DOCSLIB.ORG

(Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with Some Phylogenetic Implications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with Some Phylogenetic Implications 75 (2): 175 –183 8.9.2017 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2017. Cytogenetic comparison between Terrobittacus implicatus and Bittacus planus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with some phylogenetic implications Ying Miao & Bao-Zhen Hua * State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Education Ministry, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Bao-Zhen Hua * [[email protected]] — * Corresponding author Accepted 22.ii.2017. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on 30.viii.2017. Editors in charge: Monika Eberhard & Klaus-Dieter Klass Abstract Cytogenetic data contribute greatly to taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses in many insect groups. However, such data have been largely neglected in Mecoptera to date. In the present investigation, we compared the meiotic progresses and karyotypes of the hangingflies Ter­ robittacus implicatus (Huang & Hua, 2006) and Bittacus planus Cheng, 1949 (Bittacidae) using C-banding technique and DAPI (4’-6-di- amino-2-phenylindole) and Giemsa staining. The karyotypical analyses show that T. implicatus possesses the highest chromosome number (2n = 41) ever observed in Bittacidae and an asymmetric karyotype with metacentric, submetacentric, subtelocentric and telocentric chro- mosomes. B. planus has a high diploid number (2n = 35), but a nearly symmetric karyotype with mainly metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes and a subtelocentric pair. Chiasmate meiosis and X0 sex determination mechanism are likely plesiomorphic in Bittacidae. The pronounced variations in cytogenetic traits within and between the genera Terrobittacus Tan & Hua, 2009 and Bittacus Latreille, 1805 suggest that they are substantial traits both for species delimitation and systematic analysis. The potential utilization of cytogenetic data for understanding the phylogeny of Bittacidae is briefly discussed. Key words Karyotype, chromosome number, meiosis, Terrobittacus, Bittacus, taxonomy, evolution. 1. Introduction The chromosomes of eukaryotic organisms can provide et al. 2008), Hymenoptera (LORITE & PALOMEQUE 2010), uniquely important information for taxonomic and phy- Lepidoptera (LUKHTANOV et al. 2011), and Diptera (VI- logenetic analyses due to their evolutionary conservation COSO & BACHTROG 2013). In Mecoptera, however, the (DYER 1979; DOBIGNY et al. 2004; GOKHMAN & KUZNET- cytogenetics was studied mainly before the 1970s, and SOVA 2006). Chromosomal analyses may help reveal many families including Bittacidae had been neglected the evolutionary relationships of species or higher taxa for decades (NAVILLE & BEAUMONT 1934; COOPER 1951, (WHITE 1974; FARIA & NAVARRO 2010), and play an im- 1974; ULLERICH 1961; BUSH 1967; ATCHLEY & JACKSON portant role in differentiating sibling species (BICKMORE 1970; XU et al. 2013). 2001; GOKHMAN & KUZNETSOVA 2006). Cytogenetic data The family Bittacidae is commonly known as hang- have been well documented in many holometabolous ingflies with a cosmopolitan distribution, and consists of insect groups, including Coleoptera (CABRAL-DE-MELLO 18 extant genera (CHEN et al. 2013). Bittacus Latreille, ISSN 1863-7221 (print) | eISSN 1864-8312 (online) 175 Miao & Hua: Cytogenetics of Bittacidae 1805 is the most speciose genus, and was regarded as 2.3. Cytogenetic analysis a repository for many “non-outstanding” species in Bittacidae (LAMBKIN 1988). Terrobittacus Tan & Hua, Chromosome spreads were prepared from the male tes- 2009 comprises four species endemic to China (TAN & tes of the fourth-instar larvae, pupae and newly-emerged HUA 2009). The phylogenetic position of Bittacidae in adults following IMAI et al. (1988). Testes were dissected Mecoptera is still a controversial problem. Bittacidae and submerged in fresh hypotonic KCl solution (0.045 was treated as a basal taxon based on morphological M) for 20 min at room temperature. After a short fixation characters (WILLMANN 1987), but was regarded as a sister of 30 – 40 s in acetic-ethanol (1 : 3, v/v), the testes were group to Panorpodidae based on molecular data (WHIT- transferred to a drop of 45% acetic acid on slides and torn ING 2002). into small pieces. The slides were air-dried for 24 h and The cytogenetic data of Bittacidae were considerably then treated with Sørensen’s phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at scarce, with only three species of Bittacus having been 