (eg., ligninase, hemicellulase, amylase, chitinase, keratinase) which is how they contribute to nutrient recycling in nature.

Some proteins are destined to stay in the cell Are these two types of proteins produced in loose ribosomes? Explain. while others are destined to leave the cell Secreted proteins are produced "in" the ER. When transcription is about (secretion). to occur a ribosome interacts with the ER and "inserts" a protein in it. This protein is then transported through vesicular transport to the golgi for further processing. Soluble proteins of the cell are produced in the cytoplasm by free ribosomes.

ER, Golgi body and other membrane bound What structure connects them? All the proteins are transported between organelles often work together to produce a organelles through membrane trafficking (vesicular transport) which finished functional product. involves the cytoskeleton (microtubules) as well as proteins that "carry" the vesicles along the microtubules.

Cellular respiration (specifically the electron What feature of the mitochondrion allows isolation of the proton transport chain) requires a very specific proton gradient? The double membrane structure of the mitochondria allows for concentration in order to allow production of the isolation of H+. ATP.

Amoeba is a unicellular protozoan that would not What type of cellular transport do they use for large molecules? What survive if it were to feed only by diffusion. features of the cell membrane permit it? Endocytosis. This is a very complex process involving receptors (receptor mediated endocytosis) the cytoskeleton as well as many proteins that "tag" the vesicles for transport to appropriate parts of the cell.

Eukaryotic cells have a small surface area to What compensates for that? Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus volume ratio compared to prokaryotic cells. and are found in single-celled organisms Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells have other organelles besides the nucleus. The only organelles in a prokaryotic cell are ribosomes and are found in multi- celled organisms.

The evolution of plants from aquatic How do land plants gain stability without the buoyancy of water to keep environments to land resulted in adaptations for them upright? In vascular plants, stems are the organs that hold plants vertical growth and to store water. upright so they can get the sunlight and air they need.

Some cells depend on the ability to move in order What do they use for such movement? Flagella and cilia. to survive.

DAY 22 Cells Answers

1. What type of microscope would be best for studying the structures found inside of cells? Electron microscope 2. What are the three basic parts of the cell theory? 1. All organisms are composed of cells. 2. Cells are alive and the basic living units of organization in all organisms. 3.All cells come from other cells. 3. According the cell theory, can you create a cell by combining molecules in a laboratory? Why or why not? NO, because all cells come from other cells

DAY 27 Organelles

1. The Golgi then packages the proteins into vesicles and sends them to the right place in the cell or to the cell membrane. 2. The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell; they provide the energy needed to power chemical reactions. 3. The rough ER is covered with ribosomes and makes proteins, while the smooth ER makes lipids.

DAY 28 Diffusion

1. The process of diffusion is molecules are said to flow down their concentration gradient, flowing from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. 2. It would be a hypertonic solution because with a hypertonic solution means the environment outside of the cell has more dissolved material than inside of the cell. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will leave the cell. This can cause a cell to shrink and shrivel.

DAY 29 Passive Transport (I found doing some research was needed to complete this assignment)

1. Diffusion is the movement of particles from a higher concentration of particles to a lower concentration. However osmosis is the movement of water particles from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion can occur in any substance be it air or liquid. Osmosis is specific to only water. 2. Food can be preserved by adding salt. The water would be drawn out of the bacteria and the cell would die. Some specialist types of bacteria have evolved to be able to live in very salty conditions and have adaptations to help them survive such conditions. 3. A Paramecium need to remove water to prevent swelling a bursting 4. Your fingertips may look dried out like a prune in the sun, but they actually get creased because they are absorbing a lot of water. They do this because the skin on the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet is thicker and tougher than the skin elsewhere on the body. Those skin cells also contain more protein. (The water causes the skin particles to expand, well basically there absorbing the water, and henceforth expanding, then when there’s not enough room on the finger, the skin crinkles up.) 5. Reverse Osmosis is the reversal of the natural flow of osmosis. In a water purification system, the goal is not to dilute the salt solution, but to separate the pure water from the salt and other contaminants. When the natural osmotic flow is reversed, water from the salt solution is forced through the membrane in the opposite direction by application of pressure-thus the term REVERSE OSMOSIS. Through this process, we are able to produce pure water by screening out the salts and other contaminants. 6. No, it doesn't, unless it is on a cellular level, and we don't learn most things on that level, at least consciously. Osmosis refers to something being equalized, such as the amount of salt in solution on two different sides of a penetrable membrane. Active Transport

1. Endocytosis is the cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane. Exocytosis is the cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane. Basically, that means endocytosis takes IN molecules, exocytosis puts OUT molecules. 2. The difference between endocytosis and exocytosis cell membrane and chloroplasts. 3. ATP is hydrolyzed by transport proteins releasing energy. This energy is what is used to transport a molecule across a membrane and up its concentration gradient. 4. A Paramecium's contractile vacuole pumps water out of the cell is called Active Transport. 5. Active transport requires energy, unlike passive transport. The carrier proteins in active transport act as a "pump" (fueled by ATP) to carry/attach themselves to useful proteins for the cell.

DAY 33 Cell Cycle

1. The two main components of a Cell Cycle are interphase and the mitotic phase. 2. Interphase is the stage when the cell mostly performs its “everyday” functions. 1. The first growth phase (G1): During the G1 stage, the cell doubles in size and doubles the number of organelles. 2. The synthesis phase (S): The DNA is replicated during this phase. In other words, an identical copy of all the cell’s DNA is made. This ensures that each new cell has a set of genetic material identical to that of the parental cell. This process is called DNA replication. 3. The second growth phase (G2): Proteins are synthesized that will help the cell divide. At the end of interphase, the cell is ready to enter mitosis. 3. During mitosis, the nucleus divides. One nucleus becomes two nuclei, each with an identical set of chromosomes. Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, when the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two cells. 4. Cancer is a disease that occurs when the cell cycle is not regulated and cells divide out of control.

