World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Chaithra et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical SJIF ImpactResearch Factor 8.084 Volume 9, Issue 6, 1146-1156. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105
A REVIEW ON PHARMACOLOGICAL USES OF TECTONA GRANDIS.LINN
1*Chaithra S. R. and 2Bijesh Vatakkeel
1(Student), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Govt. Medical College, Kannur, Pariyaram, 670503. 2(Lecturer), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Govt. Medical College, Kannur, Pariyaram, 670503.
ABSTRACT Article Received on 06 April 2020, Tectona grandis. Linn is a plant belongs to the family Verbenaceae.
Revised on 27 April 2020, Accepted on 18 May 2020 Most commonly it is known as “Teak” a large deciduous plant most
DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20206-17675 commonly used in wood industry. But the presence of large amount of
chemical constituents in this plant shows various medicinal properties. *Corresponding Author Teak is also a major constituent in many of the traditional medicines.
Chaithra S.R. As we all know that the importance of medicinal plants is increasing in (Student), College of this era because of the various side effects caused by the drugs that we Pharmaceutical Sciences, used for disease treatment. But most of the medicinal plants and their Govt. Medical College, Kannur, Pariyaram, 670503. vast applications are not familiar to us. It is necessary to give proper importance to the medicinal plants in this time. So finding the chemical constituents present in the various parts of the plants and identifying the medicinal properties are important. This review covers various pharmacological activities of one of the important and most common plant Tectona grandis. Linn (Teak).
KEYWORDS: Tectona grandis. Linn, Teak, leaf, chemical constituents.
INTRODUCTION In the present scenario, the use and demand of herbal medicinal products throughout the world is growing exponentially. Herbal medicine is an important component of traditional medicine. Tectona grandis. Linn is one of the most common plant belongs to the family Verbenaceae, commonly known as saka in Sanskrit and sagwan in Hindhi. Almost all parts of Tectona grandis. Linn possess various medicinal properties.[1] Probably it is the most widely cultivated high value hard wood in the world and is native in India and Myanmar and South-
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east Asian countries.[2,3] According to Ayurveda, traditional and ethanopharmacological uses the plant Tectona grandis. Linn are used in the treatment of various disorders like anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, brain disorders, diabetic, constipation and diuretic.[4] Traditional uses of various parts of this plant include, the bark of the plant is used as an astringent, constipation, anthelmintic, and depurative. It is also used for treating bronchitis, hyperacidity, dysentery, verminosis, burning sensation, diabetes, difficult labour and skin diseases. The leaves are cooling, haemostatic, anti-inflammatory, and vulnerary. They are also useful in inflammations, leprosy, pruritus, stomatitis, indolent ulcers, haemorrhages and haemoptysis. The wood is acrid, cooling, laxative, sedative to gravid uterus, useful in treatment of piles, leucoderma and dysentery. Oil extracted from the wood is best for treating head ache, biliousness, burning pains particularly over a region of liver.[5] The roots of the plant is useful in anuria and retention of urine.[6,7]
Plant Profile[8] Kindom : Plantae Clade : Tracheophytes Clade : Angiosperm Division : Eudicots Class : Asterids Order : Lamiales Family : verbenaceae Genus : Tectona Species : Tectona Grandis
Synonyms Sagwan -Hindi Saka -Sanskrit Teak –English[9] Jati -Malayalam Sagvani - Kannada Kyun -Myanmar Segun - Bengali Kyun – Burmese[10]
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Morphology Tectona grandis. Linn is one of the three species in the genus Tectona, and the other two species are Tectone hamiltoniana and Tectona philippinensis. It is an important plant species in India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nothern Thailand. etc. Tectona grandis. Linn is found in a variety of habitats and climatic conditions, with acrid areas having 500mm of rain per year to very moist forests with up to 5,000mm of rain per year. Teak is one of the extensively used plants in India to make doors, window frames, furniture. Etc.[8] Teak is a large deciduous plant which grows up to 40m (131ft) tall with gray to grayish brown branches. Leaves are ovate-elliptic to ovate, 15-45cm (5.9-17.7) long and 8-23cm (3.1-9.1in) wide. Leaves are held on robust petioles that are 2-4cm (0.8-1.6in) long. Margins of leaf are entire. Flowers are white fragrant in nature, and are borne on 25-40cm long. Tectona grandis. Linn sets fruits from September to December. The fruits of the plant are globose and 1.2-1.8 cm in diameter. The flowers are entomophilous.[11]