60°C for 30 min before staining (PIJNACKER & FERWERDA reported so far. MATTHEY (1950) was the first to discov- 1984). er that the males of B. italicus (Müller, 1766) had low C-banding was performed using the technique of chromosome number (2n = 25), chiasmate meiosis, and KING (1980). Air-dried slides were placed in HCl solu- an X0 sex determination mechanism. ATCHLEY & JACK- tion (0.2 M) for 30 min at room temperature, rinsed in SON (1970) provided the cytological observations of B. distilled water and dried. The slides were then placed in pilicornis Westwood, 1846 (2n = 29) and B. stigmaterus saturated Ba(OH)2 solution at 60°C for 3 min, dipped Say, 1823 (2n = 31), and proposed that the differences briefly in HCl and rinsed in distilled water. Afterwards, in chromosome number were crucial characters for dif- the slides were placed in Sørensen’s phosphate buffer ferentiating Bittacidae from Panorpidae. (pH 7.0) at 65°C for 30 min, rinsed in distilled water and In this paper, we present information on karyotypic stained in 5% Giemsa for 15 min. Slides were then rinsed details and male meiosis of the hangingflies Terrobitta­ in distilled water and dried. Some air-dried slides were cus implicatus (Huang & Hua, 2006) and Bittacus planus subjected to fluorescent staining with DAPI (4’-6-di- Cheng, 1949 for the first time, in an attempt to contribute amino-2-phenylindole) for 3−5 min at room temperature the cytogenetic data of Bittacidae for future systematic (REBAGLIATI et al. 2003). Photographs were taken with a analysis. Nikon DS-Fil digital camera mounted on a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). The fluorescent signals were observed with UA filter (330 – 385 nm) for the fluorochrome DAPI. 2. Materials and methods 2.4. Statistical analyses 2.1. Biological materials At least five spermatogonial cells with well-spread chro- Adults of Terrobittacus implicatus and Bittacus planus mosomes at metaphase were used to measure the sta- were collected from the Huoditang Forest Farm (33°26′N tistics of chromosomes for each species. The captured 108°26′E, elev. 1570 – 1600 m) in the Qinling Moun- images were quantified using the NIS-Element D 3.22 tains, Shaanxi Province, China from late July to August software (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). For each chromosome, in 2015. centrometric index (i = the length of short arm/the length of chromosome), arm ratio (r = the length of long arm × 100 / the length of short arm), and means and standard 2.2. Insect Rearing deviations (SD) of absolute length (AL = actual length of chromosomes) and relative length (RL = absolute Live adults were reared in screen-wired cages (40 cm × length of chromosome × 100 / total length of the haploid 60 cm × 60 cm) furnished with fresh plant twigs for rest- complement) were calculated using a Microsoft Excel ing and moist absorbent cotton for drinking and keeping spreadsheet (Table 1). The centromeric nomenclature humidity (GAO & HUA 2013; JIANG et al. 2015). Eggs, system adopted LEVAN et al. (1964). Stebbins’ type and larvae, and pupae were incubated or reared in plastic con- asymmetry index methods were used to assess the degree tainers with humid humus. Live Musca domestica adults of karyotype asymmetry (Table 2). Stebbins’ type be- were provided as food items for the adults, and freshly- longed to a qualitative category, and was established by killed Tenebrio molitor larvae were given to the larvae. recognizing three degrees of difference (A – C) between The eggs, larvae and pupae were reared in the laboratory the largest and smallest chromosome of the complement, from October 2015 to May 2016. The temperature was and four degrees of proportion (1 – 4) of chromosomes kept at 16 ± 2°C for the larvae, 21 ± 2°C for the pupae that are metacentric with an arm ratio of less than 2 : 1 and 23 ± 2°C for the adults. The relative humidity was (STEBBINS 1971). Asymmetry index (AI) was a quantita- 75 ± 10%. tive parameter, refering to the coefficient of variation of centromeric index (CVCI) × coefficient of variation of chromosome length (CVCL)/100 (PASZKO 2006). 