DAY 34 Chemistry Questions

1. Ionic is made by one atom giving up electrons to another. Ionic is formed by metal and nonmetal. Covalent bond is sharing of electrons, made by two non metals. In the living system(assuming human body), there is salt, so NaCl for ionic, and there is also water, H2O for covalent. Covalent is known to be stronger than ionic, but there is some debate to this based on the compounds that are used to compare. Number of protons in the atom. Defines which element it is. 2. Atomic Number: Determine the identity of the atom, it is the number of protons in the atom. It can mean the difference between lead and gold. 3. Valence: number of electrons that an atom has to share, or wants to take. I'm having trouble coming up with the answer for the rest, it's too wordy to put into a sentence. 4. polar bonds: stronger bond, more imf, due to dipole dipole. non-polar: usually weaker in terms of bonding due to lack of dipole-dipole 5. Intermolecular forces: IMF, is basically the forces that two covalently bonded atoms have on each other. Hydrogen bonds are formed through hydrogen bonding with the following atoms: F, O, and N. It is the strongest intermolecular force. In water, H bonds are responsible for water's unusually high boiling point. 6. Ions are an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. Two examples of Ion’s are: 1. Calcium ion: Involved in the release of neurotransmitter. Regulates enzyme activity. Stored in bones and teeth. And 2. Potassium ion: Important to neural function and osmotic equilibrium. 7. Electronegativity: is the "desire" of an atom for electrons, or more specifically, its pull on electrons. F atom is known to have the highest electronegativity. Electro. Is responsible for polar covalent bonds because it is the amount of pull that one atom has in a compound. For example, in the imaginary compound, CCl3Br, there are for chlorine atoms and one bromine atom. In this compound, there is equal sharing of electrons. However, because Br is weaker in terms of electronegativity, it upsets the balance of the compound (because the cl atoms are pulling to the side more strongly than the br atom) and causes polarity within the compound. 8. Acid: a substance which when added to water produces hydrogen ions [H+]. Base: a substance which when added to water produces hydroxide ions [OH-]. Their roles are to buffer one another, i guess. There are weak acids that buffer strong bases, and weak bases that buffer strong acids. That's about all i can give you, u have to be more specific. 9. A chemical reaction occurs when a compound decomposes, or two or more compounds react together to create one or more different compound 10. Styrofoam and plastic are usually polymers. Organic molecules in living matter are much more complex and diverse. such molecules aid in the structural integrity of other biochemical molecules 11. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. An example of Isomers are Alkanes, they are the simplest class of organic compounds. They contain only tetravalent (making 4 covalent bonds) Carbon atoms and Hydrogen. Butane and Methyl propane are two examples which can be found on this page. As you can find on the other pages of this site they can only be involved in structural isomerism. 12. Enantiomer each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other. When an enantiomer is manipulated by a living organism, the enzymes used to manipulate it must be tailor made to fit the enantiomer. A given enzyme might be made to manipulate or synthesize one enantiomer but would be incompatible with the other (like trying to put a right hand glove on a left hand). Although it would be possible to synthesize both enzymes (to handle both enantiomers), it's more efficient to just make one (since it would require two sets of genetic material). Therefore, chiral (enantiomer) molecules typically only exist in one of their forms within a living system.

DAY 36 Macromolecules

1. All organic chemical compounds possess one thing in common.-all of them contain the element is Carbon 2. The Carbohydrates are made up of three different elements in a ratio of 1:2:1. In order, these elements are its carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 3. A simple sugar called _Glucose_, whose chemical formula is C6H12O6 is broken down during glycolysis. 4. Anabolism is the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. Anabolism is a metabolic function. 5. The three elements make up lipids are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 6. Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of lipids. 7. Proteins are made up of chains of simple molecules called _Amino Acids_. 8. Enzymes are the protein molecules which are involved in the metabolic reactions in the body. (To accelerate a reaction in the body. There are many different kinds with very specific roles - ranging from energy production to DNA replication.) 9. Nucleic Acids are made up of chains of simple molecules called Nucleic Acids. 10. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell contains the DNA, the genetic material of the cell. The DNA contains the information necessary for constructing the cell and directing the multitude of synthesis tasks performed by the cell in the process of life and reproduction. (The nucleus is the "brain" of the cell, it controls all the cell's activities) (this is the best answer we could come up with, if you learned something different please let me know)

DAY 39 Protein Structure Helpful Sites: http://newburyparkhighschool.net/malone/BioH/RESOURCES/Animation- Protein_structure.swf http://www.proteinstructures.com/Structure/Structure/amino-acids.html

1. Hydrophilic (polar) amino acid side chains may form side chain-side chain or side chains-main chain hydrogen-bonds (with polar amide carbonyl groups). It has been observed that all polar groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds in proteins do form such bonds. And since these interactions are often crucial for the stabilization of the protein three- dimensional structure, they are normally conserved. 2. The tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional structure of the protein. 3. Proteins that consist of only one subunit do not have a quaternary structure

Biology 2nd Qtr Grades

DAY 44 The Answers for this assignment will depend on your outcomes

DAY 45

1. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. During the first stage, the energy from sunlight is absorbed by the chloroplast. Water is used, and oxygen is produced during this part of the process. During the second stage, carbon dioxide is used, and glucose is produced. 2. The plant would not be able to perform photosynthesis if the stomata of a plant leaf were glued shut because Carbon Dioxide would not be able to enter the leaf. 3. The reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. he products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen.

DAY47

The Answers Are Provided with the print out (you do not need to print it, just open the link.

DAY 48 Light Reactions of Photosynthesis

1. There are two separate parts of a chloroplast: the space inside the chloroplast itself, and the space inside the thylakoids a. The inner compartments inside the thylakoids are called the thylakoid space (or lumen). This is the site of the first part of photosynthesis. b. The interior space that surrounds the thylakoids is filled with a fluid called stroma. This is where carbon dioxide is used to produce glucose, the second part of photosynthesis. 2. if the stomata of a plant leaf were glued shut Carbon Dioxide would not be able to enter the leaf. Carbon Dioxide is one of three reactants needed to begin the photosynthesis process. 3. The reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen.

Chloroplasts

1. Chloroplasts, the organelles which conduct photosynthesis in plants and algae. 2. Each chloroplast contains neat stacks called grana (singular, granum). The grana consist of sac-like membranes, known as thylakoid membranes. These membranes contain photosystems, which are groups of molecules that include chlorophyll, a green pigment. The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membranes. The stroma is the space outside the thylakoid membranes, as shown in Figure below. In addition to enzymes, two basic types of molecules - pigments and electron carriers – are key players in this process. This is where the reactions of the Calvin cycle take place. 3. Electron Carrier is a molecule which transfers energy-carrying electrons within an electron transport chain. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a A series of electron-carrying molecules which accept and pass along energy-carrying electrons in small steps, allowing the energy lost at each transfer to be captured for storage or work.

Day 49 Cellular Respiration Study Guide 1. Glycolysis

2. True

3. Cellular respiration is a cellular process that requires oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide in order to obtain energy for the organism.

4. The formula for aerobic cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy (as ATP)

The word equation for this is: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (as ATP)

5. Fermentation is the process that releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.

6. Anaerobic

7. Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation

8. Alcohol fermentation is a process that uses yeast and bacteria. They work together to convert sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. The fermentation begins after glucose enters the cells and broken down into pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid is then turned into CO2, ethanol, and energy.