Figure 1: Flower and leaf of the Tectona grandis. Linn.[11]
Chemical Constituents The plant Tectona grandis. Linn shows various pharmacological activities. Various chemical constituents isolated from different parts of plant. These chemical constituents are responsible for these pharmacological activities. The major chemical constituents present in the plant parts are, Wood: resin, silica, calcium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, anthraquinones-2-carboxylic acid, tri terpenic and hemiterpenic compounds, 9,10- dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,4-anthraquinone, 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone,1- hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxy-2-methyl-9,10- anthraquinone, tecomaquinone-I(I), tectoquinone, dehydro-a-lapachone(7,8)lapachol, 5- hydroxy-lapachol, methlyquinizarin, squalene. etc. www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1148 Chaithra et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Root: Lapachol, tectol(II), dehydrotectol, tectoquinone, b-lapachone, dehydro-a- lapachone, b-sitosterol, new diterpene, tectograndinol(III), 1-hydroxy-2-methyl anthraquinone, pachybasin, obtusifolina, betulinic acid. etc. Leaves: Tectoleafquinone, Tannins (6%) and dye, Tectoionols-B(IV), tectoionols-A(V), monoterpene, apocarotenoids, Protein (7.1%), crude fiber (22.3%), calcium (3%), phosphorous (0.46%), Steroidal compound squalene, polyisoprene-a-tolylmethylether and betulinic acid, anthraquinones, napthaquinone pigment, tectograndone, etc. Seed: Seed oil contain fatty acids as caprylic (1.45%), capric (0.76%), lauric acid (6.77%), myristic acid(2.86%), palmitic acid (12.12%), stearic acid (9.52%), oleic acid (23.33%) and linoleic acid (43.22%)(5).Xanthene. etc. Bark Tannin (7.14%), 5-hydroxy-1,4-napthalenedione(VI) (juglone), Obtusifolina, Desidro-A-lapachona.[12]
Fig. 2: Research of Tectona grandis. Linn past, present and future.[10]
Pharmacological Uses A number of studies on this plant Tectona grandis. Linn shows presence of various chemical constituents, due to the presence of these chemical constituents, this plant shows various pharmacological activities. It is important to know that the pharmacological activities of Teak www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1149 Chaithra et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
for further studies, and also for further researches. Some of the important pharmacological activities of the plant Tectona grandis .Linn are given below. Antibacterial activity Study on leaves and fruits of Tectona grandis. Linn shows antibacterial activity. Fruits of Tectona grandis. Linn consists of chemical constituents quinolones and triterpenes which is responsible for the antibacterial activity of the fruit. The crude ethanolic extract of Tectona grandis. Linn shows good activity against bacteria. The isolated compound 6- methyl-1,4-dihydroxy anthraquinones shows strong activity against Escherichia aerogenes with MIC of 16g/ml. The methanolic extract of fruit also shows moderate activiy towards Escherichia choli with MIC of 32g/ml. Mainly 3 compounds isolated from the fruit extract are 6-methyl-1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 2-hydroxyursolic acid and tectograndone are responsible for the antibacterial activity of the fruit extract of Tectona grandis. Linn.[13] The antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Tectona grandis. Linn was also studied. In this study disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity with a concentration of 500g/disc. Fresh and fallen leaves are used for the study and leaves show good activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Fresh Teak leaves inhibits the growth of Propionibacterim acnes compared to fallen leaves.[14] When compared to the methanolic extract and chloroform extract of Teak leaves, the methanolic extract was significantly inhibiting bacterial growth and chloroform extract was least effective. Teak leaves can be considered as an alternative to chemical food preservatives.[15] Studies also show that the leaves extract of Tectona grandis. Linn can be used as antimicrobial agent for multi-drug resistant organisms. The methanolic extract shows maximum synergistic activity against different bacteria both gram negative and gram positive.[16]
Antifungal activity The antifungal activity of Teak was tested on both humans and plants. The study of Teak leaf extract on Arthrinium phaeospermum one of the fungi which causes decay on Albizia falcataria (L) shows the antifungal activities of Teak leaf extract. The use of synthetic fungisides may cause environmental and health problems. The methanol extract of air dried Teak leaves tested it’s antifungal activity by well diffusion method on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Leaf extract 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4% (w/v) were tested. Sterile distilled water containing 0.2 % Tween-80 was used as solvent and control. www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1150 Chaithra et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