176 ARTHROPOD SYSTEMATICS & PHYLOGENY — 75 (2) 2017 3. Results chiasma. In T. implicatus chiasmata range from 11 to 20 in 50 nuclei counted, with a mean chiasma frequency of 15.3 per nucleus and a mean chiasma frequency of 0.8 3.1. Karyology per autosomal bivalent. None of the nuclei observed ex- hibits ring-shaped bivalents. Terrobittacus implicatus (Fig. 1A) and Bittacus planus Bivalents assemble at the equatorial plate and become (Fig. 2A) exhibit different chromosome numbers and oriented with their centromeres poleward at metaphase I karyotype morphologies (Figs. 1B,C, 2B,C; Tables 1, 2). (Fig. 4A). The two centromeres are oriented in the long T. implicatus possesses 2n = 41, with a karyotypic axis of the spindle equidistant from the equator, and the formula of 5m + 6sm + 2st + 28T, and a fundamental chiasmata are located in the equatorial plate. Three kinds number of total chromosome arms (FN) of 54 (Fig. 1C, of bivalents are frequently observed at the metaphase Table 1). T. implicatus has an asymmetric karyotype with and anaphase I: M-shaped or half-ring (metacentric bi- AI of 32.93 (Table 2). The proportion of chromosomes valent with one terminal chiasma, or with two chiasmata with arm ratio (r) less than 2 : 1 is 0.14 (Table 1), belong- but one releasing first; arrowheads in Fig. 4A,B), cross- ing to the third degree (1.50 – 0.01). The ratio between shaped (autosomal bivalent with one interstitial chiasma; the largest and smallest chromosome of the complement open arrows in Fig. 5A,B), and rod-shaped (autosomal is 2.09, corresponding to type B (2 : 1 – 4 : 1).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Inside: Idaea Asceta (Prout) (Geometridae), New to the U.S
    ________________________________________________________________________________________ Volume 53, Number 3 Fall 2011 www.lepsoc.org ________________________________________________________________________________________ Inside: Idaea asceta (Prout) (Geometridae), new to the U.S. Lepidoptera conserva- tion under a changing climate Karl Jordan Award win- ner: Don Lafontaine Life history of Leona’s Little Blue Tiputini Biological Sta- tion, Ecuador Late Season trip to the Richardson Mountains Membership Updates, The Mailbag, Marketplace... ... and more! ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Contents ________________________________________________________www.lepsoc.org A Late Season Trip to the Richardson Mountains ____________________________________ Michael Leski. ............................................................................................ 75 Volume 53, Number 3 Report on the Southern Lepidoptersists’ Society and Association Fall 2011 for Tropical Lepidoptera Meeting 2011 The Lepidopterists’ Society is a non-profit ed- Jacqueline Y. Miller. ............................................................................. 78 ucational and scientific organization. The ob- Idaea asceta (Prout) (Geometridae: Sterrhinae) from Texas, new ject of the Society, which was formed in May to the North American fauna 1947 and formally constituted in December Charles V. Covell. ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Endangered Butterfly Charonias Theano (Boisduval)(Lepidoptera
    Neotropical Entomology ISSN: 1519-566X journal homepage: www.scielo.br/ne ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS The Endangered Butterfly Charonias theano (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): Current Status, Threats and its Rediscovery in the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil AVL Freitas1, LA Kaminski1, CA Iserhard1, EP Barbosa1, OJ Marini Filho2 1 Depto de Biologia Animal & Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Univ Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil 2Centro de Pesquisa e Conservação do Cerrado e Caatinga – CECAT, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Brasília, DF, Brasil Keywords Abstract Aporiina, Atlantic Forest, endangered species, Pierini, Serra do Japi The pierid Charonias theano Correspondence (Boisduval), an endangered butterfly André V L Freitas, Depto de Biologia Animal & species, has been rarely observed in nature, and has not been recorded Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Univ in the state of CSão. theano Paulo in the last 50 years despite numerous efforts Estadual de Campinas, CP6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brasil; [email protected] to locate extant colonies. Based on museum specimens and personal information, was known from 26 sites in southeastern Edited by Kleber Del Claro – UFU and southern Brazil. Recently, an apparently viable population was recorded in a new locality, at Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, with Received 26 May 2011 and accepted 03 severalsince this individuals site represents observed one of during the few two large weeks forested in April, protected 2011. areas The August 2011 existence of this population at Serra do Japi is an important finding, São Paulo, but within its entire historical distribution. where the species could potentially persist not only in the state of Introduction In the last Brazilian red list of endangered fauna (Machado intensively sampled from 1987 to 1991, resulting in a list et al of 652 species (Brown 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in a Coastal Plain Area in the State of Paraná, Brazil
