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World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Chaithra Et Al World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 8.084 Chaithra et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Volume 9, Issue 6, 1146-1156. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105 A REVIEW ON PHARMACOLOGICAL USES OF TECTONA GRANDIS.LINN 1*Chaithra S. R. and 2Bijesh Vatakkeel 1(Student), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Govt. Medical College, Kannur, Pariyaram, 670503. 2(Lecturer), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Govt. Medical College, Kannur, Pariyaram, 670503. ABSTRACT Article Received on 06 April 2020, Tectona grandis. Linn is a plant belongs to the family Verbenaceae. Revised on 27 April 2020, Most commonly it is known as “Teak” a large deciduous plant most Accepted on 18 May 2020 DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20206-17675 commonly used in wood industry. But the presence of large amount of chemical constituents in this plant shows various medicinal properties. *Corresponding Author Teak is also a major constituent in many of the traditional medicines. Chaithra S.R. As we all know that the importance of medicinal plants is increasing in (Student), College of this era because of the various side effects caused by the drugs that we Pharmaceutical Sciences, used for disease treatment. But most of the medicinal plants and their Govt. Medical College, Kannur, Pariyaram, 670503. vast applications are not familiar to us. It is necessary to give proper importance to the medicinal plants in this time. So finding the chemical constituents present in the various parts of the plants and identifying the medicinal properties are important. This review covers various pharmacological activities of one of the important and most common plant Tectona grandis. Linn (Teak). KEYWORDS: Tectona grandis. Linn, Teak, leaf, chemical constituents. INTRODUCTION In the present scenario, the use and demand of herbal medicinal products throughout the world is growing exponentially. Herbal medicine is an important component of traditional medicine. Tectona grandis. Linn is one of the most common plant belongs to the family Verbenaceae, commonly known as saka in Sanskrit and sagwan in Hindhi. Almost all parts of Tectona grandis. Linn possess various medicinal properties.[1] Probably it is the most widely cultivated high value hard wood in the world and is native in India and Myanmar and South- www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1146 Chaithra et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research east Asian countries.[2,3] According to Ayurveda, traditional and ethanopharmacological uses the plant Tectona grandis. Linn are used in the treatment of various disorders like anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, brain disorders, diabetic, constipation and diuretic.[4] Traditional uses of various parts of this plant include, the bark of the plant is used as an astringent, constipation, anthelmintic, and depurative. It is also used for treating bronchitis, hyperacidity, dysentery, verminosis, burning sensation, diabetes, difficult labour and skin diseases. The leaves are cooling, haemostatic, anti-inflammatory, and vulnerary. They are also useful in inflammations, leprosy, pruritus, stomatitis, indolent ulcers, haemorrhages and haemoptysis. The wood is acrid, cooling, laxative, sedative to gravid uterus, useful in treatment of piles, leucoderma and dysentery. Oil extracted from the wood is best for treating head ache, biliousness, burning pains particularly over a region of liver.[5] The roots of the plant is useful in anuria and retention of urine.[6,7] Plant Profile[8] Kindom : Plantae Clade : Tracheophytes Clade : Angiosperm Division : Eudicots Class : Asterids Order : Lamiales Family : verbenaceae Genus : Tectona Species : Tectona Grandis Synonyms Sagwan -Hindi Saka -Sanskrit Teak –English[9] Jati -Malayalam Sagvani - Kannada Kyun -Myanmar Segun - Bengali Kyun – Burmese[10] www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1147 Chaithra et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Morphology Tectona grandis. Linn is one of the three species in the genus Tectona, and the other two species are Tectone hamiltoniana and Tectona philippinensis. It is an important plant species in India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nothern Thailand. etc. Tectona grandis. Linn is found in a variety of habitats and climatic conditions, with acrid areas having 500mm of rain per year to very moist forests with up to 5,000mm of rain per year. Teak is one of the extensively used plants in India to make doors, window frames, furniture. Etc.[8] Teak is a large deciduous plant which grows up to 40m (131ft) tall with gray to grayish brown branches. Leaves are ovate-elliptic to ovate, 15-45cm (5.9-17.7) long and 8-23cm (3.1-9.1in) wide. Leaves are held on robust petioles that are 2-4cm (0.8-1.6in) long. Margins of leaf are entire. Flowers are white fragrant in nature, and are borne on 25-40cm long. Tectona grandis. Linn sets fruits from September to December. The fruits of the plant are globose and 1.2-1.8 cm in diameter. The flowers are entomophilous.