9. They use up the ATP produced by cellular respiration; they produce it by lactic acid fermentation.

10. Lactic Acid Fermentation can supply the ATP

11. Why does a sprinter have an oxygen debt to repay after the race is over?

12. The process that withdraws energy

13. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the air and cellular respiration puts it back.

14. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere and cellular respiration uses the oxygen to release energy from food.

DAY 52

1. It comes from sunlight plants use photosynthisis to capture energy from sun, animals eats plants *1st level consumers*, then so on and on

2. Complete the table of types of organisms. Type Description Examples Autotrophs Organisms that make their own food Moss

Heterotrophs Organisms that obtain energy from Zebra’s the food they eat

3. ATP is adenosine triphosphate. This chemical compound is what living things use to store energy ADP stored in the body so when it's time to use that stored energy, ADP goes through ATP synthesis to make ATP and use that energy though the body

4. ATP (adenine triphosphate) is the compound responsible for providing energy to a cell to carry out its metabolic process. When the ATP molecule is in contact with a water molecule (hydrolysis), the result is ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate. In this reaction, energy is released to the cell. The ADP molecule is further broken down to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and a phosphate through hydrolysis, releasing further chemical energy.

5. Adenine, Ribose, Phosphate Groups

6. Cells create and store energy in different ways. Cells are able to store small amounts of energy through a molecule called adenosine triphosphate.

7. ATP is a kind of chemical substance in living organisms. It stores energy in its phosphate bonds. When these phosphate bonds are broken, energy is released that is made available for biological processes.

8. a. ADP

9. Six molecules of watertext annotation indicator plus six molecules of carbon dioxidetext annotation indicator produce one molecule of sugar (called glucosetext annotation indicator) plus six molecules of oxygen.

10. 6H2O + 6CO2equation image indicator C6H12O6+ 6O2

11. Photosynthesis

12. light

13. chlorophyll

14. Thylakoids

15. A stacked membranous structure within a chloroplast that contains the chlorophyll and is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis.

16. Stroma

17. light reactions and dark reactions

18. Temperature, Carbondioxide, Light energy

19. False

DAY 55 Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

1. binary fission, fragmentation, and budding. 2. A gamete is haploid, meaning that it contains only 1 complete set of chromosomes. Therefore, a gamete has only 1 allele for each gene. A zygote is the single cell that forms after sperm fertilizes an egg cell. A zygote is a diploid cell, formed from the union of two haploid cells. Gamates have half the number of chromosomes from each parent cell. That is 23 from father and 23 from mother, which makes 23 pairs in the daughter cell. A normal human zygote has 46 chromosomes. 23 from each of the parents. 3. The process in which two gametes unite

DAY 59 Answers are on the Page

DAY 64 DNA Replication: 1. The process of the replication of dna 2. Protein 3. Helicase 4. A=T and G=C 5. FOUR 6. C=G, A=T, T=A, G=C, G=C, G=C, C=G, T=A, C=G, C=G, A=T 7. C=G, A=T, T=A, G=C, G=C, G=C, C=G, T=A, C=G, C=G, A=T 8. Yes 9. Millions of base pairs 10. 3 Billion Pairs 11. Nucleus 12. mRNA TO PROTEIN 13. Ladder 14. Enzymes and Special Proteins 15. C=G, G=C, A=T, U=A 16. A=T, U=A, G=C, G=C, G=C, G=C, C=G, U=A, C=G, C=G 17. The RNA Molecule is on the right side on the diagram 18. 100 to 10,000 bases long 19. Messanger RNA 20. It moves away from the DNA and leaves the cell nucleus 21. Ribosome /condon 22. The cells structure for constructing proteins 23. mRNA bases that are grouped in sets of three 24. a complementary set of bases that are apart of tRNA 25. Amino Acids 26. Methionine (Met) 27. AUG-UAG 28. CCG,GGC 29. Glycine 30. The ribosome will move to the right 31. The first tRNA will float away from the ribosome leaving its amino acid behind 32. AGG=UCC 33. Serine 34. Three amino acids long 35. 100-10,000 amino acids long 36. when a special stop Condon is reached 37. The ribosome will release the polypeptide 38. METHIONINE, Glycine, SERINE

DAY 66 Answers are on the Second page of the assignment

DAY 67 RNA 1. mRNA carries the instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. 2. Both DNA and RNA contain nucleotides which contain a sugar, (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a phosphate group. The DNA strand consists of two strands of nucleotide bases while the RNA strand contains one. Because the RNA structure only has one strand, the RNA cannot form a double helix structure like the DNA molecule. Also, the RNA strand switches uracil for thymine in the nucleotide chain.

DAY 69 RNA Study Guide 1. RNA has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose. RNA is generally single-stranded, instead of double-stranded. RNA contains uracil in place of thymine. 2. most are involved in protein synthesis 3. Messenger, is part of ribosomes, Transfer RNA 4. C & D 5. Amino acids 6. The genetic code is read 3 letters at a time, so that each “word” of the coded message is three bases long. 7. a sequence of three bases that codes for one amino acid 8. c. 64 9. False 10. The cell uses information from the messenger RNA to produce proteins. 11. On the ribosomes 12. Enzymes 13. False 14. a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene. 15. Point

DAY 71 Use the FREE RESPONSE RUBRIC

DAY 77 Monohybrid Problems

1. a) Purple b) 50%

2. a) HHMM X hhmm

3. a) 25% b) AaHH X aaHh

4. a) CCHh X CcHh

5. a)75% b) 75/100 % c) 25%

6. a) BbRr X BBrr b) because black is dominant and red is recessive the black would seem more dominant but because the red has more recessive so it would be a fifty/fifty chance.

7. a) 50%

8. a) LlSS X llSs b) 25%

9. a) blue b) Explain BBbb X BbBb so blue would be dominant because it over rides the dominant.

10. a) 100% b) 50%

Genetics Video Questions

1. For thousands of years ancient farmers used basic genetic principles when they attempted to improve food plants by saving the larger seeds from grasses and breeding them with other larger seeds. 2. Humans have captured wild animals and bred them together to make bigger sheep with thicker wool, chickens that grew larger eggs and horses that were faster and more powerful. 3. Mendel is often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. He wanted to learn what would happen when two pea plants with different easily distinguishable traits were bred together. 4. 5. A Punnett Square displays all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross. 6. Genes are located on DNA strands which make up the chromosomes. 7. Diploid refers to the dual nature of chromosomes.