As a result of the study the Teak leaf extract at a concentration as lower as 0.5% (w\v) suppress significant gr4owth of A. phaeospermum. The leaf extract inhibited significantly the fungal radial growth, total biomass and sporulation.[17] Ethanol, methanol, n-hexane extracts of Teak leaves has been tested in comparison to Itraconazole against two clinical strains of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus isolated to HIV patients. The study shows that the extracts of Teak leaves are very effective against both Aspergillus strains. The most active extract was hydro-alcoholic extract.[18]
Antioxidant activity Antioxidant activity of stem bark extract was studied. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. At various concentrations 10g/ml, 20g/ml, 50g/ml, 100g/ml ethanolic extract of Tectona grandis. Linn shows significant antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of the Teak extract is mainly due to the presence of chemical constituents like, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, anthraquinones and saponins.[19] The antioxidant activity of leaves was determined by three assays, 1,1’-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH), phosphomolybdenum method and reducing power antioxidant assay. This study proved that Tectona grandis. Linn shows a powerful antioxidant activity.[20]
Antiplasmodial activity Chemical investigations of methanolic extract of Tectona grandis. Linn shows the presence of a new anthraquinone derivative, grandiquinone(3-acetoxy-8-hydroxy-2- methylanthraquinone) along with nine known compounds, which include 5,8-dihydroxy- 2-methylanthraquinone, hydroxysesamone, 3-hydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone, quinizarine, betulinic acid, ursolic acid, tectograndone, corosolic acid and sitosterol 3-O- -D-glucopyranoside. These derivatives shows anti-plasmodial activity against multidrug resistant Dd2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum.[21]
Anti-inflammatory activity Protein denaturation is a well documented cause of inflammation. The extracts of Tectona grandis. Linn exhibits significant antiproteinase activity. Methanolic extract of Tectona grandis. Linn shows maximum inhibition. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts shows
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highest proteinase inhibitory activity than water extract. The standard drug aspirin showed the maximum inhibitory activity is about 92.83% and methanolic extract shows about 83.90% and ethanolic extract shows about 81.17% activity respectively. The solvent fraction exhibit a moderate xanthene oxidase inhibitory activity, so these can be used treatment of xanthene oxidase induced diseases. So extract of Tectona grandis. Linn can be used for designing a potent anti-inflammatory agent and can be used for treatment of various diseases like biliousness, hyperacidity, dysentery, diabetes, leprocy and inflammatory.[22]
Antimicrobial activity The antimicrobial potential of leaf and bark extract of Tectona grandis. Linn was studied. And the results shows that both the leaf and bark extracts are effective in inhibiting the growth of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and also against pathogenic fungi. So further study will help to determine the uses of Tectona grandis. Linn as an antimicrobial agent.[23]
Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity To determine the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity the methanolic extract of Tectona grandis. Linn flowers in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats are used. Acute toxicity study of METGF was carried out in rats to determine its dose for antidiabetic study. Diabetes was induced in rats using STS (60mg/kg, ip.). In acute toxicity and MEGTF didn’t show toxicity and death up to dose 2000 mg/kg. Administration of MEGTF 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly reduce blood glucose level in STS induced diabetic rats. This study shows that the methanolic extract of Tectona grandis. Linn possess antidiabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activity.[24]
Antitumor activity Tectona grandis. Linn used as a cure for dyspepsia associated with burning pains and also in the management of peptic ulcer in Indian traditional medicinal system. The stem bark extract of Tectona grandis. Linn contain a chemical compound beutalin aldehyde together with lupeol. These compound butalin aldehyde shows antitumor activity. So the stem bark extract of Tectona grandis. Linn can be used as a antitumor agent.
