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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80011-2 - The Making of a Court Society: Kings and Nobles in Late Medieval Portugal Rita Costa Gomes Index More information

Index

Aachen chapel, 406, 412 bishops, 157 abbots at court, 139–40, 148–9 bodyguards, 47 Abrantes, 313 Bugalho family, 125 Abravanel family, 199, 249 Camelo family, 112 Abreu, Alvaro,´ 159 chancelers, 45, 155, 174 Abreu, Fernão Lopes de, 59 children, 276 Abreu family, 109, 117 Coelho family, 116 Abul, Louren¸co, 165 Cogomino family, 124 access to monarch, 47, 211 confessors, 151 accession rites, 370 Cunha family, 99 acclamations, 374–5 Fonseca family, 110 accountancy, 46, 351–2 horses, 192 açoreiros,37 ‘Leis’ family, 173 ‘acostamiento’, 222, 225 lodging provision, 346–7 ‘acrescentados’, 241 mordomo-mor, 256 Acuña family, 102 Moura family, 116–17 administrative sphere, 43, 172 ‘nobility of the robe’, 129–30 Advent, 374 noble families at court, 87 Aegidius, 269 oath of succession, 377 Afonsine Ordinations, 76–7, 259, 392 officials and lawmakers, 174–5 Afonso I, king of Portugal (1128–85), 34, 374, Pacheco family, 92 379, 383 papal petitions, 136 Afonso II, king of Portugal (1211–23), 36, 40 Pereira family, 96, 97 Afonso III, king of Portugal (1245–79) physicians, 155 bodyguards, 47 Portocarreiro family, 124 children, 86 repostaria, 168 hall, 36 Resende family, 114 itinerance, 294 saddles, 190 lamentations, 381 servants of, 61, 62 laws, 39 Silva family, 103 Melo family, 111 Teixeira family, 115 nature of duties, 42 tesouro, 168 nobility at court, 80 Vasconcelos family, 111 prostitutes, 76–7 vedores da chacelaria, 163 treasury, 38, 39 Afonso V, king of Portugal (1438–81) Afonso IV, king of Portugal (1325–57) Abreu family, 117 Ata´ıde family, 110 aia,76 Azambuja family, 115 Albergaria family, 127 Azevedo family, 109 Albuquerque family, 92

465

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80011-2 - The Making of a Court Society: Kings and Nobles in Late Medieval Portugal Rita Costa Gomes Index More information

466 Index

Afonso V, king of Portugal (cont.) ‘saimentos’, 408 almoners, 149 sharing of functions, 261–2 Andrade family, 112 Silva family, 104 Ata´ıde family, 110 Silveira family, 185 Azevedo family, 109 Sousa family, 87 banquets, 398 substitutes, 259 Barreto family, 114 supremacy of court, 288 bastard lines, 82, 83 Távora family, 117 bishops, 161–2 Teixeira family, 115 Braganza family, 84 types of noble, 133 Camelo family, 112 Vasconcelos family, 111 ‘casamentos’, 239 women at court, 66, 236 Castro family, 94, 96 Afonso, Alvaro,´ 155, 160, 367 ceremonials, 367 Afonso, Ana, 237 Cerveira family, 117 Afonso, Duarte, 261 chaplaincies, 137–8, 145 Afonso, Estevão, 160, 164, 288 children of the court, 233 Afonso Goriza, Beatriz, 63 choristers, 142 Afonso, Inês, 75 clerics, 165 Afonso, Infante, 286, 288 confessors, 151, 153 Afonso, João, 170–1 convents, 67 Afonso, Leyes de, 65, 66, 69, 205–6, 401, 413 Coutinho family, 110 Afonso, Louren¸co, 139, 142 Cunha family, 100, 102 Afonso, Luis, 261 debts, 230, 352 Afonso, Martim, 64, 180 departing on horseback, 244 Afonso, Mor, 62 desembargador, 164 Afonso Sanchez, Infante, 325 despenseiro, 176 agents, 51–3, 253 entries, 419 ‘Agostim’, João Pereira, 102 escrivao˜ da puridade, 185 agricultura, 194 escudeiros, 117 agriculture, 355 exiles, 118 Agua´ de Peixes, 316 Galvão family, 183 Aguiar, Estevão de, 148, 325 higher offices, 257–8 Aguiar, Nuno Alvares´ de, 161–2 honorary chaplains, 143 aias, 65, 76 itinerance, 295 ‘ajuntamento’, 422 judges, 186 Al-Andalus, 26 legal status of nobility, 249 Albergaria family, 127, 132, 171, 174, 236 lodging provision, 344–5 Albuquerque, João Afonso de, 91 Meira family, 114 Albuquerque, Lopo de, 257 Meneses family, 90–1 Albuquerque, Sancho de, 72 merchants, 171 Albuquerque family moradores, 242–3, 249–50, 251 circulation of, 106 mourning, 380 gifts, 238 musicians, 201 Gomide family, 182 new nobility, 132 as immigrants, 120 oath of succession, 377, 378 mobility of, 91–2 officials and lawmakers, 174, 185 origins of, 88, 102 Pacheco family, 93 women at court, 63 palace guards, 312 Alcá¸cova palace, 143, 318–19 Pereira family, 97, 99 ‘Alcá¸covas’, Fernando das, 237 Pessanha family, 115 Alcá¸covas Treaty (1479), 67 physicians, 165 alcaidarias, 103, 180, 228 promotion, 247 Alcanhões, 315, 331 royal residences, 322–3, 331–2 Alcoba¸ca, 42, 67, 146, 147–8, 334, 338 Sá family, 127 Aldeia Galega, 305, 334

Index 467

Alenquer, João de, 170 Anes, Afonso, 142 Alenquer family, 170–1 Anes, Beatriz, 61 Alenquer palace, 305, 313, 328, 335 Anes, Beatriz (de Távora), 76 Alentejo, 124, 295, 299, 305, 349 Anes, Constan¸ca, 62 Alfarrobeira, battle of, 180, 206, 225 Anes, Domingos, 276 Alfeizerão, 334 Anes, João, 159 alferes, 25–6, 26–7, 35–6, 39, 254–5 Anes, Luis, 196 alferes-mor,55 Anes, Pedro, 181 Alfonso III, king of Asturias, 25 Anes Foga¸ca, Louren¸co, 59 Alfonso V, king of Aragon, 184 Anes Penteado, Gon¸calo, 63 Alfonso X, king of Castile, 13 Angevin chapel, 146 Alfonso XI, king of Castile, 124 Anglo-Saxon court, 20, 26 Algarve, 299 animals, 317–18, 384 Ali (Master), 192 annuities, 228–30 Alistão, Domingos Peres, 64 anointment, 371–3, 375–6, 378–9 Aljubarrota, battle of, 64, 132, 180 ‘anricados’, 122 Allard, Guy H., 193–4 apocrisiarius, 18, 19 Almada, 305 aposentadores,38 Almada, Alvaro´ Vasques de, 286 aposentadores-mores, 338–9 Almada family, 128–9, 132, 174, 186–7, 238, apothecaries, 165, 239 257 apse, 394 Almeida, Diogo Fernandes de, 236, 284, 286 aquarius,24 Almeida, Fernão Alvares´ de, 127 Aragonese court Almeida family, 127, 132, 174, 257 bed of state, 402 Almeirim, 307, 341–6 chapel, 146 Almeirim palace, 145, 308, 330, 331 Cistercian uses, 406–7 almirantes, 55, 100, 254, 257 investiture of arms, 374 almoners, 42, 146–9 library, 184 Almoster, 337 ‘museria’, 48–9 almotace-mor´ , 49, 258, 350, 353 ‘Ordenacions’, 367, 394 almoxarifes (tax collectors), 38, 240 organisation of, 27–30 alms, 42 public meals, 392–3 Alprão, Afonso de, 151 washing feet, 404 Alvarenga, Rui Gomes de, 180, 261 wild animals, 318 Alvarenga family, 184, 185–6 Arame, José, 200 Alvares,´ Afonso, 90 archicapellanus,18 ‘alveitares’, 193 aristocratisation, 133–4 Alvim family, 125 Aristotelian influence, 269 Alvito, 316 armatura, 194 Amado, Vicente, 151 armiger,26 Amaral, Luis do, 159 armourers, 191–2, 200 amas, 68, 69, 70 arms, investiture of, 374 ambassadors, 154, 233 arms, officials of, 239 Ambia family, 121 Arnaut, Dias, 72 ‘amor de d´ıvedo’, 214 Arraiolos, Cond de (1433), 286 anadel-mor, 128 ‘Arrepiado’, Domingos Anes, 107 anatellon´ , 374 Arruda, 305, 334 Andalusia, 120, 123 Arte Cisoria (Villena), 395 Andeiro, João Fernandes, 122–3, 279 artillery workers, 192 Andeiro, Sancha de, 61 artisans, 188, 239, 339 Andeiro family, 121 Astorga, Fernando de, 151 Andrade, Genebra de, 237 Ata´ıde, Alvaro´ Gon¸calves de, 286, 288 Andrade, Nuno de, 112, 121 Ata´ıde, Nuno Gon¸calves de, 284, 286 Andrade, Nuno Rodriques ‘Freire’, 112 Ata´ıde family, 63, 109, 110, 206, 237, 285–6 Andrade family, 109, 111, 112 Atalaia, 315