DAY 79 Intro to Genetics Study Guide; All of the Answers are on the Page, except # 1:

1. Genetics

DAY 84 Answers are on the Second page of the assignment

3rdQuarter Answers

DAY 92 1. Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and the nonliving components of their environment. 2. The biosphere contains the surface of the Earth (air, water, and land) where living things exist. 3. An ecologist may want to examine how different components interact within a controlled environment so laboratory experiments are set up. Many ecological phenomena are difficult to study because the environment is always changing, sometimes unexpectedly, and ecologists may have a hard time determining which factor caused a specific observation. 4. Complete the table about levels of organization. Level Definition Species An Organism Population A group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same area. Community interactions, such as competition, predation, and various forms of symbiosis, can Community powerfully affect an ecosystem. Ecosystem Includes all the organisms and the nonliving environment found in a particular place. Symbiosis A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant conditions.

5. Biosphere

6. a. Interactions within populations b. Individual interaction within communities c. interactions among living things and abiotic factors.

7. Ecologist may set up an artificial environment in a laboratory to represent environments or organisms to examine or demonstrate a specific characteristic.

8. Many ecological phenomena are difficult to study because the environment is always changing, sometimes unexpectedly,

9. Ecologists make models to represent environments or organisms to examine or demonstrate a specific characteristic.

10. True

DAY 96 - Food Chain and Food Web

1. A food chain is a diagram that shows feeding interactions in an ecosystem through a single pathway. Where a food web is a diagram that shows feeding interactions between many organisms in an ecosystem through multiple intersecting pathways.

2. Heron

DAY 102 - Biome chart

Climate: Geographic Major Types of Biome Rain, and Major Types of Flora Location Fauna highs/lows trout, salmon, flies, South of the ice caps mosquitos, polar of the Artic bears, caribou, musk -40 to 18c Lichens, mosses, Extending across ox, grey , 150-250mm rain per grasses. Sedges, Tundra North America. , rabbits, year shrubs Europe & Siberia squirrels, penguins, falcons, ravens, , and loons birds, deer, wolves, -40 to 20c. av. and various , Taiga Canada, Europe, Asia Summer 10c 300- garter , (Coniferous Evergreen Trees & US 900mm of rain per turtles, a few Forest) year amphibians and very few -30 to 30c yrly aver. deer, wolves, bears, Broadleaf Trees Temperate Eastern U.S., 10c Hot summers, American toad, box (Oaks, maples) (Deciduous) Canada, Europe, cold winters turtle, chipmunk, shrubs, perennial Forest China & Japan 750-1,500mm rain squirrel, Longtail herbs & mosses per year Salamander Tarantulas, Army ants, butterflies, Between the Tropic , tropical 20 – 25c Tropical of Cancer and the Vines, palm trees, birds, Vampire bats, 2,000-10,000mm Rainforest Tropic of Capricorn orchids, ferns Indian flying fox, rain per year Anacondas, Chameleons, Monkeys prairie , jack Western Coastal rabbits, ground Regions between 30 Sage, rosemary, squirrels, and Shrubland 8-22c Hot & Dry in & 40 degrees thyme, oregano, gophers bison, Also Called Summer; cool & latitude (north & shrubs, acacia, pronghorn antelope, Chaparral moist in Winter south of the equator chamise, grasses elk, badgers, coyotes, ferrets, wolves, . Great Plains in U.S., Oxen, bison, Pampas in South -20 to 30c antelope, squirrels, America, veldt, 500-900mm rain per Grass, wheat, oats ferrets, lions, South Africa, steppes year elephants and in Central Eurasia & warthogs Australia Armadillo Banded Cactus Wren 15 and 35 degrees 38 – 3.9 Celsius Coyote Desert North and South of 250mm of rain Cactus Desert Bighorn the Equator yearly Sheep Desert Desert Tortoise Pygmy Owl Thorny Devil

DAY 105 Use Paragraph Rubric to grade

DAY 107 Use Paragraph Rubric to grade

DAY 116 Alternation of Generations

Table 1

Structure Haploid/Diploid Structure Produced Process

Gametophyte Haploid produced by spores meiosis generation produces gametes through the process of mitosis.

Sporophyte diploid produced by gametes fertilization If the sperm fertilizes the egg of a seed plant a diploid sporophyte embryo develops. This embryo encased within the ovule makes the seed. Each of these adaptations allowed seed plants a greater advantage for survival in a terrestrial environment.

Zygote diploid produced by gametes fertilization Multicellular plant embryos developed from zygotes were retained within the female gametophyte..

Spore diploid produced by sporophytes meiosis produced by the sporangia that can grow into multicellular gametophytes. As plants adapted to terrestrial environments, it became increasingly important that the spores could withstand the absence of water and presence of dry air. These spores developed an outer layer of tissues to protect the developing spores.

Gamete haploid produced by gametophytes Meiosis male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

1. In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant generation, while the sporophytes consist of sporangium-bearing stalks growing from the tips of the gametophytes

2. The sporophyte is dominant in a vascular plants- ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. In gymnosperm and angiosperm the male gametophyte is the pollen grain. While the female gametophyte is inside the stigma's ovule inside the ovary. The flower's ovary is like a Russian doll with structures enclosing structures.

3. Megaspores, microspores In angiosperm and gymnosperm plant's ovules (megasporangia) produce megaspores that mature into the female gametophytes inside the flower ovary or under the cone scale. The male sporangium produces the microspores. Each microspore is a single cell that grows into a mature gametophyte (multicelled pollen grain) with a reduced antheridium to generate sperm nuclei. These are in male cones in gymnosperm or in anthers in angiosperm.

DAY 118 Use Kingdom Rubric

DAY 119 Vertebrate Classification

1. Hagfish

2. Hagfish , Lampreys, Cartilaginous Fish, Ray-Finned Fish, Lobe-Finned Fish 3. They have a bony endoskeleton with a backbone and jaws; they breathe only with lungs; they have four limbs; their skin is covered with hair or fur; they have amniotic eggs; they have mammary (milk-producing) glands; they are endothermic.

Fish Classification

1. This fish would be in the Cartilaginous Fish Species and would have have a complete backbone, a jaw and a relatively large brain.

2. Jaws give Cartilaginous Fish an advantage because of their larger size they need to consume more food, and have a jaw greatly expands the range of food sources they can consume.

DAY 120 Amphibian Classification

1. and toads have much longer back legs. Salamanders and newts keep their tails as , they also have a long body with short legs, and all their legs are about the same length. Caecilians have a long, worm-like body without legs.

