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Effects of Nitrogen on Bionomics and Food Consumption of Cabera Pusaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

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Effects of Nitrogen on Bionomics and Food Consumption of Cabera Pusaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) © Entomologica Fennica. 11 April 2014 Effects of nitrogen on bionomics and food consumption of Cabera pusaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) Emanuel Kula, Alena Pelová, Petr Martinek & Pavel Mazal Kula, E., Pelová, A., Martinek, P. & Mazal, P. 2014: Effects of nitrogen on bio- nomics and food consumption of Cabera pusaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Entomol. Fennica 25: 615. Birches, Betula pendula Roth, grown in pots were fertilized with ammonium ni- trate (NH NO ) in the amounts of 0 g, 0.5 g, 1 g and 1.5 g per plant four times per 4 3 season on moist soil surface with subsequent gradual dissolution by watering. Cabera pusaria caterpillars from laboratory were fed on leaves with different content of nitrogen (19.247.4 mg×g1). The excessive content of nitrogen in food appeared to be a stress factor as it increased mortality and development time of the caterpillars, decreased food consumption and weight of larvae and pupae, and caused anomalies at pupation. This is as expected for a summer-feeding cat- erpillar feeding on foliage with seasonally decreasing concentration of nitrogen. E. Kula, A. Pelová, P. Martinek & P. Mazal, Faculty ofForestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemìdìlská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Re- public; E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], martinekpe@ seznam.cz, mazal@ mendelu.cz Received 12 July 2012, accepted 24 June 2013 1. Introduction stronger response to the level of nitrogen (ferti- liser) than chewing insects (Annan et al. 1997, White (1993) and Douglas (1993) presented ni- Megahed 2005, Schulz et al. 2008, Butler et al. trogen to be the limiting factor for insects. Nitro- 2012). Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera have gen input into plants is associated with nitrogen shown a significant positive and Coleoptera a oxides (NO ) pollution (Heliövaara & Väisänen negative response to nitrogen fertiliser (Butler et x 1993) or with fertilization (Butler et al. 2012). al. 2012). The quality of food for phytophages is often posi- Some spring phytophages, for which the con- tively affected by the increased concentration of tent of nitrogen in diet can be a limiting factor, are organic nitrogen in leaves and phloem of plants able to find plants or parts of plants rich in nitro- (Rhoades 1979, White 1984, Mattson & Haack gen (McNeil & Southwood 1978). In these spe- 1987, Haddad et al. 2000). On the other hand, de- cies, low doses of nitrogen provoke consumption pending on species and conditions nitrogen ferti- of more food, prolonged feeding period and lon- liser does not have only positive effects on insects ger digestion and development. Inadequate N (Bi et al. 2005, Pikul et al. 2005), but negative content in diet may be compensated by presence (Salmah et al. 1998, Pitan et al. 2000) or even no of symbiotic organisms in the digestive system, effects at all (Haile & Hofsvang 2001, Srikanth et incidental carnivorousness etc. (Mattson 1980). al. 2002). Sucking insects have shown a much Preference of tissues with higher content of ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 25 Effects of N on bionomics of C. pusaria 7 nitrogen in spring species was confirmed for ex- not sensitive to late frosts and it grows well on ample in Phyllobius sp. (Kaòová & Kula 2004), poor dry soils as well as on acid sites (pH 3.55.0) Pristiphora abietina (Berger & von Katzen- (Hejný & Slavík 1990). Increased inputs of nitro- steiner 1994), Choristoneura fumiferana (Shaw gen with simultaneous drought stress cause inten- & Little 1972) and Choristoneura conflictana sive premature summer leaf-fall (Kaòová & Kula (Bryant et al. 1987). Positive reaction of phyto- 2004) and decreased increment (Kula et al. phages to increased N content in plant tissues 2012a). Damage to forests by C. pusaria has not may also be associated with the decrease of the been reported (Kula 2007). Young, actively phenolic compound content (Jones 1976, Kiraly growing tissues show the highest concentration 1976, Joseph et al. 1993). of nitrogen (e.g. in birches 3070 mg×g1) and its For summer species (e.g. Bupalus piniarius, decrease is connected with tissue aging (Rodin & Neodiprion swainei) appearing at the time of nat- Bazilevich 1967, Mattson 1980, Hrdlièka & Kula ural decline of N content in needles, oversupply 2001). Throughout the growing season, a wide of N may be unfavourable (Smirnoff & Bernier spectrum of phytophagous species develop on the 1973, Katzel & Loffler 1995). In this study, we leaves (Kula 2008), with species composition use the geometrid Cabera pusaria as a model spe- limited by adaptation to obtaining necessary en- cies with larvae feeding during summer period, ergy and