468 Index

Atlantic islands, 132 ‘Ballastero Mayor’, 96 Atouguia, 305, 314 banquets, 392–8 audiences, law on, 54 baptisms, 368, 387–9 Augustinians, 67, 193 barbeiros, 231 aula,11 barbers, 37, 165, 191, 247, 400 aulici,15 Barcelos, Pedro de, 132–3 Aurillac, Aimaro de, 142 Barcelos county, 89, 277 autonomy of the court, 272 barley, 37 Autrand, Fran¸coise, 130 Barreto, Diogo Gon¸calves, 107 ‘avantagium’, 231 Barreto family, 109, 114 Aveiro, 67, 314 Barros, Catarina Fernandes de, 63 Avelar, Branca Louren¸co do, 61 Barros, Gamma, 40, 377 Avelar, Gomes Louren¸co de, 107 Barros family, 127 Avelar, Gomes Martins do, 61 Barroso family, 125 Avelar, Martim Esteves do, 59 Barth, Fredrik, 265, 273 Avelar family, 60–1, 109, 111, 112–13, 125 Bartholism, 269–70 Avignon, 157 Basel, Council of, 160, 250 Aviz, Order of, 100, 101–2, 113, 183 bastard lines, 82–5 Aviz dynasty baths, 404 anniversaries of death, 385 battlements, entering, 417 banquets, 397 Beatriz, Infanta, 279–80, 402 Barros family, 127 Beatriz of Castile, queen of Portugal bastard lines, 84 (1309–59), 58 Borge family, 127 Avelar family, 112 Castro family, 94 children, 69 Chief Rabbi, 199 endowments to women, 60–1, 66 children of the court, 232–3 female entourage, 60–1 Fonseca family, 110 religious women, 66–7 funeral rites, 383 servants of, 59 Góis family, 112 slaves of, 71 hereditary positions, 257 as wife of heir, 71–2 infantes, 285 Beaujouan, Guy, 195 Melo family, 111 Be¸ca, Juan Alfonso de, 123 Moura family, 117 bed of state, 401–2 new nobility, 128, 131, 202 Beira Baixa, 299 oath of succession, 377 Beirante, Angela,´ 179 plots against, 90 Beja, 67, 295, 305 Sousa family, 87 Belas, 326–7 Távora family, 117 Beleágua, Fernão Gon¸calves, 164 Avranches, Count of, 129 Beleágua, João, 164 Ayala, Pero López de, 211 Beleágua, João Dias, 249 Aza family (Da¸ca), 122 Benavente, Count of, 118 Azambuja, João Afonso da, 155, 389 Benedictine monks, 139 Azambuja, João Esteves de, 316 benefices, system of, 135–6, 139, Azambuja family, 109, 115–16, 186 266–71 Azeitão, 153 De Beneficiis (Seneca), 267–8 Azevedo, Gon¸calo Vasques de, 107, 109 beneficium, 20, 217 Azevedo, Leonor Gon¸calves de, 61 ‘benfeitoria’, 132–3, 266–7 Azevedo, Lúcio de, 292 Benfica, 311, 325 Azevedo, Rui de, 109 Bereira Interior, 102 Azevedo, Rui de (essayist), 35 Berredo, Martim Mendes de, 97 Azevedo family, 109–10, 237, 285–6 Biedma, Juan Rodr´ıguez de (Bema), 122 ‘bairros’, 346 Binski, Paul, 401 Bairros, Reguengo dos, 315 births, 387, 389

Index 469

bishops camaraˆ , see chamber as capelaes-mores˜ , 142–3 camareiras, 65, 76, 228 close to monarchs, 154–6 camareiro-mor, 256–7 eclipse of, 160 camareiros, 37, 231, 400, 403 education of, 160 Camarhina, Reguengo da, 315 foreign bishops, 157 ‘camarlenchs’, 29 participation at court, 158–9 Camelo family, 109, 111, 112 blacksmiths, 239 camerarius,18 Bloch, Marc, 294, 370–1, 416, 421 Camões family, 123 Bloch, Maurice, 420 Campo Maior, 178 bodyguards, see cavaleiros Campos family, 121 Boiro, 149 cancellarius,18 Bolaño family, 121 Cancioneiro Geral, 347–8 Bologna university, 160 candle makers, 239 Bombarral, 305 Canon Law, 16 Borge family, 127 capelaes-mores˜ , 42, 47, 142, 145 Borges, Diogo, 237 Capetian France, 26 Botão, 314, 315, 335 capitaes˜ , 254 boticario´ , 247 capitaes-mores˜ , 257 Braga, 35, 63, 64, 82 cardinals, 160–1 ‘Braganza’, Fernando de, 82 Cardona, Isabel de, 66 Braganza family, 82, 84, 85 Cardoso, Fernão Alvares,´ 140, 153, 165 Branca of Castile, 71–2 ‘cargos maiores’, 75, 212, 213 Branco family, 132 Carolingian court, 14, 17–20, 406 Brásio, António, 372 carpenters, 190–1, 239 bread distribution, 22–4, 37 Carpinteiro, Pedro Esteves, 121 bread-making, 37, 76 Carvajal family, 122 Briteiro family, 125 Carvalhal, Iria Gon¸calves do, 98 Brito family, 109, 116, 174, 186 carvers, 49–50, 194, 195, 213, 395–6 Bruges, Carta de, 167, 247 casa da justiça, 51, 53 Brühl, Carlrichard, 292, 294 casa da suplicaçao˜ , 53, 159, 228, 352, 353 Buescu, Ana Isabel, 269 casa dos contos, 46, 51, 53, 54 Bugalho family, 125, 196 Casal family, 63 bugles, 201 ‘casamentos’, 65, 218–19, 229, 234, 235–9 builders, 190 ‘Cascais’, Afonso de, 82, 83 Bulhão, Afonso Lopes, 102 ‘Cascais’, Afonso Vasconcelos de, 83 bureaucracy, 43, 169, 187, 252, 253 ‘Cascais’, Fernando de, 83, 286 Burgo family, 122 Cassirer, Ernst, 363 Burgos, Alfonso Fernández de, 123 Castel family, 121 Burgundian court, 30–3, 243 Castelo Branca family, 129, 183–4, 186–7, 257 Burgundian model, 32 Castelo family, 132 Burgundy, Duchess of, 73 Castiglionchio, Lapo da, 161 butchers, 197 Castile buticularis,18 bishops, 157–8 Buval, Louren¸co Martim, 61 civil war, 120 Buval family, 125 emigrants from, 120–1 Byzantine church, 405–6 political refugees, 121–2 Byzantine court, 18, 19, 255, 293 Castilian court ceremonials, 359, 360–1, 401 Castro family, 93 ceremonials, 371 caça (hunt), 36, 196, 232 chamber guards, 403 Cáceres family, 122 chapel, 147, 407 Caetano, Marcelo, 40, 52 commenda system, 140 Caldeira, Gon¸calo, 41 exiles from, 118 Calisto III, Pope, 137 exiles into, 102, 103

470 Index

Castilian court (cont.) cycle of, 370–90 food, 392 daily rites, 390–1 hereditary positions, 256 feastdays, 392–3, 396, 404, 408, 418 inauguration rites, 372 local festivities, 389–90 infantes, 403 marriage, 385–7 investiture of arms, 374 meaning of, 359, 361–2 Jewish officials, 170 new posts, 49–50 lodging privileges, 342 and offices, 367, 369 merchants and officials, 178–9 periodic rites, 369 moradores, 243 prominence of, 357 organisation of, 24–5, 27 reconstruction of, 366 payments, 219–22, 226 religious ritual, 361 Pimentel family, 112 and rites, 361–6 Portuguese lineages, 83–4, 106–7 sources, 359–60 seal of puridad, 43 written ceremonials, 367–8 vassals, 210 Certeau, Michel de, 354 washing feet, 404 Cerveira, Rui Mendes de, 59, 237 castles, see fortresses Cerveira family, 109, 117 Castro, Afonso de, 90 Ceuta, 132, 200, 226, 250–1 Castro, Alvaro´ de, 251, 257, 286 ‘cevada’, 216, 217 Castro, Alvaro´ de (II), 285 cevadeiro-mor, 49, 258 Castro, Alvaro´ Peres de, 62, 89, 95, Chabod, Frederico, 260 177 chamber Castro, Beatriz de, 234 bed of state, 401–2 Castro, Fadique, 285 ceremonials, 399–400 Castro, Fernando de, 94, 96, 286 children, 232 Castro, Guiomar de, 66 clerics, 164–5 Castro, Inês de decrees and charters, 43–5 children of, 81, 82, 98, 277–8 end of day ceremonials, 401 Cunha family, 102 evolution of, 20 death of, 92, 95, 114, 278 female servants, 75 tomb of, 67 and hall, 19, 22 women around, 72 hierarchies in, 24, 47, 48 Castro, Pedro de, 288 Jewish officials, 198 Castro family, 93–6, 106, 120, 121, meals in, 400–1 285 military duties, 46–7 castrum doloris, 382 ‘offices’, 253 catalfaques, 381–2 organisation of, 37–8 cavaleiros porteiros,51 as a closed group, 179 positions in, 65, 68 ‘da guarda’, 47 ‘retretes’, 402–3 enoblement, 130 royal finances, 46 and escudeiros, 246–9 sala, 312 immigrants, 121 supervision of, 27, 29 recruitment of, 105 chanceler, 39, 44, 45, 51–2 social ascent, 132 vice-chanceler, 261 status of, 245 chanceleres-mores, 159 villein cavaleiros, 206 chancery celebrations, 389–90 centralisation of, 53 celibacy, 162–3 and chapel, 35 cereals, 36–7 independence of, 22, 29 ceremonials itinerance documentation, 297–8 canons, 372–3 porteiros,51 ceremony books, 361 supervision of, 46 Christian influence of, 371, 376 Chão da Feira, 320

Index 471

chapel monasteries, 326 almoners, 145, 146–8 royal residences, 325, 327–8, 337 ceremonials, 367–8, 405 Cintra, Lindley, 166 and chancery, 35 Cistercian monks, 42, 146–8 children, 232, 233 Cistercian nuns, 67 commenda system, 140 Cistercian uses, 406–7 confessors, 149–53 cities, ‘da governan¸ca’, 49 construction of, 406 civil war (1319–24), 81, 92 ‘cortinas’, 412, 413–16 Clement VII, Pope, 137 daily mass, 412–13 clerici uxorati, 177 definition of, 41 clericus expense panis et vini,24 development of, 47 clerks, 129 English influence, 138, 367, 382, 388 client relationships, 263–4 evolution of, 20 clocks, 403 hierarchy in, 27 ‘closed space, recess’, 49 liturgical uses, 406–7 clothing, 20, 33, 217 and its members, 136–53 coats of arms, 402 ‘offices’, 253 cocus privatorum regis,22 organisation of, 136–7 Coelho, Pero, 87 structure of, 138 Coelho, Pero Esteves, 116 supervision of, 18, 142 Coelho family, 109, 115, 116 chaplains Cogomino family, 61–2, 124–5 advancement of, 140–1 cohors, 9–10, 13 decline in, 144–5 Coimbra honorary chaplains, 143, 145 anointment, 372–3 masses, 406 bishops of, 64 numbers of, 137 cathedral, 35 payments to, 229 convents, 67, 320, 321 rotation of service, 137 Cortes of, 72, 102, 170 in royal residences, 143–6 dukedom of, 282 use of, 41–2 monasteries, 38, 145 ‘charivari’, 390 royal residences, 315 Charlemagne, court of, see Carolingian S. Clara, 320, 321 court visits to, 302, 303, 305–7, 308, 316 Charneca, Afonso Peres da, 64 coinage, 191 Charneca, Martim Afonso da, 63, 155 colheitas, 276, 292–6, 392 Charneca family, 132 combat, 194 Chaves, Antão Martins de, 159 comes stabuli, 18, 19 Chaves, João Gomes de, 157 commenda system, 140 Chelas convent, 67 ‘common good’, 270 chess, 194 commoners at court, see merchants ‘Chichorro’, Martim Afonso, 86 communications, 50 ‘Chichorro’, Vasco Martins de Sousa, 87 companions to the king, 15 Chief Rabbi, 53, 198–9 comprador, 37, 247 children of the court, 69–70, 72, 218, concubines, 75 231–3, 419 condestaveis´ , 254 choirmasters, 164 condestavel´ ,55 choristers, 138, 141, 142 Confessio Amantis (Gower), 94 Christ, image of, 408 confessors, 42, 149–53 Christmas, 408, 414 ‘configuration’, concept of, 274 Cintra confiscation of goods, 107, 122, 223 chapels, 413 consecration rites, 370 hunting, 313–14 consilium et auxilium,35 importance of, 307, 308 constabularius,24 lodging provision, 349 Constance, Council of, 160, 378