Frogs and Toads, Salamanders and Newts and Caecilians all live both on land and in the water, cold-blooded animals with a three-chambered heart as well as other organs commonly found in most vertebrates. Amphibians absorb oxygen into their bodies through their skin. Amphibians also have lungs, which are used in respiration, but they are not as highly developed as those of the higher vertebrates. Amphibians usually live in damp places, which help to keep their skin from drying out. In order to mate successfully, amphibians must be in a watery environment. Most amphibians are oviparous. They develop from eggs hatched outside them other.

Reptile Classification

1. Crocodilians have a four chamber heart where other reptiles have a three chamber heart.

DAY 121 Bird Classification

1. Diurnal Raptors Sleep during the night, they hunt by sight and have excellent vision where Nocturnal Raptors: Sleep during the day, forward-facing eyes; they have excellent hearing and can hunt with their of hearing alone.

DAY 126 Germs

1. Bacteria are tiny, one-celled creatures that get nutrients from their environments in order to live. In some cases that environment is a human body. Bacteria can reproduce outside of the body or within the body as they cause infections. Some infections bacteria cause include sore throats (tonsillitis or strep throat), ear infections, cavities, and pneumonia.

Viruses need to be inside living cells to grow and reproduce. Most viruses can't survive very long if they're not inside a living thing like a plant, animal, or person. Whatever a virus lives in is called its host. When viruses get inside people's bodies, they can spread and make people sick. Viruses cause chickenpox, measles, flu, and many other diseases.

Fungi are multi-celled, plant-like organisms. Unlike other plants, fungi cannot make their own food from soil, water, and air. Instead, fungi get their nutrition from plants, people, and animals. They love to live in damp, warm places, and many fungi are not dangerous in healthy people. An example of something caused by fungi is athlete's foot, that itchy rash that teens and adults sometimes get between their toes

Protozoa (say: pro-toh-zoh-uh) are one-cell organisms that love moisture and often spread diseases through water. Some protozoa cause intestinal infections that lead to diarrhea, nausea, and belly pain.

2. bacteria are good for our bodies — they help keep things in balance. Good bacteria live in our intestines and help us use the nutrients in the food we eat and make waste from what's left over. We couldn't make the most of a healthy meal without these important helper germs! Some bacteria are also used by scientists in labs to produce medicines and vaccines 3. Hand washing. Cover your nose and mouth when you sneeze and cough, if you have to cough, it is best to do it in your elbow. Using tissues for your sneezes.

4. All we have to do is touch something that is infected, then touch food that is placed into our mouths ... bingo ... infected with germs. Germs can also enter the body through cuts, by breathing, or by food that has bacteria.

5. Routine immunizations from your doctor staying Healthy by eating well, exercising regularly, and getting good sleep.

6. Your Bed Sheets, It’s a good idea to change your sheets about once a week. Wash them in warm or hot water with a regular detergent. Bleach or a bleach-alternative is also a good way to keep them sanitized. Your Toothbrush, replace your toothbrush every 3 months and do not share it with anyone. Your Makeup, replacing your powders and eye shadows every two years, foundation every year, and mascara every three months. Wash any applicators frequently with regular soap and water, and wipe your brushes with alcohol. Finally, do not share your makeup with others. Your Kitchen Sink, cleaning your kitchen sink is to use a bleach-based cleaner after use. The Kitchen Sponge, Disinfecting and cleaning a sponge is easy. Toss it in the dishwasher, or wet and microwave it for 1-2 minutes. Your Purse, do not put it on the floor of any public place, such as the train, bus, or public restroom. Wipe it down every day with an alcohol-based sanitizer.

7. They are spirili- spiral shaped, cocci- round shaped and bascilli- rod shaped

8. (in my opinion there is not right or wrong answer here)

9. (There are too many to many to list, please double check your answer)

10. Washing your feet every day, Drying your feet completely, especially between your toes, Wearing sandals or shower shoes when walking around in locker rooms, public pools, and public showers, Wearing clean socks. If they get wet or damp, be sure to change them as soon as you can, using a medicated powder on your feet to help reduce perspiration, You can ditch jock itch by: Wearing clean, cotton underwear and loose-fitting pants. Keeping your groin area clean and dry. Changing out of wet swimsuits instead of lounging around in them, Wearing clean, cotton underpants.

11. Protozoan Diseases: Protozoans are a group of eukaryotic single-celled organisms. Several species of protozoans infect humans and inhabit the body as commensals or parasites. The parasitic protozoans of major medical importance include certain species of amoebae, flagellates, and sporozoans. a. Amoebae

The most notorious amoeba of humans is Entamoeba histolytica, an inhabitant of the large intestine. Although often harmless, it can become invasive, penetrating into the mucous membrane of the intestine, multiplying and eroding the tissue. The result is a disease called amebiasis, characterized by intense abdominal pain, blood and mucus in the stool, diarrhea, and dehydration (a syndrome called amebic dysentery). Amebiasis can be fatal, especially to infants and children. In addition to the intestinal infection, the amoebae sometimes get into the bloodstream and establish secondary sites of infection in the liver, brain, or elsewhere. Entamoeba histolytica is acquired from food or water contaminated with sewage. Several other amoebae, such as Entamoeba coli, inhabit the human intestine with little or no harm to the host, but their presence indicates that the person has ingested food or water contaminated with human feces and may be at risk of more serious infections. b. Flagellates

The world's most common cause of water-borne diarrhea is the flagellate Giardia lamblia. Outbreaks of giardiasis are common in schools, mental hospitals, prisons, and other crowded institutions, but occur in circumstances as diverse as luxury resorts, backcountry camping, and impoverished villages. Giardia attaches to the surface of the small intestine, often in numbers great enough to seriously interfere with nutrient absorption. Unabsorbed nutrients then pass to the large intestine and cause gas production, painful abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. c. Sporozoans Malaria is another leading cause of death in tropical countries. It is caused by four species of the protozoan genus Plasmodium. Transmitted by mosquitoes, Plasmodium multiplies in the liver and then invades the red blood cells, destroying them so extensively as to cause severe anemia. The victim experiences alternating fever and chills as the parasites emerge together from infected red cells, invade new ones, multiply, and repeat the cycle until finally the victim is overcome by exhaustion. Another sporozoan disease is toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma can be contracted from unpasteurized milk, undercooked meat, or house . It causes little pathology in adults, but when a pregnant woman

12. (Again there are many options, put thought into your answer and then check it)

13. (Again there are many options, put thought into your answer and then check it)

DAY 127 Botulism

1. Clostridium botulinum

2. Since 1900 about 1,000 people in the United States have been killed by the poison.

3. People did not have to move every time the climate changed because they were able to be persevered, make is stay fresh longer.