nutrition, surpassing the defensive reac- i.e. on leaves with decreasing natural concentra- tions of the plant and to other environmental fac- tion of N. tors (Mattson 1980). In air-polluted areas with a high proportion of The increased content of nitrogen in the diet birch in forest stands, C. pusaria is the most abun- of C. pusaria caterpillars that in natural condi- dant species of the moths attracted to light traps in tions develop during summer period on birch Snìník (50°4757.01 N, 14°0504.74 E) (Dì- leaves with decreasing N content may have a neg- èín Highlands, Czech Republic) (Kula 2007). It is ative impact on their development, food con- also the most represented species within the fauna sumption and mortality. Accordingly, the aim of of caterpillars in the birch crowns (Kula 2008). this paper is to describe the response of C. pusaria Generally, flight activities take place in mid-May caterpillars to the increased level of nitrogen in to mid-September with culmination in the first birch leaves (Betula pendula). half of July (Kula 2007). Caterpillars of C. pusaria rank among disjoint oligophages occurring in crowns of birch trees in 2. Material and methods the Palaearctic region (Copolovici et al. 2011) from the beginning of June till the end of Septem- Birches were grown from one year old seedlings ber. The period of caterpillar hatching is long, 4 in 10 L pots in a forest nursery (Brno 6 weeks. Caterpillars go through five instars with Øeèkovice, altitude 220 m a.s.l.) with soil sub- the lengths of 2481217 mm (Gninenko strate from the Cambic mineral horizon of a forest 1974). They live individually above all in the late soil (Kula et al. 2012a). Changes in the content of summer aspect when they create a dominant com- nitrogen in the substrate were induced by applica- ponent of the birch crown fauna in the Dìèín tion of ammonium nitrate (NH NO ) to the plants 4 3 Highlands and Ore Mountains (Czech Republic), infourtreatments:0g(T0),0.5g(T1),1g(T2) their presence till the end of the growing season and 1.5 g (T3). Fertilization was carried out in one being not a rarity (Kula 2008). They occur in month intervals, four times in the year of planting broadleaved forests on poplar, willow, birch and (2006) and five times in 2007 and 2008. The alder but also on hornbeam or bird cherry amount of ammonium nitrate applied to a plant (Ladenburger 1989). In Scandinavia, it is men- was chosen in order to achieve a gradient of N tioned particularly on birch (Nordström et al. content in the birch leaves ranging from insuffi- 1941). The species pupates in humus layer where ciency to oversupply. The normal concentration it also overwinters. of nitrogen in birch leaves according to Berg- Birch is an unpretentious light-demanding mann (1988) is 2.54%. species tolerating only open crown canopy. It is In accordance with the methods of ICP Fo- 8 Kula et al. ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 25 rests (International Co-operative Programme on erpillar was determined, as well as the date of pu- Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Ef- pating and weight of the pupa. Moreover, mortal- fects on Forests operating under the UNECE ity of caterpillars was monitored for the particular Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air treatments and evaluated in 10-day intervals. Pollution), mature leaves (except the four termi- The consumed leaf area was determined as a nal ones) were collected from the upper half of the difference between the leaf area before and after birch crown annually at the turn of August and the experiment using a Leaf Area Meter AM300 September and the content of nitrogen was deter- (ADC BioScientific, Hoddesdon, England). The mined after desiccation at 70 °C for 24 hours by area of the leaves with only minor feeding marks the method of Kjeldahl using the Tecator 2300 by the 1st instar caterpillars, which could not be Kjeltec Analyzer Unit. detected by this apparatus, was determined in the Kula et al. (2012a) showed that in birches biometric laboratory of the Faculty of Forestry with similar treatments as in this study there were and Wood Technology, MENDELU in Brno by statistically significant differences in the content means of the system of analysis and processing of nitrogen in leaves between the treatments T0 the NIS Elements AR image (digital camera 5 T3 at the end of growing season, i.e. that the fertil- Mpix Nikon DS Fi 1 with macro-objective ization was effective. Accordingly, similar differ- Navitar, exposure KAISER RB 5000 DL, exciter ences among treatments are assumed in this lamp KAISER Prolite Basic, computer with NIS study, too. Elements AR program, version 2.30, processor Laboratory rearing of C. pusaria (30 females X86, 2533 MHz, HD 230 GB, RAM 2 MB). The and 20 males) caught in the Ore Mountains was output of measurements mentioned above was established in mid-July 2008. When the caterpil- the mean consumed areas of the leaves per one lars began to hatch from the laid eggs (22 July), caterpillar in a Petri dish by each check-up day.
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