472 Index

‘constellations of forces’, concept of, 274 courtesy, 12 Constitutio Domus Regis, 22, 30 courtiers contador-mor,46 behaviour of, 263 contadores, 240 meaning of term, 357 ‘contias’, 222 use of, 12 convents uselessness of, 252 from palaces, 325–6 ‘courtisation of warriors’, 111 and queens, 67–8 ‘courtly arts’, 194 royal residences, 311, 320, 321, 337–8 courtly love, 70 convia, 392–8 Coutada Velha, 313, 315 ‘convites’, 392–8 Coutinha, Beatriz, 328 Convivio (Dante), 194 Coutinha, Teresa Vasques, 90 cooks, 36, 188, 201, 247, 395 Coutinho, Fernão Martins, 87 copa, 36, 118, 232 Coutinho, Luis, 159 copeiros, 247, 256, 351, 395 Coutinho, Vasco Fernandes, 286 copeiros-mores, 49, 257 Coutinho family, 63, 109, 110, 237, 257, Corbin, Solange, 407 285–6 Cordoba family, 121, 123 covilheiras, 68–9, 70, 76, 228 Coreixas, Afonso Gil, 90 cozinha,36 coronations, 368, 374 cozinheiro-mor,49 corpses, removal of, 380–1 criaçao˜ , 65, 208, 213–14, 289–90 Corpus Christi, 410, 418 homens de cria¸cão, 206 corpus mysticum, 14–15 criaçao˜ and admittance to court, 231–41 corregedores, 53, 199, 258, 341, 350, 352, 353 criaçao˜ do rei, 205–8 Correira, Afonso, 158 criados, 205–8, 214, 235, 236 cors, 9–10 homens de cria¸cão, 206 corte, use of, 12, 13 crime, 352 cortesˆ , 11, 12, 14 crisis (1397–8), 107–8 Cortes Cronica´ da Conquista de Ceuta, 170 ceremonials, 369, 419–21 Cronica´ de D. Joao˜ I (Lopes), 234 occasional rites, 417 crown land, 314–15, 329 origin of, 35 ‘cuantias’, 220–1 Cortes (1361), 278, 350 cubiculum,68 Cortes (1371), 350 Cunha, Diogo da (Sá), 127 Cortes (1439), 419 Cunha, Gil Vasques de, 100, 174 Cortes (1468), 350 Cunha, João Louren¸co da, 107 Cortes (1472–73), 133 Cunha, Leonor da, 176–7, 237 Cortes (1498), 74–5 Cunha, Mafalda, 85 Cortesão, Jaime, 150 Cunha, Martim Vasques da (II), 100, 107, 176 ‘cortinas’, 412, 413–16 Cunha, Pero Vasques da, 92 Coruche, João Eanes de, 168, 169, 305 Cunha family, 99–102 Corval, 315, 335 exile of, 107, 177 Costa, Avelino Jesus da, 35 infantes, 285 Costa, João da, 184 marriage, 177 Costa, Jorge de, 153 war, 106 Costa Veiga, A. Botelho da, 222 women at court, 63 Cotrim family, 129, 182–3 curia, 9–10, 13, 35 counsellors, 245–6 curialisation, 194, 210–11, 227 court De Curialium Miseriis (Piccolomini), 252 definition of, 13, 422 Curto, Diogo Ramada, 367 names for, 9–16 customs, see uses of the court size of, 74–5, 309 and space, 14, 338–56 Da¸ca family, 122 spheres of influence, 353 daily life, 390–416 court literature, 70 dancing, 398

Index 473

dapifer,35 donas, 65, 66, 241 dapifer/pincerna,22 Donas de Almoster, 67 d’Arval, Vasco, 196 donations, 228–30 dean of the chapel, 138, 142 donzelas, 65, 66 death, 223, 421, see also funeral rites Douro, north of, 295 death, anniversaries of, 385, 408 d’Outel, Gil Martins, 196 debts, 230, 351–2 dowries, 218–19, see also ‘casamentos’ from rents ‘em penhor’, 238 drink distribution, 22–3, 29, 32–3 decrees, 43–5, 51 Duarte, king of Portugal (1433–38) Decretais, Gon¸calo das, 163 Abreu family, 117 Decretum, 284 Albergaria family, 127 Delpeech, Fran¸cois, 404 Albuquerque family, 92 departures, 244 Almada family, 129 desembargador, 164 Almeida family, 127 desembargo, 129, 155, 162, 296 almotace-mor´ , 184 ‘desnaturamento’, 212 Andrade family, 112 despenseiros, 247, 258 anointment, 375, 378 Dialogus de Curiae Commodis, 161 Ata´ıde family, 110 Dias, Alvaro,´ 87 Avelar family, 113 Dias, Beatriz, 75 Azevedo family, 109 Dias, Lopo, 87 Barreto family, 114 Dias, Maria, 60 bishops, 159 Dias, Sanchez, 61 camareiro-mor, 257 Dias Botelha, Inês, 61 Camelo family, 112 Diez, Estepa, 206 capelaes-mores˜ , 142 Dinis, Afonso, 86, 87, 155, 165 ‘casamentos’, 235, 237 Dinis (Fr.), 153 Castelo Branca family, 183 Dinis, Infante, 278–9 Castro family, 96 Dinis, king of Portugal (1279–1325) chamber, 43, 183 bastard son, 81 chanceler-mor, 176 Bugalho family, 125 chancelers, 174 Buval family, 125 chapel, 137, 140, 407–8 chapel organisation, 42 chaplaincies, 145 Cogomino family, 124 choristers, 141, 142 payments, 38 clerics, 164 ‘privados’, 115 confessors, 151 Resende family, 114 convents, 67 royal residences, 329 counsellors, 245 servants of, 61 Coutinho family, 110 services of the court, 36, 42 Cunha family, 102 small seal, 45 entourage of, 280, 283–4, 285, 286 Sousa family, 86 escrivaes˜ da camaraˆ , 183 Vasconcelos family, 111 escrivaes˜ da puridade, 182, 185 Diogo (Fr.), 151 escrivao˜ da fazenda, 180 diplomacy, 49–50, 166 ‘estaus’, 344 ‘disciplinary’ spaces, 352–3 finances of the king, 46 dispensator,35 ‘Fourth Estate’, 172–3 dispensator butelerie, 22–4 Galvão family, 183 dispensator panis,22 Gouveia family, 184 ‘d´ıvedo’, 214 horsemanship, 195 ‘domesticity’ of kings, 21, 34 infantes, 286–7 Dominican monks, 151–2, 153 itinerance, 305 Dominican nuns, 67 Leal Conselheiro, 214, 309, 312 Dominques, Afonso, 276 ‘maneiras de amar’, 214 Dominques, Vasco, 163 marriage, 386, 397

474 Index

Duarte, king of Portugal (cont.) ‘échansonnierie’, 32–3 mechanical arts, 194 economics, 49, 349, 350 Melo family, 110–11 ‘écurie’, 32 Meneses family, 90 Edmund of Cambridge, 224 merchants, 171 Eisenstadt, Schmuel N., 263 monks at court, 139 Eleanor of Castile, 24, 381 monteiros-mores, 183–4 Elias, Norbet, 1–2, 264, 271, 272, 369 moradores, 251 Elvas, Cortes of (1361), 278 mourning, 380 Elvas, Vasco Peres de, 155 noble bastard lines, 82 Elvas fortress, 315, 335–6 officials and lawmakers, 164, 177, 185 embroiderers, 188, 239 Pais family, 176 ‘emperogilados’, 122 payments to servants, 41 English court, 22–4 Pereira family, 97, 99 accountancy, 351 private residences, 316 almoners, 147 Resende family, 114 bed of state, 401 Sá family, 127 ceremonials, 367–8 secretaries, 177–8 chapel, 138, 147, 412 Silva family, 104 dukedoms, 282 Sousa family, 87 economic crisis, 113 tesoureiros, 174 funeral rites, 382 Vasconcelos family, 111 hereditary positions, 256 vedores da fazenda, 183 inauguration rites, 372 war, 195 moradores, 243 Duby, George, 10 oath to the crown, 378 Durães, João, 60 princes, 275 Durães, Maria, 60, 69 prostitutes, 77 duty sharing, 29, 32 ‘wardrobe’, 39 Dvornik, Francis, 405 women, 63 enoblement, 134, 186, 248, 253 earthquake (1755), 317 ‘nobility of the robe’, 129–30, 181–2 Easter, 408, 409–10 entailment, 186–7 eating with the king, 392–3 entrances, 369, 417–19 ‘E¸ca’, Fernando de, 83 Epiphany, 408–9, 414 ecclesiastics Epocas´ de Portugal Economico´ (Azevedo), administration and finance, 163–4 292 apocrisiarius,19 epula, 394 chapel and its members, 136–53 Erra, 314, 333 clerical presence, 154–66 escançao-mor,49 curialisation, 194, 210–11 escançaos, 256 definition of, 134–6 escançaria,36 doctors, 165 Escárnio, Cantigas de, 115 expansion of numbers, 135 Escobar, André Dias de, 164 in government, 161–2 escrivaes˜ , 173, 231, 242 interdependence, 263–4 escrivaes˜ da camaraˆ , 182, 258 judicial sphere, 177 escrivaes˜ da chancelaria, 259 lifestyle, 164 escrivao˜ da puridade, 43–5, 46, 159 marriage, 176 ‘Escudeiro’, João Anes, 159 noble status, 118 escudeiros (squires), 127, 232, 245, 246–9 officials and lawmakers, 164, 175–8 esmoler-mor, 47, 146 papal court, 161 Especulo´ (Alfonso), 65, 66, 69, 205–6, 222, ‘quasi-clerics’, 162–3 401, 413 rents, 177–8 Espejo de verdadera nobleza (Valera), 270 secretaries, 164–5 ‘estaus’, 342, 344–6, 347 see also bishops Estes, Lan¸carote, 177