4. These bacteria can only grow in the absence of oxygen. Another condition that is needed for this bacterium to grow is a medium (environment) that is not too acidic.

5. Anaerobic bacteria generally cannot grow inside people because the blood carries oxygen to every nook and cranny of a person's body.

6. When conditions are not right for growth, these bacteria form spores (a kind of safe, sleeping state).

7. C. botulinum spores have very thick walls that are extremely heat-resistant.

8. No drug is available to reverse the paralyzing process of botulinum poisoning. But it can reverse with time, by placing victims in artificial respirators---machines that can keep the victims breathing.

9. It grows best in that are not very acidic, such as string beans, mushrooms, meat, and fish

10. You are safe provided you boil the food for a few minutes. Botulinum poison is a protein. And like most proteins, it is easily destroyed or inactivated by heating.

11. You can become paralyzed and, possibly, even die.

12. Unusual odors, swollen cans, leaking cans, or bad-tasting foods.

13. Time can be bought, for example, by placing victims in artificial respirators---machines that can keep the victims breathing. Patients whose swallowing muscles are paralyzed can be fed through their veins.

14. If botulism is found a Class I recall will be ordered by the FDA. That means all the products that of the food that contained botulism will be ordered off the shelves of every store in the U.S.

4TH QTR Biology

DAY 137

Protists 1. Malaria, African trypanosomiasis, Amebiasis, Babesiosis, Chagas' disease, Cryptosporidiosis, Isosporiasis, Giardiasis, Leishmaniasis, Microsporidiosis Toxoplasmosis, Trichomoniasis 2. Cilia, Flagella. Pseudopodia. 3. feeding 4. Ameoboid movement is the movement of the endoplasm and ectoplasm to form a pseudopodia to make the amoeba mobile. 5. The euglena is a protist, which already makes it pretty unique. The kingdom of Protista is called the "odds and ends kingdom" because it's just a kingdom for any eukaryote that isn't a fungus, plant, or animal. But other than that, the euglena is mostly a heterotroph, but when food is scarce, it can change into an autotroph. Also, for a unicellular organism, it's pretty complex. It even has an eyespot: not quite an eye, but it can sense changes in light and even detect some colors. 6. solating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell, Containing waste products, Containing water in plant cells, Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell, Maintaining an acidic internal pH, Containing small molecules, Exporting unwanted substances from the cell, Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole, In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles. 7. Contractile vacuole maintains homeostasis for Protists. They are something akin to the cell wall in more advanced creatures. 8. It is the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome by phagocytes and protists. Phagocytosis is a specific form of endocytosis involving the vesicular internalization of solid particles, such as bacteria, and is, therefore, distinct from other forms of endocytosis such as the vesicular internalization of various liquids. 9. Algae are extremely important. They produce more oxygen than all the plants in the world, put together. 10. Brown and red seaweeds provide important economic products in the form of food for people and resources in the manufacturing of industrial products. These seaweeds are mostly harvested from the wild, although efforts are being made to cultivate large algae. 11. A red alga known as nori is a popular food in Japan. Another alga known as sea kale is consumed dried or cooked into various stews or soups. Sea lettuce and edible kelp are other commonly eaten seaweeds. 12. Brown seaweeds provide a natural source for the manufacture of chemicals called alginates that are used as thickening agents and stabilizers in the industrial preparation of foods and pharmaceutical drugs 13. Agar is a seaweed product prepared from certain red algae that is used in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, as a culture medium for laboratory microorganisms, and in the preparation of jellied desserts and soups. 14. Carrageenin is an agarlike compound obtained from red algae that is widely used as a stabilizer in paints, pharmaceuticals, and ice cream. 15. Diatom cells are contained within a unique silicate (silicic acid) cell wall comprising two separate valves (or shells). The biogenic silica that the cell wall is composed of is synthesised intracellularly by the polymerisation of silicic acid monomers. This material is then extruded to the cell exterior and added to the wall

Fungi 1. A simple slow-growing plant that typically forms a low crustlike, leaflike, or branching growth on rocks, walls, and trees. 2. undisturbed surfaces, time, and clean air. 3. bread mold 4. Yeast, mold, morels, truffles 5. imperfect fungi reproduce asexually by spore formation. 6. Penicillium, athletes foot 7. Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorn. 8. Club fungi's spores are produced in basidum