[11] Figure 1: Flower and leaf of the Tectona grandis. Linn.[11] Chemical Constituents The plant Tectona grandis. Linn shows various pharmacological activities. Various chemical constituents isolated from different parts of plant. These chemical constituents are responsible for these pharmacological activities. The major chemical constituents present in the plant parts are, Wood: resin, silica, calcium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, anthraquinones-2-carboxylic acid, tri terpenic and hemiterpenic compounds, 9,10- dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,4-anthraquinone, 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone,1- hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxy-2-methyl-9,10- anthraquinone, tecomaquinone-I(I), tectoquinone, dehydro-a-lapachone(7,8)lapachol, 5- hydroxy-lapachol, methlyquinizarin, squalene. etc. www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1148 Chaithra et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Root: Lapachol, tectol(II), dehydrotectol, tectoquinone, b-lapachone, dehydro-a- lapachone, b-sitosterol, new diterpene, tectograndinol(III), 1-hydroxy-2-methyl anthraquinone, pachybasin, obtusifolina, betulinic acid. etc. Leaves: Tectoleafquinone, Tannins (6%) and dye, Tectoionols-B(IV), tectoionols-A(V), monoterpene, apocarotenoids, Protein (7.1%), crude fiber (22.3%), calcium (3%), phosphorous (0.46%), Steroidal compound squalene, polyisoprene-a-tolylmethylether and betulinic acid, anthraquinones, napthaquinone pigment, tectograndone, etc. Seed: Seed oil contain fatty acids as caprylic (1.45%), capric (0.76%), lauric acid (6.77%), myristic acid(2.86%), palmitic acid (12.12%), stearic acid (9.52%), oleic acid (23.33%) and linoleic acid (43.22%)(5).Xanthene. etc. Bark Tannin (7.14%), 5-hydroxy-1,4-napthalenedione(VI) (juglone), Obtusifolina, Desidro-A-lapachona.[12] Fig. 2: Research of Tectona grandis. Linn past, present and future.[10] Pharmacological Uses A number of studies on this plant Tectona grandis. Linn shows presence of various chemical constituents, due to the presence of these chemical constituents, this plant shows various pharmacological activities. It is important to know that the pharmacological activities of Teak www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1149 Chaithra et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research for further studies, and also for further researches. Some of the important pharmacological activities of the plant Tectona grandis .Linn are given below. Antibacterial activity Study on leaves and fruits of Tectona grandis. Linn shows antibacterial activity. Fruits of Tectona grandis. Linn consists of chemical constituents quinolones and triterpenes which is responsible for the antibacterial activity of the fruit. The crude ethanolic extract of Tectona grandis. Linn shows good activity against bacteria. The isolated compound 6- methyl-1,4-dihydroxy anthraquinones shows strong activity against Escherichia aerogenes with MIC of 16g/ml. The methanolic extract of fruit also shows moderate activiy towards Escherichia choli with MIC of 32g/ml. Mainly 3 compounds isolated from the fruit extract are 6-methyl-1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 2-hydroxyursolic acid and tectograndone are responsible for the antibacterial activity of the fruit extract of Tectona grandis. Linn.[13] The antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Tectona grandis. Linn was also studied. In this study disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity with a concentration of 500g/disc. Fresh and fallen leaves are used for the study and leaves show good activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Fresh Teak leaves inhibits the growth of Propionibacterim acnes compared to fallen leaves.[14] When compared to the methanolic extract and chloroform extract of Teak leaves, the methanolic extract was significantly inhibiting bacterial growth and chloroform extract was least effective. Teak leaves can be considered as an alternative to chemical food preservatives.[15] Studies also show that the leaves extract of Tectona grandis. Linn can be used as antimicrobial agent for multi-drug resistant organisms. The methanolic extract shows maximum synergistic activity against different bacteria both gram negative and gram positive.[16] Antifungal activity The antifungal activity of Teak was tested on both humans and plants. The study of Teak leaf extract on Arthrinium phaeospermum one of the fungi which causes decay on Albizia falcataria (L) shows the antifungal activities of Teak leaf extract. The use of synthetic fungisides may cause environmental and health problems. The methanol extract of air dried
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