Index 475

Esteves, Guiomar, 75 Barreto family, 114 estrabeiros, 351 Barros family, 127 estrebaria (stable), 36, 37, 192, 232 bastard daughter, 85 itinerance, 339–40 bed of state, 402 Estremadura, 305, 307, 333–4, 349 bishops, 157 Estremoz fortress, 315, 336 Bolaño family, 121 estribeiro-mor,49 Borge family, 127 ethics, 194 Buval family, 125 etiquettes, 369 capelaes-mores˜ , 142 Evora´ Castilan civil war, 120–1 aristocracy of, 116, 125 Castro family, 94, 95 chaplaincies, 143 chancelers, 175 lodging provision, 343–4 children of the court, 232, 233 monasteries, 321–2 clergy, 163 urbanisation, 311 Coelho family, 116 visits to, 302, 304, 305–7, 316 confessors, 151 Evreux, Louis de, 360 confiscations of goods, 122 exchequer, 39 convents, 68 exiles, 102, 107, 118, 208, 353 Coutinho family, 110 payments to, 223 criado, 207 Eyemerich, Nicholas, 158 Cunha family, 100, 102 doctors, 165 falcoeiro-mor,50 entourage of, 276, 278 falcoeiros, 37, 196, 228 escrivaes˜ da camaraˆ , 182 falconry, 184, 188, 192, 193 female servants, 75 familiae, 11, 19 Fonseca family, 110 familiares,15 functionaries and courtiers, 256 familiaritas,14 funeral rites, 380 Faria family, 128, 132 hunting, 196 Farinha family, 112 immigrants, 83, 121–3 Faro, 38 Infante João, 82 farriers, 193 infantes, 278–9 fazenda,51 itinerance, 305 bureaucratisation of, 169 Jewish officials, 170 characteristics of officials, 173 ‘Leis’ family, 173 Chief Rabbi, 199 Lira family, 121 merchants, 168–72 on marriage, 234 ‘nobility of the robe’, 129–30 meat suppliers, 197 vedor da fazenda,52 Meira family, 62 feastdays, 392–3, 396, 404, 408, 418 Melo family, 111 Febvre, Lucien, 135 Meneses family, 89 Fernandes, Alvaro,´ 141 merchants, 171 Fernandes, Geraldo, 196 monks at court, 139 Fernandes, Gon¸calves, 261 mordomo-mor, 256 Fernandes, Rui, 288 Moura family, 117 Fernando, king of Portugal (1367–83) new nobility, 130 Abreu family, 117 noble families at court, 87 Albuquerque family, 91 officials and lawmakers, 174 almoners, 149 papal petitions, 137 Andeiro family, 121 Parada family, 121 Andrade family, 112 payments to servants, 223–4 Ata´ıde family, 110 Pereira family, 96–7, 98 Avelar family, 113 Pessanha family, 115 Azambuja family, 115 physicians, 165, 200 Azevedo family, 109 Pimentel family, 112

476 Index

Fernando, king of Portugal (cont.) fortresses, 315, 316, 335–7 poison attempt, 100 Fozin, João (Fo¸cim), 123 Portocarreiro family, 124 Franciscan monks, 149–51, 153 rebellions (1383–85), 107 Franciscan nuns, 67 reposteiros-mores, 169 Francisco (Fr.), 151 royal guard, 254 Frazer, James G., 19 royal residences, 334, 335, 336, 338 Frederick II Hohenstaufen, 14 Santarém, 320 Freire, Braamcamp, 63, 79, 83, 223 servants of, 63–4 Freire, João, 237 Silva family, 103 Freire family, 112 Távora family, 117 Freita family, 128 Teixeira family, 115 French court Vasconcelos family, 111 chapel, 146 vedores, 163 enoblement, 130 vedores da chancelaria, 163, 176 ‘fief-rente’, 220 vedores da fazenda, 169 funeral rites, 381 wars, 180 hereditary positions, 256 Fernando (Master), 165 inauguration rites, 372 Ferrara-Florence, Council of, 160 itinerance, 294 Ferreira, Alvaro,´ 160 oratories, 412 Ferreira, Gon¸co, 148 princes, 275 Ferro, Maria José, 199 prostitutes, 77 fertility rites, 390 size of, 243 fidalgos, 246, 250 Frielas, 314, 326 ‘fief-rentes’, 219, 220–1 fruit, 24 Figueiredo, Reguengo de, 315 fruiteiro,39 Figueiredos family, 127, 236 ‘fruiterie’, 32 financial sphere Fuero Viejo, 208 accountancy, 46, 351–2 functionaries and courtiers, 252–62 bureaucratisation of, 43, 169 funding of the court, 40–1 chamber involvement, 46 funeral rites, 368, 370, 379–85 merchants, 168–72 furriers, 188, 239 payments, 240 Furtado family, 128, 174, 225 repostaria, 37–9, 46 f´ıscios, 231 Galés, João Rodrigues das, 127 Fleckenstein, Josef, 41, 405 Galicia, 295 Foga¸ca, Anes Louren¸co, 180 exiles from, 112, 119, 121, 122–4 Foga¸ca, Louren¸co, 165 galinheiros, 351 Foga¸ca family, 129, 175–6, 182, 286 galleons, 225 ‘fonda’, 345 Galvão, João, 161, 183 Fonseca, Luis Adão, 105 Galvão, Rui, 177–8, 183, 232 Fonseca family, 109, 110 Galvão family, 183 food, 49, 197 game hunting, 37 food distribution games, 398 Burgundian court, 32–3 Gândaras, 314 and drink, 22, 29, 32–3 Garde, Guillame de la, 157 gaudium, 396–7 gaudium, 268, 396–7 hierarchical order, 398–9 gemina persona,15 and the monarch, 13, 19, 392 genealogical research, 79–80 for the monarch, 22, 36, 76 Génicot, Léopold, 113 as payment, 20 Genoa, 346 to the poor, 24 gentleman-bureaucrats, 175, 200 Portuguese court, 36–7 Geraldes, Vicente, 148 ritual foods, 399 German court, 256, 294 food for the monarch, 36, 76, 391–2 gifts, 223

Index 477

‘Gijón’, Afonso de, 85 Guimarães, 38, 305 Gil (Fr.), 149 Guimarães, Alvaro´ Peres de, 261 Gil (Master), 165 gunsmiths, 239 Giron family, 121 Girona, Maria, 102 hall, 18 gistum, 292 banqueting halls, 393–4 Given-Wilson, Chris, 77 Burgundian court, 32 Godhino, Magalhães, 52 ceremonials, 49–50, 393 Godhino, Vittorio Magalhães, 172 and chamber, 19, 22 Góis, Beatriz Nunes de, 61 commensality rituals, 390 Góis, Mécia de, 129 common service, 47–8 Góis family, 109, 111, 112, 129, 237 evolution of, 20 goldsmiths, 190, 200, 239 ‘offices’, 253 Gomes (Fr.), 151 supervision of, 27, 29 Gomes, Gil, 196 theories of first reigns, 34–5 Gomes, Louren¸co, 165 various services distinguished, 36 Gomes, Soeiro, 139 hand-kissing, 374 Gomide, Gon¸calo Louren¸co de, 181, 236 happiness of the court, 396–7 Gomide, João Gon¸calves de, 92 Harris, G. L., 227 Gomide family, 129, 182, 186–7, 237 hawksmen, 195–6 Gon¸calves, Antão, 142 healing arts, 194 Gon¸calves, Estevão, 62 hearses, 383 Gon¸calves, Iria, 165 heirs to the throne, 71–2, 284–5 Gon¸calves, João, 196 Henrique, Count of Portucale, 166 Gon¸calves, Leonor, 237 Henriques, Fernando, 83–4 Gon¸calves, M´ılia, 94 Henriques family, 82, 83–4 Gon¸calves, Nuno, 186, 261 Henry II, king of Castile, 83, 85 Gon¸calves family, 183 Henry IV, king of Castile, 93, 365 Good Friday, 409–10 Henry, Infante Goodenough, W. H., 309 birth of, 389 Gorizo family, 286 Castro family, 94, 96 Gouevia, João, 237 confessors, 152 Gouveia family, 129, 183, 184, 237 Cunha family, 100, 102 ‘governan¸ca’, 49 entourage of, 285, 286 Gower, John, 94, 270 festivities, 422 Grade, Estavão Louren¸co da, 90 gifts, 238 grammar, 193 loans to, 129 Grassoti, Hilda, 210, 222 lodging provision, 345 Green, Richard Firth, 74 Meira family, 114 Grijó monastery, 315 Silva family, 104 groceries, suppliers of, 197 supporters of, 286 grooms, 233, 403 Henry of Trastâmara, 112, 120, 122, 170 Grossi, Paolo, 353 heralds, 49–50 Grossotti, Hilda, 219–20 hereditary positions, 26, 249, 256–7, 264 guarda,47 hierarchies, construction of, 56 Guarda, bishops of, 82 high chapel, 413 Guarda, Estevão da, 61 high choir, 413 guarda-mor, 47, 256, 257 Hincmar of Rheims, 17 guarda-roupa, 257, 327 Hocart, Arthur, 19, 370 guarda-roupa-mor, 258 Holanda, Francisco de, 181, 325 ‘Guerra’, Duarte de Bragan¸ca, 83 Homen, Carvalho, 43, 45, 162, 258 Guerra, Fernando da, 82–3, 158–9, 160, 261 homen de pe´, 347 Guerra, Luis da, 82 homens de benfeitoria, 206 ‘Guerra’, Pedro da, 82 homens de criaçao˜ , 206 Guillemain, Bernard, 160 homens de montaria,37