DAY 138

1. Your Score in the box on your right is your grade.

DAY 150

1. Please do not cheat and answer the questions on your own before looking at the answers given to you

DAY 157 Vertebrate Scavenger Hunt

VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS 1. Animals with vertebrates are in Kingdom Animalia, and Phylum Chordata. 2. The five classes of vertebrae are fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and . 3. highly cephalized, well developed sense organs and brain , most possess vertebrae (segmentation), endoskeleton , usually paired appendages, closed circulatory system: heart, arteries and veins, sexes separate in most vertebrates 4. The first vertebrate’s lampreys and hagfishes. These fishes had thick, bony shields that encased the head and part of the trunk, while the rear of the body and the tail were protected by large scales. Evidence of vertebrae is found as indentations on the inner surface of the fossilized head shield. Jaws and paired fins (corresponding to human arms and legs) were absent, and these fishes must have spent much of their life lying on the sea bed, ingesting mud and straining out tiny food particles. FISH 5. Hagfish feed on the blood and body fluids of a host fish by attaching to the side of the fish and creating a hole with their rasp-like tongue. They have: parasitic lifestyle, mucous covered skin, fins are not paired, no swim bladder, gills for breathing, two chambered heart, blood pumped in one direction, back through gills, ectotherm - body temperature depends on environment 6. Agnatha are jawless fish. Lampreys and hagfish are in this class. Members of the agnatha class are probably the earliest vertebrates. 7. Placoderms were among the first jawed fish; their jaws likely evolved from the first of their gill arches. Their head and thorax were covered by articulated armored plates and the rest of the body was scaled or naked, depending on the species. The vast majority of placoderms were predators, many of which were bottom dwellers . 8. The class is divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays and skates) and Holocephali (chimaeras, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class). 9. Sharks, rays, and skates are in the class Chondrichthyes, they all have: free-living, , like scales, paired fins, large, oily liver » buoyant, gills for breathing, two chambered heart, blood pumped in one direction, back through gills, ectotherm - body temperature depends on environment eggs are fertilized internally and left outside the body to develop; exception: Great White sharks carry their young inside during development - the larger offspring may eat their smaller siblings while still inside the mother. 10. Rays and skates are dorsoventrally flattened fish that are closely related to sharks. All are considered to be within a closely related group of fish called elasmobranchs. Rays belong to three scientific orders - Pristiformes, Myliobatiformes, and Torpediniformes while skates are classified in the order Rajiformes. RAYS are a type of flattened fish and are closely related to sharks. Rays evolved from sharks. Unlike other fish, rays and sharks have no bones; their skeleton is made of cartilage, which is a tough, fibrous substance, not nearly as hard as bone. Many rays have spines on their tail which can poison other animals when stung. Some rays have long, whip-like tails, other species have short tails. Some rays have a series of thorns on their body as a defense against predators. The color variation among rays is huge; color even varies from male to female in some species. Rays have a flattened body shape and an elongated tail. The pectoral fins are large and connected to the body to form the ray's "disc." The shape of the disc differs from species to species and may be circular, oval, wedge-shaped or triangular. Some body shapes are adapted for living on the sea bed; others are adapted for almost constant swimming. The ray's distinctive tail also varies from species to species. It ranges from stubby (on the Shorttailed electric rays) to incredibly long (e.g., over 10 feet (3 m) long on the Whip-like sting rays). 11. Osteichthyes 12. Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes and Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned fishes and lung fishes 13. Trout, salmon, bass: free-living, bony scales, paired fins, swim bladder--gas filled pouch used to regulate buoyancy in water, use gills and lungs, most fertilize eggs externally, but some are internally fertilized and give birth to live young (i.e., guppies, black mollies), two chambered heart, blood pumped in one direction, back through gills, ectotherm - body temperature depends on environment 14. Coelocanths and rhipidistians – muscular pectoral and pelvic fins. Can “walk” on fins. Only 1 extant species, a coelacanth. AMPHIBIANS 15. External fertilization, eggs have jellylike covering, ectotherm - body temperature depends on environment, gills, lungs/skin are used for respiration, mostly 3 chambered heart, moist skin, webbed toes 16. Cold-blooded REPTILES 17. Snakes, , turtles, and alligators represent the Reptiles. 18. Amniotic egg 19. Chelonia – turtles, Squamata – lizards and snakes, Crocodilia – alligators and crocodiles. 20. Ectotherm - body temperature depends on environment, internal fertilization, amniotic eggs with leathery shells to prevent drying out on land, lungs for breathing, 3 chambered heart except for crocodilians with 4 chambered heart, skin, scales, claw and no metamorphosis. 21. Snakes swallow their prey whole, since they have no limbs with which to dismember it and teeth adapted to gripping (or injecting venom, in the case of a venomous 's fangs), not chewing. Their lower jaw is connected to the upper by an elastic ligament, which allows the jaws to open very wide. The two halves of the lower jaw are not connected at the chin, so the jaws can also spread open sideways, and all the segments of the skull are only loosely connected to one another, and are able to move independently. Having killed its prey (either by suffocation, in the case of constrictors, or with venom in the case of venomous species), a snake will pull it into the mouth by hooking its sharp, backward-facing teeth into its victim and 'walking' its jaws over it. The skin and stomach are stretchy enough to allow the snake to ingest large prey items, and the glottis can protrude from the mouth so that it can continue breathing whilst its throat is full with the food being swallowed. Prey is usually swallowed head-first, so that the limbs, fur, feathers, etc. lie flat against the body and make the process easier. 22. It's a 'sensory organ'. It basically takes the form of two 'pockets' in the roof of the snakes mouth. When the snake flicks out its tongue, microscopic scent particles stick to it. Withdrawing the tongue back into its mouth, the tips are inserted into the Jacobson's organ, and the snake's brain decodes the information. 23. Turtles have a razor-sharp beak for eating. Depending on genus, the beak may be hook-like, scissor-like or serrated. BIRDS 24. Aves 25. Internal fertilization, eggs with calcified shell, lungs to breathe, 4 chambered heart; oxygenated blood from lungs pumped to body, back through heart to the lungs again, skin, scales, feathers, no metamorphosis. 26. Warm-blooded – use their metabolic heat to maintain a constant body temp. 27. ducks, penguins, seagulls, pelicans MAMMALS 28. fur, three middle ear bones, mammary glands 29. Mammary glands 30. golden crown fruit bat 31. elephants, rhinos, gorilla. 32. bears, whales 33. They give birth to their young ones, They feed milk, They possess back bone, Their blood pigment is hemoglobin, They have closed circulatory system, Brain and spinal cord are well developed, Notochord is present

DAY 159*

1. What If? Use paragraph rubric to grade 2. Organizing Animal Phyla

Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Descriptive Asymmetrical porous bodies Multicellular animals are dorsoventrally flattened and Non-segmented roundworms facts composed of have a definite anterior and microscopic cells, each with posterior end giving them its own plasma bilateral symmetry. membrane Body plan two cell a sac with a solid so they are said to be Covered by a cuticle 4 layers layers separated by a central digestive acoelomate. gelatinous region, compartment the mesohyl Feeding filter feeders. plankton carnivorous using tentacles rnivores: Feed on tiny aquatic decomposing vegetation that surround their mouth to animals and protists. get food. Or Scavengers: Feed on recently dead animals. Digestive cavity has a single opening through which both food and wastes pass. Respiration, None diffusion everywhere through Rely on diffusion to transport closed circulatory system in which Circulation, the epidermis. O2 and nutrients to tissues and blood is pumped by five pairs of Excretion remove CO2 and wastes. hearts. aerobic Movement Immobile sedentary but do occasionally cilia help the organism glide Longitudinal muscles move quite readily, especially through the water and over the when hunting bottom of ponds. Muscle cells allow the organism to twist and turn. Response do not have and the tentacles can be Ocelli (Eyespots)- help the by simple nervous system with cannot , see, hear, smell retracted to small buds, and animal find shaded areas and ganglia and several sense organs or feel, do not have nerves, the body column itself can be food; located on head; bristles they cannot actively respond retracted to a small composed of photosensitive to their surrounding gelatinous sphere cells; can not form images like environment. To protect complex eyes; help the animal themselves from predators, respond to the amount of light rely on their spicules. The present in the environment. sharp, needle-like spicules Sensory pitts- on sides of head; work to make digestion hard use and uncomfortable for their attackers. Reproductio asexually by budding or Asexually and sexually sexually n asexually sexually whenever males release sperm and females release eggs into the water Example Sponges anenomes, jellyfish, corals, Planaria, tapeworms and flukes pinworms, heartworms and organisms hydroids hookworms

Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata

Descriptive Anterior and posterior soft bodies and have a jointed appendages spiny skin a dorsal hollow nerve facts sucker strong muscular foot cord; a notochord; pharyngeal pouches (gill slits); and a tail that extends beyond the anus.

