Universidade Federal Da Bahia Instituto De Humanidades, Artes E Ciências Programa Multidisciplinar De Pós-Graduação Em Cultura E Sociedade

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Universidade Federal Da Bahia Instituto De Humanidades, Artes E Ciências Programa Multidisciplinar De Pós-Graduação Em Cultura E Sociedade UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA INSTITUTO DE HUMANIDADES, ARTES E CIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA MULTIDISCIPLINAR DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CULTURA E SOCIEDADE ARQUEOLOGIA DA MÍDIA NA ERA PÓS-MÍDIA: O ‘NASCIMENTO’ E A ‘MORTE’ DO CINEMA por PEDRO MARQUES DELL’ORTO Orientador(a): Prof(a). Dr(a). KARLA SCHUCH BRUNET SALVADOR, 2016 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA INSTITUTO DE HUMANIDADES, ARTES E CIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA MULTIDISCIPLINAR DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CULTURA E SOCIEDADE ARQUEOLOGIA DA MÍDIA NA ERA PÓS-MÍDIA: O ‘NASCIMENTO’ E A ‘MORTE’ DO CINEMA por PEDRO MARQUES DELL’ORTO Orientador(a): Prof. Dr. KARLA SCHUCH BRUNET Dissertação apresentada ao Programa Multidisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Cultura e Sociedade do Instituto de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre. SALVADOR, 2016 Sistema de Bibliotecas da UFBA Dell’Orto, Pedro Marques. Arqueologia da mídia na era pós-mídia: o ‘nascimento’ e a ‘morte’ do cinema / por Pedro Marques Dell’Orto. - 2016. 197 f.: il. Inclui anexo. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Karla Schuch Brunet. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências Professor Milton Santos, Salvador, 2016. 1. Cinema. 2. Mídia digital. 3. Arqueologia. 4. Tecnologia. 5. Cibernética. 6. Arte. I. Brunet, Karla Schuch. II. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências Professor Milton Santos. III. Título. CDD - 791.43 CDU - 791.43 Agradecimentos À minha família, especialmente meus pais, Leonardo Dell’Orto e Silvia Dell’Orto, meus irmãos, Julia Dell’Orto e Caio Dell’Orto; minha tia Eleonora Dell’Orto, por me incentivar e me mostrar diferentes mundos; e minha tia Silvania Marques, por compartilhar seus conhecimentos sobre a natureza. À minha orientadora, professora Dra. Karla Brunet, por todos os conselhos e atitudes generosas. À Banca de defesa, Edilene Matos e Regina Gomes, por suas sábias leituras. À Fapesb, que me permitiu uma maior dedicação à pesquisa de mestrado através da bolsa de estudos. Aos funcionários e professores do Programa Multidisciplinar de Pós-graduação em Cultura e Sociedade da UFBA. Ao Ecoarte – Laboratório de Artes Tecnologias e Meio ambiente - UFBA. Ao coletivo de arte Infinitos Monos, especialmente, Melissa Mardones e Javier Cruz. Aos amigos que me inspiram, Cindi Lessa, Daniela Fernandes, Leonardo Sanjuan, Marcela Reuter, Milena Palladino, Renata Baptista, Rodrigo Oliveira e Thiago Maia. DELL’ORTO, Pedro Marques. Arqueologia da mídia na era Pós-mídia: o ‘nascimento’ e a ‘morte’ do cinema. 2015. Dissertação (Mestrado). Instituto de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências Milton Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 2016. Resumo A partir dos debates sobre a extinção - ou expansão - das técnicas tradicionais do filme, o conceito de cinema foi exposto à uma profunda revisão com o objetivo de inserir a estética dos dispositivos audiovisuais pós-celuloide no repertório da cinematografia. Sobretudo, a televisão, o vídeo e a cibernética. Uma vez que a película deixou de ser considerada o único suporte de impressão de imagens em movimento, o suposto nascimento oficial da cinematografia – relativo à invenção dos irmãos Lumière – demonstra que a história do cinema oculta fascinantes mídias ancestrais capazes de iludir os sentidos para gerar projeções de imagens em movimento: desde os pintores paleolíticos, que, através da luz do fogo, projetaram narrativas audiovisuais nas imensas paredes de pedras em locais escuros das cavernas, até o final do século XIX - quando os Lumières e Thomas Edison entraram em cena. Neste vasto período histórico, anterior à industrialização do cinema, a criação dos suportes cinematográficos era uma atividade abundante e dispersa, portanto, possuía um caráter experimental e era realizada por inventores autônomos. Este modo ancestral de produção de mídias é oposto ao atual modelo industrial, imposto pelas oligarquias midiáticas, que operam no sentido da padronização técnica e da obsolescência programada. Entretanto, a necessidade comercial de desestruturar a rígida convenção canônica da sétima arte fortaleceu o surgimento de teorias que dilataram o conceito de “cinema” ao ponto de inserir as tecnologias orgânicas no repertório das mídias cinematográficas. Nesta perspectiva, o corpo(mídia) é o proto-cinema, já que se constitui como um suporte técnico de transmissão e armazenamento de dados, por onde todas as mensagens fotossensíveis atravessam e são traduzidas a partir dos sinais físico-químicos. Ou seja, o cinema se refere à uma sensação, um efeito estético e não à um dispositivo de comunicação emissor que é apenas potência sem o leitor. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa reflete acerca do ‘nascimento’ e da ‘morte’ do cinema, sob a ótica dos estudos de arqueologia da mídia e da proposta estética pós-mídia. Tal abordagem teórica, permite realizar uma análise diacrônica sincrônica, que compreende o tempo de forma mágica, na qual o passado é considerado um conjunto de possibilidades para o futuro e não uma série de artefatos obsoletos. Neste sentido, a análise arqueológica do cinema considera a coexistência dos diferentes tempos e verifica o funcionamento técnico e estético das tecnologias contemporâneas em constante diálogo com as variadas escritas cinemáticas dos fascinantes mundos de mídias ancestrais em busca dos futuros esquecidos. Palavras-chave: Cinema; Mídia; Pós-mídia; Arqueologia da mídia; Tecnologia; Cibernética; Digital; Hibridização; Arte. DELL’ORTO, Pedro Marques. Media archeology in the Post-media age: the ‘birth’ and the ‘death’ of cinema. 2015. Dissertation (Master). Institute of Humanities, Arts and Sciences Milton Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 2016. Abstract From the debates about extinction - or expansion – of the traditional film techniques, the cinema’s concept was exposed to a deep review in order to enter the aesthetics of post- celluloid audiovisual dispositifs in the cinema’s repertoire. Especially, television, video and cybernetics. Once the pellicle is no longer considered the only motion picture print media, the supposed official birth of cinematography – based on the Lumière’s invention - demonstrates that the cinema’s history hides fascinating ancient technologies capable to elude the senses to generate moving images projections: from the paleolithic painters which, by the flicker firelight, designed audiovisual narratives on the immense stone walls in the dark places of the caves, until the late nineteenth century - when the Lumières and Thomas Edison entered the scene. In this vast historical period, preceding the cinema’s industrialization, the creation of cinematograph’s supports was abundant and dispersed activity, therefore, had an experimental character and used to be performed by autonomous inventors. This ancestral mode of media production is opposed to the current industrial model imposed by the media oligarchies, operating in the direction of technical standardization and programmed obsolescence. However, the commercial necessity to destructure the rigid canonical convention of the seventh art strengthened the emergence of theories that widened the concept of "cinema" until the point of insert the organic technologies in the repertoire of cinematographic mediums. In this perspective, the (media) body is a proto-cinema, whereas it constitutes a technical data support of transmission and storage, through which all the photosensitive messages go by and are translated from physical and chemical’s signals. In other words, the cinema refers to a sense, an aesthetic effect and not to a transmitter communication device, which is just potency without a reader. In this context, this research reflects about the ‘birth’ and ‘death’ of cinema, from the perspective of media archeology studies and post-media aesthetic proposal. Such a theoretical approach, allows a diachronic synchronic analysis, which includes a magical sense of time, in which the past is considered a set of possibilities for the future and not series of obsolete artefacts. In this sense, the archaeological analysis of the cinema considers the coexistence of different times and verifies the technical and aesthetic operation of contemporary technologies in constant dialogue with the varied cinematic writings of the fascinating ancient media’s world in a search of the forgotten futures. Keywords: Cinema; Media; Post-media; Media archeology; Technology; Language; Digital; Hybridization; Art. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................ 7 CAPÍTULO I - O 'NASCIMENTO' DO CINEMA ............................................................. 16 CAPÍTULO II - A 'MORTE' DO CINEMA ........................................................................ 40 II.1 - ATAQUE DIGITAL .......................................................................................................... 46 II.2 - A 'MORTE' DAS MÍDIAS .................................................................................................. 53 CAPÍTULO III - O CINEMA NA ERA PÓS-MÍDIA ........................................................ 62 CAPÍTULO IV - ARQUEOLOGIA DO CINEMA ............................................................. 95 IV.1 - CINEMA RUPESTRE ...................................................................................................... 96 IV.2 - A MÁQUINA CORPOMÍDIA .......................................................................................... 110 IV.2.1 - A cibernética e o ser ciborgue ..........................................................................
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