478 Index

honorary posts, 52, 255 Isabel, Infanta, 73, 85, 89, 397 horseback, departing on, 244 Isabel, queen of Portugal (1281–1336), horses also known as St Isabel, 207, 354 breeding, 192–3, 330 Isabel, queen of Portugal (1447–55) equine arts, 194, 195 aia,65 feeding of, 217 births, 70, 387 supervision of, 19 funeral rites, 382 suppliers of, 37 household, 58 treatment of, 194–5 servants of, 60 hospital, 339 Isidone of Seville, 268 Hospitallers, Order of, 98, 110, 112 Italian court, 283, 294, 384 ‘hostal’, 345 itinerance, 291–309 Hundred Years War, 54, 69 dimensions of the court, 309 hunting distribution of court, 340 art of, 194, 195–6 economic reasons for, 291–2 Burgundian court, 32 jurisdictional spaces, 352 caça, 36, 196, 232 lodging provision, 341–6 evolution of services for, 50 organisation of, 27, 33, 38, 58 itinerance, 192 places visited, 299–307 offices of, 37 planning for, 338–40 supervision of, 24 political meaning of, 292–3 territory for, 313–14 problems caused by, 323 ‘wild’ space, 354 reasons for, 299 retention of, 355–6 Iberian courts, 20, 25–6 rites, 417–19 Ibn Khaldun, 293 royal table, 351 ‘illuminators’, 191 seasonal distribution of visits, 308 immigration, 120–4 spheres of influence, 353 imprisonments, 107 in the steps of monarch, 297 in loco tenens, 258–60 supplies for, 249, 349–51 inauguration rites, 371–2, 375, 399 temporary markets, 349–50 public meals, 393 indentures, 224–5 Jaeger, Stephen, 394 infantes Jaime (Cardinal), 155 banquets, 397 James III, king of Majorca, 29 births of, 389 ‘jantares’, 294 and the court, 280 Jean de Cardaillac, 157 descendants of, 81 jewels, 33, 190 entourages of, 275–80 Jews gifts to, 281–2 artisans, 192, 200 importance of, 72–3 moradias, 249 inaugural ceremonies, 378–9 officials, 169–70, 198–9, 418 rotation at court, 286 suppliers, 197–8 women at court, 69 João, Infante, 82 inns, 339 Albergaria family, 127 inquisitors, 240 banquets, 398 insignias, 402 at court, 84, 279 institutional history, 16–17, 20–1, 34 ‘desnaturamento’, 212 institutions and structures, 16–34 entourage of, 277–8 interdependence, forms of, 262–74 Galician exiles, 122 patronage, 262–5 protection of, 94 royalty, 265–9 Silva family, 103 interregnum (1383–85), 107, 108, 131 supporters of, 286 investiture of arms, 374 João (Master), 165 Inwood, Brad, 268 John II, king of Castile, 124

Index 479

John I, king of Portugal (1385–1433), 63 Lemos family, 129 Abreu family, 117 lies, 414 Albergaria family, 127 Maria Teles, 71 Albuquerque family, 92 on marriage, 234 Almada family, 129 mechanical arts, 194 Andrade family, 112 Meira family, 114 anointment, 375 Melo family, 111 aposentador-mor, 117 merchants and officials, 170, 171 Ata´ıde family, 110 mistress of, 68 Avelar family, 113 monks at court, 139 Azambuja family, 115 monteiros-mores, 183 Azevedo family, 109 moradores, 242 Barros family, 127 new nobility, 126–7, 130 bishops, 155, 158, 159 noble families at court, 82, 87 Borge family, 127 Nogueira family, 173–4 camareiro-mor, 257 Noronha family, 85 camareiros, 173 oath of succession, 377, 378 Camelo family, 112 officials and lawmakers, 174, 185 capelaes-mores˜ , 142 opposition to, 102 ‘casamentos’, 237–8 Pacheco family, 93 Castelo Branca family, 183 Pais family, 176 Castro family, 94, 95, 96 papal petitions, 162 cavaleiros, 174 Pereira family, 97, 98–9 Cerveira family, 117 physicians, 165 chamber, 403 plots against, 90 chanceler-mor, 184 private residences, 316 chancelers, 175, 176 raising-up, 380 chaplaincies, 145 relatives of, 94 chaplains, 137 repostarias, 117 children of the court, 233 Resende family, 114 choirmasters, 164 royal residences, 335, 336, 337, 338 Coelho family, 116 ‘saimentos’, 408 confessors, 151–2 Silva family, 104 counsellors, 245 Sousa family, 87 Coutinho family, 110 supporters of, 101, 103, 286, 287 crisis (1397–98), 107–8 Távora family, 117 Cunha family, 102–3 taxes, 244 descendants of, 82, 84 Teixeira family, 115 desembargo, 184 Vasconcelos family, 111 entries, 419 vedores, 163 escrivao˜ da camara, 181 vedores da fazenda, 181 escrivao˜ da chancelaria, 181 John II, king of Portugal (1481–95), 387–8 escrivao˜ da puridade, 181, 182 John of Gaunt, 282 escrivao˜ do paço, 180 John of Salisbury, 194, 269, 394 escudeiros, 183 jousts, 32, 194 financial sphere, 46 Juan Manuel, infante, 167, 212, 214 funeral rites, 383 judges, 53–4, 163, 240 Henriques family, 84 judicial sphere honorary chaplains, 143 agents, 52 horses, 193 bureaucratisation of, 43 hunting, 196 casa da justiça, 51, 53 immigrants, 123 casa da suplicaçao˜ , 53, 159, 228, 352, 353 infantes, 73, 280–2, 285 clerics, 177 itinerance, 305, 340 Jews, 198–9 judges, 185 judgement at court, 244

480 Index

judicial sphere (cont.) León, 93, 206, 407 jurisdictional spaces, 352–3 Leonese Court, 243 married clerics, 176 Leonor of Aragon, queen of Portugal and the monarch, 13 (1428–45), 58 officials, 172 camareira-mor,65 ‘officios’, 253 children, 70, 284 payments, 231, 240 confessors, 152 porteiro-mor,51 convents, 67, 321 sharing of functions, 261–2 criada, 207 see also tribunals entourage of, 59 juiz dos feitos d’El-Rei,52 entries, 419 ‘juros’, sale of, 230 exile of, 73 Góis family, 112 Kantorowicz, Ernst, 15, 53–4, 284, 370, 376 marriage, 386 Keen, Maurice, 270 papal petitions, 137 king of arms/herald/pursuivant, 50 Pereira family, 97 king’s gentlemen, leader of, 26–7 supporters of, 85 kitchens, 29, 36–7, 231, 392 Leonor Teles, queen of Portugal (1372–85), ‘knight-merchant’, 172 58 Koselleck, Reinhardt, 9 Ata´ıde family, 110 Krus, Luis, 123–4 and Beatriz, 279 children, 69 Labbé, Alain, 11, 393, 394 convents, 321 laity, 135 Cunha family, 102 Lamego fortress, 315, 335 female entourage, 61–2 lamentations, 381–2 first husband, 100 ‘Lampreia’, Louren¸co, 152 Foga¸ca family, 175 land goldsmiths, 190 crown land, 314–15 hunting, 196 ‘fief-rentes’, 219, 220–1 jewels, 190 gifts of, 223 lover of, 400 granted ‘em ten¸ca’, 228 Meira family, 114 Latão family, 199, 249 Pereira family, 98 lavadeiras,76 ‘privados’, 169 lavatrix,24 servants of, 59 lawmakers, 129, 164, 184–6 Liber Regie Capelle (Say), 138, 367, 382, bishops, 155, 162 388 laws Libro Enfenido (Juan Manuel), 167, 214 on absences, 36 lies, 414 on audiences, 54 Linehan, Peter, 372 judgement at court, 39 lions, 317–18 on rations, 38 Lira family, 121 lay lords, 40 Lisboa, Vicente, 152 Le Goff, Jacques, 16 Lisbon Leal Conselheiro (Duarte), 214, 309, 312 Ajuda Palace library, 30 leather workers, 188, 239 casa dos contos,54 Le¸ca monastery, 315, 338 Cortes (1498), 74–5 Leclercq, Jean, 408 defence of, 97 Leges Palatinae,29 Dominican nuns, 67 Leiria, 315, 334, 336–7 funding of the court, 38, 41 ‘Leis’, João das, 173, 180 government of, 129 ‘Leis’ family, 173 lions, 317–18 Leitão family, 63, 125 lodging provision, 342–4, 345–6 Lemos, Afonso Gomes de, 164 royal residences, 316–19 Lemos family, 128, 237 royal residences around, 324–8