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Wound healing The wound healing property of Tectona grandis. Linn leaf extract was studied by excision wound model in rats. This study shows that 5% ointment of Tectona grandis. Linn leaf extract showed a reduction in wound area within 4 days. After 8 days the reduction in wound area become significant by this studies. Similarly 10% ointment of Tectona grandis. Linn leaf extract in wound area showed a reduction in 4 days onwards, which is highly significant as compared to control.[26]
Gastroprotective activity The gastoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Tectona grandis. Linn was studied using ethanol induced ulcer model in rats. In this study ulcer indux, antioxidant parameters like superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation and pH of gastric juice were studied. Administration of Tectona grandis. Linn extract cause reduction in ulcer index at the selected dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg p.o per day. When compared to the standard drug Omeprazole (75.61) the extract showed a protection of 54.17 and 63.01% respectively.[27]
Tocolytic activity The tocolytic activity of Tectona grandis .Linn was studied by using frog and rat. Effect of Tectona grandis. Linn on blood vessels of smooth muscle of frog was studied. The Tectona grandis .Linn extract in different dose (16, 32mg) shows a significant vasodialation effect on blood vessels and smooth muscle of frog. This result is similar to tha of magnesium sulphate (75mg) and nifedipine (0.18mg). Effect of Tectona grandis. Linn stem extract on frog heart in different doses (16,32,64,128,256 mg) showed a significant decrease in heart rate, tone and amplitude as that of magnesium sulphate in a dose dependent manner. The stoppage of heart was recorded in 256mg dose of Tectona grandis .Linn stem extract and was recorded in 150 mg of magnesium sulphate. Effect of Tectona grandis. Linn stem extract on rat heat was studied and studies showed that it causes significant decrease in heart rate, force and contraction in different doses (16,32,64,128,256 mg). This action is compared with magnesium sulphate in dose dependent manner. The stoppage of heart was recorded in 256mg dose of Tectona grandis. Linn stem extract and was recorded in 150 mg of magnesium sulphate and 0.18mg of nifedipine.
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Effect of Tectona grandis. Linn stem extract on frog rectus abdominus musle at different doses (8,16,32 mg) showed that there is no significant effect on the contraction of the muscle when comparing magnesium sulphate and acetyl choline. But shows a significant increase in the height of contraction induced by acetyl choline.[28]
CONCLUSION Tectona grandis. Linn is one of the most important medicinal plant that can be proved by above details. The use of herbal medicine is increasing day by day in our era for patient treatment for varieties of diseases. This review highlights the unknown and most important pharmacological activities of the plant Tectona grandis. Linn. Number of studies are alredy done on the extracts of this plant parts, and which shows presence of different chemical constituents and their biological activities. These studies can be used for further development of new drugs which can be used for treating diseases. Using plants for treatment help to overcome the side effects caused by the medicines using. So it is important to know various pharmacological activities of different medicinal plants. In this review some of the important pharmacological activities of Tectona grandis. Linn are given. It will useful for those who study on Tectona grandis. Linn.
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