Body plan Segmented Foot- Muscular foot, a segmented body Endoskeleton, radial sac-like body structure Mantle - Thin layer of protected by an tough symmetry with a five part tissue that covers the cuticle body plan Adults have no body Shell - Made by head or brain glands in the mantle, Viceral mass, Internal organs, Includes the adducator muscles

Feeding jointed appendages radula allows them to Plants and animal unique water-vascular Most tunicates and all such as legs, antenna, scrape algae and other matter system ending in what are lancelets are filter and mouthparts. food off rocks and even called tube feet, tube feet to feeders. These to drill through the shell slowly pry open clams, chordates remove of prey or catch fish. mussels or other prey. Some plankton from the , carnivores, sea stars can even evert their water that passes filter-feeders, stomach between the two through their pharynx. detritivores, or parasites shells of a bivalve and digest the soft parts inside.

Respiration, Absorbs through the Aquatic molluscs gills terrestrial Skin gills are used for gills for respiration have Circulation, body wall. an open inside the mantle cavity. like insects, centipedes respiration and waste a single-loop respiratory Excretion circulatory system. Oxygen and CO2 diffuse and millipedes breathe removal unique water- system. Vertebrates terrestrial arthropods over the surface of the through hollow air vascular system ending in that use lungs for like insects, centipedes gills. Excretion: Cells tubes called trachea. what are called tube feet respiration have a and millipedes breathe release nitrogenous Aquatic chelicerates like double-loop circulatory through hollow air waste as ammonia the horseshoe crab tubes Nephridia (kidney-like have book gills to system. organ) remove ammonia breathe. Spiders, ticks, from blood and release it and scorpions use book outside the body lungs to get air. Crustaceans breathe through gills

Movement Circular and Snails Secrete mucus walk, they swim, they unique water-vascular move with fish-like longitudinal muscles along base of foot Use creep and crawl, they system ending in what are movement of their rippling motion of foot to use legs to sense with called tube feet, using their muscular tails move, Cephalopods, Use (the antennae) extendable tube feet. jet propulsion, Draws water into mantle cavity and forces it out through the siphon

Response Bivalves, Lead inactive legs to sense with (the Uncomplicated nervous elaborate systems that lives, Simple nervous antennae), to bite and system. Some echinoderms allow them to respond systems (small ganglia sting with, and even to also have sensory cells that to stimuli in their near mouth, few nerve chew with. recognize chemicals released environment cords, simple sense by potential prey organs such as ocelli and chemoreceptors), Cephalopods - Active and intelligent predators Most highly developed nervous systems of ALL invertebrates! Well- developed brains, have memory, capable of complex behaviors, can be trained

Reproducti Asexually & sexually SEXUAL = External and sexually asexually Sexually on Internal fertilization (depending on species) Some are hermaphroditic

Example leeches Muscle, snail Insects, , starfish, sea urchins and sea lamprey eels. sharks, organisms dragon flies cucumbers rays, trout, bass, tuna. lungfish, frogs, salamanders

DAY 163 Evolution and Creation

1. The main purpose of the expedition was to conduct a hydrographic survey of the coasts of the southern part of South America as a continuation of the work of previous surveys. This was to produce nautical charts showing navigational and sea depth information for naval war or commerce, along with drawings of the hills as seen from the sea showing measured heights of the hills. In particular, the longitude of Rio de Janeiro, a starting point for these surveys, was in doubt due to discrepancies in measurements, and an exact longitude was to be found, using calibrated chronometers, and the checking of these measurements through repeated astronomical observations. Continuing records of tides and meteorological conditions were also required. 2. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of Natural Selection as a mechanism of evolution. His theory includes many aspects. The organism that is better suited to the environment has a higher chance of survival. There is competition for resources and the organisms that have adaptations to assist in acquiring these resources will survive. This leads to reproduction and is considered an important aspect of being Darwin "fit". Helpful adaptations would be passed on through the generations because of reproduction. He did not understand genes, but knew there was a way that adaptations were passed down from generation to generation. 3. These finches are considered to be the world’s fastest-evolving vertebrates because their appearance and behavior quickly adapt to this closed and rapidly changing environment. 4. Darwin did not publish his book for almost 20 years after he was finished with his research because, just like a positivist, and just like Newton, he wanted to be absolutely sure that he is right before publishing such a huge theory. So he experimented, and kept experimenting for almost 2 decades after he had finished his work to make sure he was right. It was only after he received a letter from a colleague, who had arrived at a similar conclusion as Darwin had that species fight for survival [survival of the fittest] and the idea of having a common descent can in fact be true, that Darwin thought that he should publish his book before someone else does and gets the word out there before him. He had the book published in 1859. 5. Evolutionary science, Molecular Genetics

DAY 165*

1. Please do not cheat and answer the questions on your own before looking at the answers given to you

DAY 166 Explorations Through Time 1. Over 30 million 2. arthropods 3. How many species exist today? Just over 4,600 4. 2 Plants 3 Protists 8 Mammals 5 Molluscs 4 Fungi 6 Roundworms 1 Arthropods 7 Flatworms 5. The many different types of organisms that exist. 470 Million Years Ago Ordovician Period cephalopods trilobite 8. 160 Million Years Ago Middle Jurassic Period Ichthyosaur 9. 4.54 billion years 10. 4.6 Billion Years Ago – Earth Forms 3.9 Billion Years Ago – First Life 560 Million Years Ago – First Multi Cellular Life 500 Million Years Ago – First Fish 420 Million Years Ago – First Land Fish 225 Million Years Ago – First Dinosaurs 65 Million Years Ago – Dinosaur Extinction 130 Thousand Years Ago – Modern Humans 11. Fossils 12. Paleontologist’s study the fossils they find to learn more about the Earth long ago. 13. Any 3 of these: Tyrannosaurus rex, Fossil Metasequoia leaves, Tribrachidium, Tree, Fish, Brachiopods, Dinosaur Tracks, Bacteria or Forams 14. Carnivorous Teeth, Long Tail, 3 Toes, 3 Fingers 15. Cladogram shows how each group of animals is related to the others. 16. Divergence is evolutionary relationships and patterns. 17. Archaeoptrryx 18. behavior, embryology, and DNA. 19. Geospiza fortis finches, Geospiza fulginosa finches, Geospiza scandens finches 20. Beak size is directly related to the food the finches eat. 21. The population of Geospiza fortis finches could mutate. 22. The separation between populations caused by geographic distance or geographic barriers. 23. golden lion tamarin 24. Quagga, passenger pigeon

DAY 170 & 171

1. Compare your Answers

DAYS 172 & 173

1. Use the Paragraph Rubric to Grade your assignment