Index 481

S. Martinho palace, 319 Louis IX, king of France, 404 S. Miguel, 144, 145 Louren¸co, Branca, 61 Santos monastery, 67 Louren¸co, Diogo Martins, 177 urbanisation, 311 Louren¸co, Gil Martins, 177 visits to, 302, 304, 305–8, 316 Louren¸co, Martim, 142 liturgical commemoration, 385 Louren¸co, Vasco, 142 living at court, see moradores Lourinhã, 314 Livro da Montaria (John), 414 love, concept of, 214 Livro de Lihagens, 126 Low Empire, 10, 293 Livro de Recebimentos, 259 Lucena, Rodrigo de, 165 Livro dos Conselhos, 185 Lucena, Vasco Fernandes de, 60 Livro Vermelho, 250, 259, 368 ‘lugares do rei’, 354 Lobato, Estevão, 169 Luhmann, Nicolas, 272–3 Lobato, Gon¸calo, 168 Lumiar, 311, 325 Lobato, Pedro, 261 Luna, Pedro de, 158 Lobato, Pedro Anes, 169 Lyon, Bryce Dale, 20, 220 Lobato, Peres Anes, 286 Lobato, Pero, 186 Macedo, Diogo Gon¸calves de, 236 Lobato family, 129, 132, 182 Machado, José Pedro, 36–7 Lobo, Costa, 83 MacKay, Angus, 179 Lobo, Diogo Lopes, 87 Madeira, Afonso, 165 Lobo, Gil, 151, 153 Madrid National Library, 30 Lobo, Rodrigo Afonso, 107 ‘Maestre Racional’, 29 local communities, 355 magic powers, 421 local products, 392 magister camerarius,24 local tributes, 292–6, 392 magistrates, 163 in money, 294–5 magna coquina,22 lodging provision, 341–7 Maia, Alvaro´ Gon¸calves da, 181 household items, 347 maiordomus, 26, 35 problem of, 347–51 Mais family, 171 ‘logoteentes’, 259–60 ‘majordoms’, 29, 30 Lomellini family, 249 Malafaia family, 171, 177 Lopes, Fernão Malheiro, João Rodrigues, 261 Albuquerque family, 91 Mamede, João de S., 153 amas and covilheiras,70 mancebas, 68, 71, 75 bastard lines, 84 Mangancha, Diogo Afonso, 177, 288 bed of state, 402 mantearia, 48, 75, 76 Castro family, 95–6 mantieiros, 37, 247 children of the court, 232 ‘mantimentoes’, 230–1, 239 concubines, 75 Manuel, Constan¸ca, 69, 72, 83 criado, 207 Manuel, Henrique, 83, 327 entries, 419 Manuel, João, 143, 160 female household of D. Beatriz, 72 Manuel, king of Portugal (1495–1521), 74, funeral rites, 380 138 Leonor Teles, 61, 68, 400 Manueline directive (1506), 39 marriage, 234 Manueline Ordinations, 49 monarch’s will, 89 Manueline period, 331 moradores, 209 maravedis, 223 new nobility, 131 Marche, Olivier de la, 30, 359 Pedro of Castile, 278–9 marechals, 55, 254, 257 protection of the monarch, 206 Maria of Aragon, 73 ‘quantias’, 224 Marinho, Paio, 125 royal residences, 325 Marinho family, 123 Santarém palaces, 320 maritime expansion, 170 treasures, 190 Marques, Oliveira, 179, 226, 317

482 Index

marriage Menir, Judas Aben, 169 ceremonials, 385–7 Menses, Afonso Teles de, 104 of clerics, 176–7 merchants, 168–72 dowries, 218–19 characteristics of, 178 as protection, 65 enoblement, 186 rites, 370, 393 Jewish officials, 169–70 royal intervention in, 234–6 ‘knight-merchant’, 172 see also ‘casamentos’ lodgings for, 345 Marthino (bishop), 148, 157–8, 165 permanence of, 173–4 Martins, Afonso (abbot), 139 privileges, 349 Martins, Gil, 162–3 suppliers, 197 Martins, Gomes, 129 Merêa, Paulo, 40, 222, 372, 374 Martins, Jorge, 153 Merovingian period, 292 Martins, Louren¸co, 59, 61, 157 messages, transmission of, 51 Martins, Mário, 408 mestre-sala, 49–50, 213 Martins, Teresa, 61 metal workers, 190, 191 Martins Buval, Louren¸co, 61 Metalogicon (Salisbury), 194 Martins Miranda, Margarida, 63 midwives, 70 masses, 406, 412–13 Military Orders materiality of the house, 10 courtisation of warriors, 98, 105–6, ‘matinadas’, 389–90 111–13 Mattoso, José, 80, 130, 210, 223, 341, 372, immigrant nobles, 121 375 as a pressure group, 105 McCormick, Michael, 360 retention of posts, 113 McFarlane, K. B., 113 military sphere Mealha, Pero Afonso, 107, 169 bodyguards, 47 meat, 24 decrees and charters, 43–5 meat suppliers, 197 and hall, 20 ‘mechanical arts’, 193–4 moradores, 250–1 medicine, 193, 194 payments, 221–6, 229 medico domini regis et suo,59 recruitment, 223, 224 medieval concept, 9–16, 422 vassals, 210 Meira, Gon¸calo Paid de, 62 see also royal army; war Meira, Mécia Rodrigues de, 62 Millar, Fergus, 293 Meira, Teresa de, 61, 62 Minho, 121, 139, 224, 305 Meira family, 62, 109, 114, 121 ministeria,20 meirinho, 53, 350, 353 ‘ministerialisation’, 134 meirinho-mor,53 minstrels, 200–1, 239 Melo, Martim Afonso de (III), 316 Mira, 314 Melo, Rodrigo Afonso de (Rui), 100 Miranda, Fernão Gon¸calves de, 64, 237 Melo, Vasco Martins de, 279 Miranda, Leonor, 64 Melo family, 63, 109, 110–11, 186, 237, Miranda, Margarida Martins, 64 257, 322 Miranda, Martim Afonso, 64 Mendes, João, 258 Miranda, Mécia, 64 Meneses, Beatriz de, 65, 238 Miranda family, 63 Meneses, Fernando de, 60, 286 ‘mo¸cos’, 232, 241 Meneses, Fernão Teles de, 104 ‘mo¸cos da Capela’, 233 Meneses, Leonor de, 91 ‘mo¸cos-fidalgos’, 246 Meneses, Martinho de, 90 Moledo, 314, 334 Meneses, Pedro de, 64, 85 Molina, Isabel de, 91 Meneses, Pedro de (capt.), 245 monarch Meneses, Pedro de (I), 90, 328 and the army, 55 Meneses, Pedro de (II), 90 aspects associated with, 13, 19 Meneses family, 88–91, 106, 120, 174, 237 body as metaphor, 24–5 Menino, Pero, 196 children of, 72–3

Index 483

children of the court, 232 mordomo continuity of, 166 banquets, 395 death of, 421 judgement at court, 39 and definition of court, 14–16 predominance of, 25–6, 29, 35–6 eating with, 392–3 and vedor da casa,52 entourage of, 167 mordomo/alferes/chanceler,27 female servants, 75–6 mordomo da casa, 213 financial sphere, 46 mordomo-mor, 88, 256, 258 food distribution, 13, 19, 392 morgadios/mayorazgos, 106 food for, 22, 36, 76, 294–6 Morocco, 91, 106, 114, 132, 251, 288 images of, 384 Moura, Beatriz Gon¸calves de, 65, 66 and individuals, 205 Moura family, 63, 109, 116–17 influence of mendicants, 150–1 ‘mouras’, 71 judicial sphere, 53–4 mourning, 380, 382–3, 384 noble families, 88 Moxó, Salvador de, 122, 178 patronage, 264–6 Muge, 314, 330 private meals, 400 music, 398 proxemic rules, 19, 312, 403–4 musicians, 49–50, 200–1, 239 public and private status, 15–16 Muslim institutions, 26, 345 reception of, 417 Muslim physicians, 200 relatives of, 80–8 Muslim urbanisation, 310–11 royal isolation, 211 myths, 166, 366–7, 379 tombs, 354 monasteries ‘natural vassal’, 211–12 almoners, 42 naturalis, 211 funding, 40 ‘natureza’, tie of, 211–13 reform of, 152–3 Navarre dynasty royal residences, 311, 315, 322, 337–8 anointment, 375 Mondego valley, 307 ceremonials, 360 monks at court, 139 chamber, 403 montaria (big-game hunt), 36, 196, 232, 233, influence of, 25 257 investiture of arms, 374 Monte Real, 315, 334 wild animals, 318 Monteiro, Gouveia, 222, 224 navigatio, 194 Monteiro, João Gouveia, 210 Neapolitan court, 184 Monteiro family, 257 Negro family, 199 monteiros (huntsmen), 37, 192, 195–6 Neiva county, 90 monteiros-mores (head huntsman), 50 Nelson, Janet L., 14, 371 Montemor-o-Novo, 305 ‘new nobility’, 63, 126–34, 171, 202 Montemor-o-Velho, 307, 335 Nicholas V, Pope, 137 Monterroic family, 171 Nobiliario´ , 126 Moorish suppliers, 197–8 ‘nobility of the robe’, 129–30, 181–2 Moors, 192, 200, 418 noble families ‘moradias’, 215–18, 229, 239 breaking of shields, 384 moradores, 241–52 characteristics of, 104–6 categories of, 244–9 circulation of, 106 characteristics of, 249 curialisation, 194, 210, 227 growth of, 242–3 decline in status, 85–6 importance of, 241–2 economic crisis, 113 infantes, 282 enrichment of, 132–3 lodging provision, 347 formation of court nobility, 80–1 and monarch, 214–15 generic problems, 117–18 obligations of, 250 hunting, 196 role of, 208–9 important families, 88–109 morality, 266, 269 instability of positions, 107–8

484 Index

noble families (cont.) Oliveira, Alvaro´ Domingues de, 90 legal status, 249 opifico, 194 lodging privileges, 341–4 Oporto, 82, 305, 307, 315 lower nobility, 105, 114–15, 125, 206 oratories, 412 mobility of, 88–93 Ordenacions (Pedro IV), 27–9, 232–3 nobility of service, 109–18, 172, 182, 202 Ordenamiento de Alcala´, 220–1 ‘nobility of the robe’, 129, 182 Order of Knights Templars, 147 recruitment from, 60 Order of St James, 295 relatives of kings, 80–8 De Ordine Palatii (Hincmar), 17 research into, 78–80 Orleans, Duke of, 378 ruptures and mutations, 118–34 Ornelas, João de, 149, 158 see also ‘new nobility’; vassals Oro, Garcia, 119 Nogueira, Constan¸ca, 60 Ota, 313 Nogueira, Rui, 237 Ourém, Count of, 122–3, 181, 250, 344 Nogueira family, 129, 173–4, 175, 182 Ourém county, 90 Noronha, Fernando de, 85, 237, 257, 284 Ourique, myth of, 166, 379 Noronha, Pedro de, 85, 158, 159, 160 ouvidores, 52, 53, 352 Noronha, Rodrigo de, 143 ‘oven¸cal’, 40–1 Noronha, Sancho de, 85, 286 oxen, 399 Noronha family, 82, 85, 237 Nossa Senhora da Oliveira monastery, 143 paçeiros, 312 Novoa family, 121 Pacheco, Diogo Lopes, 72, 107, 278, 326 nuncios, 154 Pacheco, Lopo Fernandes, 59, 89, 92, 100, 276 oath of fidelity, 392 Pacheco family, 92–3, 106, 108, 116 oath of succession, 374, 376–8 ‘pa¸cos’, 11, 311, 314 obedentiales,40 ‘Pa¸cos da Rainha’, 333 obedience, 213 Paim family, 170 Obidos,´ 305, 314, 334, 336, 413 painters, 190, 191 obligation, 214 Pais, Alvaro,´ 77, 149–50, 169, 176, 180 Observant Canons of Santa Cruz, 35 Pala¸cano family, 199 occursus, 417 palaces Odivelas, 67, 337, 381 chapels, 144 offertory, 408 definition of, 13–14, 15 ‘offices’ guards, 312 accumulation of, 259–60 sacred aspect of, 16 hereditary positions, 256–7 see also ‘pa¸cos’; royal residences hierarchy of, 253–4 palaciano,14 higher offices, 257–8 palacio´ ,11 honorary posts, 254–5 palatini,15 interdependence, 264 palatium,10–11 and the monarch, 260–1 Palenzuela family (Palenzol), 122 permanence of, 255–6 Palhavã family, 169 sharing of, 261–2 ‘paneterie’, 32–3 substitutes for, 258–60 papacy, transfer of, 157 ‘officiais menores’, 259–60 papal bulls and petitions, 136–7, 162 officials and lawmakers papal dispensations, 407 characteristics of, 173, 178 Parada family, 121, 123 ecclesiastics, 175–8 Paravicini, Werner, 32 enoblement, 186 Parkin, David, 413 enrichment of, 178–81 parliaments, see Cortes entailment, 186–7 Parsons, John Carmi, 388 ‘nobility of the robe’, 129–30, 181–2 Partidas, 13–16, 24, 167 progression of, 164, 175 patrimonial succession, 186–7 wars, 179–80 patronage, 263–5

Index 485

payments to servants, 215–31 Coelho family, 116 duties and offices, 230–1 confessors, 151, 153 ‘fief-rentes’, 219, 220–1 Coutinho family, 110 higher offices, 258 Cunha family, 100 in kind, 32, 216–17 doctors, 165 on mariage, 65, 218–19, 229, 234, Easter, 409 235–9 eating in public, 400 methods of, 20 female household, 72 in money, 49, 217–18, 220 female servants, 75 ‘moradias’, 215–18, 229, 239 hunting, 196 ‘quantias’, 222, 224, 225–6, 229 judges, 185–6 shared functions, 262 on marriage, 234 ‘ten¸cas’, 228–30 Meira family, 62 Pedra Al¸cada, Pero Vasques da, 112 Melo family, 111 Pedro, Duke of Coimbra Meneses family, 89 Ata´ıde family, 110 mordomo-mor, 256 Benfeitoria, 266–7 Moura family, 117 camareiro-mor, 257 ‘nobility of the robe’, 129 ‘carta de Bruges’, 167, 193 opposition to, 183 chapel, 137, 142–3 ‘oven¸ca’, 41 characteristics of regency, 160 Pacheco family, 92 children of, 73, 81 papal petitions, 136 confessors, 152 Pereira family, 96 entourage of, 167, 276–7, 285, 286, rejected betrothed, 71 288 Resende family, 114 gifts, 238 servants of, 87 itinerance, 305 Silva family, 104 merchants, 171 Sousa family, 87 opposition to, 103 Távora family, 117 reposteiros-mores, 168 vedores, 163 royal residences, 335 vedores da fazenda, 169 supporters of, 104, 286, 287 Pedro IV, Ordenacions of, 27, 146, 294, 359, Pedro I, king of Castile 407 Albuquerque family, 91 Peixoto, Diogo Gon¸calves, 90 Cunha family, 99 Pendorada monastery, 139, 143 exiles from, 120, 122 ‘Penitencial’, 341 finances, 170 Pentecost, 408 Fonseca family, 110 Pereira, Alvaro´ Gon¸calves, 97–8, 207, 277 Pereira family, 96 Pereira, Diogo, 99, 237 Portocarreiro family, 124 Pereira, Duarte, 99 supporters of, 94 Pereira, Genebra, 64 visit to Portugal, 278–9 Pereira, Gon¸calo, 64, 286, 288 Pedro I, king of Portugal (1357–67) Pereira, Nuno Alvares,´ 98–9 Abreu family, 117 banquets, 398–9 Andrade family, 112 camareiro-mor, 257 Azambuja family, 115 connections, 170 Azevedo family, 109 Fernando’s eulogy, 207 Barreto family, 114 heiress of, 84 bastard lines, 82 military contingents, 224, 378 bishops, 155, 157, 160 Pereira, Pedro Alvares,´ 112 Bugalho family, 125 Pereira, Rui Vasques, 96, 107 Buval family, 125 Pereira, Vasco, 151, 280 charters, 289 Pereira family children of, 277 gifts, 238 clergy, 163 Military Orders, 98

486 Index

Pereira family (cont.) porteiro-mor,51 Rui Gon¸calves branch, 97–9 Porto, João Louren¸co do, 139, 142 Vasco branch, 96–7 Portocarreiro family, 124, 125 women at court, 63 Portucale, 131 Peres, Afonso, 63–4 Portucale, Counts of, 34, 166 Peres, Alvaro,´ 76 Portuguese court, 34–55 Peres, Inês, 68 myth of foundation, 166 Peres, Maria, 62 reconstruction of, 48 Perez, Martim, 341 theories of first reigns, 35–6 Peristiany, John G., 268 ‘posader’, 30 ‘perjurados’, 122 Post, Gaines, 14, 15, 16 ‘persönlisches regime’, 43 pousador,38 Pessanha, Lan¸carote, 107 praebenda/‘prebenda’, 20, 217 Pessanha family, 109, 115, 257 ‘Pranto da Igreja’, 164 Petit-Dutaillis, Charles, 20 ‘préstamo’, 228 Philip the Fair, king of France, 147 Price, Simon, 363 Philip the Good, 412 price control, 49, 349, 350 Philippa of Lancaster, queen (1387–1415), princerna,35 58 ‘privados’, 115, 210 Abreu family, 117 ‘privan¸ca’, 127, 211 aia,65 private residences, 316, 339, 340–1 Albuquerque family, 92 ‘process’, concept of, 273 children, 69 procuradores, 53, 419–20 female entourage, 63–4, 66 professions, 187–203 Pereira family, 97 propaganda, 365 ‘saimentos’, 408 prostitutes, 76–7 servants of, 59 protection of the monarch, 118, 206, 216, Teixeira family, 115 218–19, 234 physicians, 165 proxemic rules, 19, 312, 403–4 bishops, 154–5 public buildings, 344, 346 and chamber, 37 public finance, 46 duties of, 400 public meals, 392–4 food, 395 puridad, seal of, 43–5 Muslim physicians, 200 puridade of the queen, 65 payments to, 239 Purification of the Virgin, 408 physics, 193 Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius, 252 ‘quantias’, 222, 224, 225–6, 229 Pidal, Faustino Menéndez, 383 queens Pimentel family, 108, 109, 111–12, 114 absence of, 73–4 Pina, Rui de, 206, 225, 286, 378, 400 chambers, 401 pincerna,22 chapels, 144 Pisa, Council of, 160, 174 convents, 337–8 plural court, 274–90 courtly love, 70 Poblet, 146 ‘de seu corpo’, 69 Poland, funeral rites, 384 households, 58 Polanyi, Karl, 265 ‘Pa¸cos da Rainha’, 333 Policraticus (Salisbury), 194 patrimony of, 65–6 political refugees, 121–2 power of household, 72 Pombeiro monastery, 139 protection of, 65 poor people, 24, 395, 404 purification of, 368, 388–9 popes, 98, 154, 384 religious communities, 67–8 portator lecti Regis,24 servants of, 57, 59–60 portator scutele elemosine,24 Queiroz, Fernando Alvares de, 123 porteiro, 352 ‘quintas’, 181, 187 porteiro do paço,51 ‘quita¸cões’, 216

Index 487

rabi-mor, 169 Ribeira, Pa¸co de, 316 ‘ra¸cões’, 216 Ribeiro family, 111, 125, 237 ‘raising-up’ rites, 372–4 Riberia, Maria Pais, 87 ‘rastro’, 352–3 ‘ricas-donas’, 66 Rates, João de, 168 ‘ricas-fenbras’, 66 Rates, Martim de, 168 Richard II, king of England, 108, 122 rationalisation of court functions, 43 ricos-homens (rich men), 66, 245 rations, 38, 216–17 Rio Maior, 305 Rau, Virginia, 46, 169 rites rebellion, see interregnum (1383–85) and ceremonies, 361–6 ‘reboster’, 30 occasional rites, 416–21 recebedores, 173, 231 performative character, 364 ‘recebimento’, 418–19 periodic rites, 369–416 Reformation, 135 propaganda, 365 ‘refoundation’, 131 robing chamber, 401 ‘regatães de corte’, 197 Rodrigo (Fr.), 149 regedor, 159 Rodrigues, Garcia, 159 Regency, Council of (1438), 287 Rodrigues, Gon¸calo, 87 ‘Regimento’ (1438), 237, 245, 262 Rodrigues, João, 59, 164–5 Regimento dos Contos (1434), 41 Rodrigues, Leonor, 61 regis potestas,44 Rodrigues, Maria, 60 Rego family, 125 Rodrigues, Paio, 180 Regras, João das, 82, 96, 176–7, 180 Roman court, 393 regueiferas, 76, 247 Roman curia, 92 ‘reguengos’, 355 Roman history, 270 reguifeira,37 Roman Law, 15, 16 Reimondo, Vasco, 61 Rosa, Lurdes, 169, 187 relatives of kings, 80–8 Rosmaninhal, Martinho do, 59, 165 relics, 405 Rosmithal, Leo de, 321 religio regis, 363 rotation of service, 30, 32, 250 remuneration, 215–31, see also payments royal army, 55, 98, 113, 180, 192, 226, to servants see also military sphere Rendufe monastery, 139 royal charters, 43–5, 162, 193 rents royal council, 423 ‘fief-rentes’, 219, 220–1 clerics on, 154 as gifts, 236–7 origins of, 35 repostaria (wardrobe), 37–9 payments, 245 children, 232 ‘secretários’, 45 finances of the king, 46 transformation of, 210 hereditary positions, 257 see also counsellors merchants, 168 Royal Council (1438), 161 reposteiros, 247, 395 royal dues, 51 reposteiros-mores royal entries, 369, 417–19 judgement at court, 39 royal favour, 227 merchants, 168 royal guard, 117, 118, 251, 254, 256 payments, 258 royal residences, 310–38 substitutes, 258 building activities, 327–8 representative assemblies, 21 ceremonials, 311–12 requeixaria, 48–9 community aspect, 311–12 Resende, Gil Vasques, 114, 278 construction campaigns, 331–2 Resende family, 63, 109, 114 convents, 320–1 resignatio in favorem, 260 diversity of, 310–11 ‘retretes’, 401, 402–3 exclusive to monarch, 311 rex-sacerdos, 19, 370 monasteries, 315–16, 337–8 rhetoric, 193 peri-urban, 323–4

488 Index

royal residences (cont.) Sardinha, Pedro Afonso, 170 private residences, 316, 339, 340–1 Sardinha family, 170–1 religious space, 311 Sardoal, 313 size of, 317 Saturnalia, 394 spatial distribution, 306, 312–16 Say, William, 138, 367 urban, 323 Schism, 151, 157, 163 urban organism, 316 schola,11 royal table, 351 Seabra family, 121 Rucquoi, Adeline, 179 seal of puridad, 43–5 Ruggieri, Jole, 396 secrecy, 43–5, 65 Ruiz, Teófilo, 370 secretaries, 164–5, 182 Russell, Peter, 108 ‘secretários’, 45 seigneurial courts, 283 Sá family, 127, 257 self-sufficiency of the court, 272 Sacavém, 305 ‘selo da puridae’, 44 sacra,16 Sem, Gil do, 174, 177, 180 saddlers, 190 Sem, João de, 286 Sahlins, Marshall, 265 Sem family, 129, 173, 174–5, 177, 182 ‘saimentos’, 385, 408 Semide monastery, 315, 337 sala,11 Sena, Jorge de, 69 Salado, battle of, 98 Seneca, 267, 268 Salir, 334 senescalcus, 18, 26 salt, 24 Sérgio, António, 170 Salutati, Coluccio, 164 Serpa, Lopo Vasques de, 261 Salvaterra palace, 307, 308, 330–1 Serra, 334 Sampaio, António de Villasboas, 249 servas,71 Sampaio family, 128 service, 20, 42, 43, 210, 227, 357 Sánchez-Albornoz, Claudio, 25, 35, 54 ‘servi¸co da corte’, 210 Sancho II, king of Portugal (1223–45), 44, serving, 194, 195 80 servitium regis, 292 Sancho IV, king of Castile, 27, 214, 392 Sete Partidas, see Partidas Sanfins, 335 sexual meetings, 70 Santa Cruz monastery, 38, 139, 146 shawns, 201 Santa Maria da Virtudes, 153, 332–3 shields, breaking of, 381–2, 383–5 Santa Sophia, Constantinople, 412 shoemakers, 188, 189–90, 239, 400 Santarém shops, 339 alcaidaria, 103 Siete Partidas, see Partidas chapels, 413 signifer,26 chaplaincies, 143 Silva, Afonso Gomes, 103 church, 91 Silva, Aires Gomes da, 64, 103, 277, 286, 288 Franciscan nuns, 67 Silva, Aires Gomes da (II), 103 funding of the court, 38 Silva, Aires Gomes da (III), 238, 285 hunting, 313 Silva, Gon¸calo Gomes, 103–4 lodging provision, 343, 344 Silva, José Custódio Vieira da, 327, 328, 335 monasteries, 320 Silva family, 102–4, 177, 285 royal residences, 319–21, 328, 339 Silveira, João Fernandes da, 186, 261 S. Miguel, 144, 320 Silveira, Nuno Martins da, 284, 286 urbanisation, 311 Silveira family, 132, 184–5, 186–7 visits to, 302, 303, 305–7, 308, 316 Silves, bishops of, 82 Santiago, Order of, 62, 91, 99, 110, 111, 407 Simmel, George, 265, 266 Santo Tirso monastery, 315, 338 Simões, Martim, 180 Santos monastery, 67 Sincere devotionis (1325), 136 saquitaria, 48, 327 sisas, 52, 279, 281 saquiteiro,37 Sisters of St James, 67–8 Saraiva, António José, 91, 286 slaves, 71

Index 489

small seal, 45 taxes smallholders, 206 exemption from, 244, 349 Smith, Pierre, 369 sisas, 52, 279, 281 Sobrado, Garcia Afonso de, 107 Teixeira family, 63, 109, 115 social ascent, 129–30, 131, 172 Teixoso, 305 ‘solares’, 187 Teles, Joana, 61, 68 soldadas, 220, 222, 223 Teles, Maria, 61, 71 Somart, Werner, 348 Teles family, 103, 106, 115, 117, 223, 227 Sotomayor family, 121 Telo, Gon¸calo, 90, 91, 97, 127 Sousa, Alvaro,´ 251 Telo, João Afonso (III), 89, 90, 256, 276 Sousa, Armindo de, 49 Telo, João Afonso (IV), 90, 91, 115, 123, 173 Sousa, Branca de, 64, 237 Telo, João Afonso (V), 89, 90 Sousa, Diogo Lopes de, 284 Telo, Martim Afonso, 89 Sousa, Fernão Gon¸calves de, 62 ‘ten¸cas’, 228–30 Sousa, Gon¸calo Anes de, 87 ‘ten¸cas graciosa’, 258 Sousa, Lopo Dias de (I), 107, 378 Tenreiro family, 123 Sousa, Lu´ıs Alvares´ de, 237 Tentúgal, 307, 315, 335 Sousa, Maria da, 236 terminology research, 205–15 Sousa, Martim Afonso de (I), 87 Terra de Santa Maria, 315 Sousa, Martim Afonso de (II), 87 Terras Galegas, Reguengo das, 315 Sousa, Vasco Martins de, 107 Terraza family, 122 Sousa family, 86–8, 257 tesoureiro-mor, 199, 251 Spanish court, 77 tesoureiros, 38, 168, 173, 231, 257 spice merchants, 349 theatrica, 194 spices, suppliers of, 197 Theoderic, 404 squires, see escudeiros (squires) thesaurarius,24 stables, 24, 195, 231, 232 Tibães monastery, 139 status, public and private, 15–16 Tinoco, Vasco, 149 ‘status of fidalgo’, 133 Tirso monastery, 139 stipendiary pay, 221, 222 Tomar, 345 Stoicism, 268–9 tombs, 67, 354 stonemasons, 190–1 tonsure, 162 structures and institutions, 16–34 Torre de Tombo, 30 substitutes, 258–60 Torres Novas, 305, 313 succession, family, 108 Torres Vedras, 305, 333, 334 succession to the throne, 81, 106, 370 tourneys, 32, 398 public oath of, 376–7 Tout, T. F., 39 supplies for the court itinerance, 294, 349–51 Tovar, Constan¸ca de, 65 supremacy, 270–1 town councils, 342, 349 surgeons, 165, 239 traditions, invention of, 288 synonyms, 9–16 Trancoso, battle of, 93, 225 systems theory, 272–3 translations, 21–2 transport, 339–40 Tagus valley, 116, 181, 313, 315, 328–33 Trás os Montes, 41, 121, 299 tailors, 37, 188–9, 191, 200, 235, 239 travellers, lodgings for, 345 tallies, 351–2 treason, 54, 87 tallow, 32 treasury, 20, 38 Tamm, Birgitta, 394 Trexler, Richard, 375 ‘tangedores deorg˜ ´ ao’, 141 tribunals Tangier, 96, 200 ecclesiastics, 163 tanners, 239 independence of, 54 Tavira, Rui Louren¸co de, 163 itinerance, 352 Távora, Pero Louren¸co de, 76 reorganisation of, 51 Távora family, 109, 117, 171, 237 sharing of functions, 261 tax collectors, 240 tribune, 413

490 Index

tributes in kind, 40 Vicente, Louren¸co, 158, 159, 166 ‘Tripeiro’, Gil Gon¸calves, 90 Vicente (Master), 165 Tristan legend, 395 Vicente, Vasco, 197 Turrichão family, 121 vices of court life, 252 Vieira, Alvaro´ Peres, 261 uchao˜ , 36–7, 247 vigils, 380–1 ucharia, 36, 37, 75, 76 Vila Nova da Rainha, 305, 331 Ulme valley, 313 Vilas Boas, António de, 249 urbanisation, 310–11 Villega family (Vilhegas), 122 Urraca, queen of Portugal, 381 Villena, Enrique de, 395, 399 uses of the court, 358–69 Villena, Marquis of, 195 meaning of, 358 Virtuosa Benfeitoria, 132–3, 266–7 Viseu, dukedom of, 282 Vaca, Juan Cabeza de, 158 Vivas, Miguel, 155 Valada, 307, 314 Vizela, Riba de, 92, 111 Valada palace, 328–30 Vale, Malcolm, 113 war, 54–5 Valente family, 128 charismatic power, 195 Valera, Diego de, 270–1, 360 economic gains, 113–14 Valverde, 314, 334 gentleman-bureaucrats, 200 van den Bosch, J., 405 military families, 106 Varatojo, 153 officials and lawmakers, 179–80 Vasconcelos, Joaquim de, 404 ‘wardrobe’, 39 Vasconcelos family, 83, 109, 111, 237 Warnke, Martin, 191 Vasques, Fernão, 285 washerwomen, 37 Vasques, Gil, 285 washing ceremonies, 404 Vasques, João, 165 White, Lynn, 188 Vasques, João Pereira, 285 whores, 76–7 Vasques, Gon¸calo, 165 wild animals, 317–18, 334 Vasques Coutinha, Mécia, 61 Winchester, 39 vassalo, 209–10 wine distribution, 22–4, 36 vassals women at court feudal duty, 35 family ties, 64–5 and officers, 16 hunting, 196 payments to, 220–1 less prestigious roles, 68–9 royal guard, 47, 117 noble women, 69 tie of vassalage, 20, 211–13, 215, 221, not of queen’s household, 74–5 226–7 older women, 76 vedores, 51–3, 173, 254 payments, 236 vedores da casa, 192 promotion, 241 vedores da chancelaria, 51–2, 163 queen’s household, 57–60 vedores da fazenda, 46, 52, 163, 169 religious women, 66–8 ‘veedores’, 52 as servants of monarch, 75–6 Veiga, Estevão da, 151 status of, 65–6 Velho family, 60 working women, 239 venatio, 194 see also queens Venice, 345 woodlands, 313 Ventura, Leontina, 36, 80 word, use of, 13 Versnel, H. S., 363 ‘vestir’, 216, 217 Xabregas, 325 vetinarians, 193 Viana, Gil de, 157 Zamora, Fernando Afonso de, 123, 374 Viana do Alentejo, 90 Zote family, 125 vice-chanceler, 261 Zurara (chronicler), 91, 251, 422