    62 TROP. LEPID. RES., 26(2): 62-67, 2016 LEVISKI ET AL.: Butterflies in Paraná Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in a coastal plain area in the state of Paraná, Brazil Gabriela Lourenço Leviski¹*, Luziany Queiroz-Santos¹, Ricardo Russo Siewert¹, Lucy Mila Garcia Salik¹, Mirna Martins Casagrande¹ and Olaf Hermann Hendrik Mielke¹ ¹ Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19.020, 81.531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]٭ Abstract: The coastal plain environments of southern Brazil are neglected and poorly represented in Conservation Units. In view of the importance of sampling these areas, the present study conducted the first butterfly inventory of a coastal area in the state of Paraná. Samples were taken in the Floresta Estadual do Palmito, from February 2014 through January 2015, using insect nets and traps for fruit-feeding butterfly species. A total of 200 species were recorded, in the families Hesperiidae (77), Nymphalidae (73), Riodinidae (20), Lycaenidae (19), Pieridae (7) and Papilionidae (4). Particularly notable records included the rare and vulnerable Pseudotinea hemis (Schaus, 1927), representing the lowest elevation record for this species, and Temenis huebneri korallion Fruhstorfer, 1912, a new record for Paraná. These results reinforce the need to direct sampling efforts to poorly inventoried areas, to increase knowledge of the distribution and occurrence patterns of butterflies in Brazil. Key words: Atlantic Forest, Biodiversity, conservation, inventory, species richness. INTRODUCTION the importance of inventories to knowledge of the fauna and its conservation, the present study inventoried the species of Faunal inventories are important for providing knowledge butterflies of the Floresta Estadual do Palmito.
    [Show full text]
  • About the Book the Format Acknowledgments
    About the Book For more than ten years I have been working on a book on bryophyte ecology and was joined by Heinjo During, who has been very helpful in critiquing multiple versions of the chapters. But as the book progressed, the field of bryophyte ecology progressed faster. No chapter ever seemed to stay finished, hence the decision to publish online. Furthermore, rather than being a textbook, it is evolving into an encyclopedia that would be at least three volumes. Having reached the age when I could retire whenever I wanted to, I no longer needed be so concerned with the publish or perish paradigm. In keeping with the sharing nature of bryologists, and the need to educate the non-bryologists about the nature and role of bryophytes in the ecosystem, it seemed my personal goals could best be accomplished by publishing online. This has several advantages for me. I can choose the format I want, I can include lots of color images, and I can post chapters or parts of chapters as I complete them and update later if I find it important. Throughout the book I have posed questions. I have even attempt to offer hypotheses for many of these. It is my hope that these questions and hypotheses will inspire students of all ages to attempt to answer these. Some are simple and could even be done by elementary school children. Others are suitable for undergraduate projects. And some will take lifelong work or a large team of researchers around the world. Have fun with them! The Format The decision to publish Bryophyte Ecology as an ebook occurred after I had a publisher, and I am sure I have not thought of all the complexities of publishing as I complete things, rather than in the order of the planned organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypothesis on Monochromatic Vision in Scorpionflies Questioned by New
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Hypothesis on monochromatic vision in scorpionfies questioned by new transcriptomic data Received: 7 July 2017 Alexander Böhm 1, Karen Meusemann2,3,4, Bernhard Misof3 & Günther Pass1 Accepted: 12 June 2018 In the scorpionfy Panorpa, a recent study suggested monochromatic vision due to evidence of only a Published: xx xx xxxx single opsin found in transcriptome data. To reconsider this hypothesis, the present study investigates opsin expression using transcriptome data of 21 species including representatives of all major lineages of scorpionfies (Mecoptera) and of three families of their closest relatives, the feas (Siphonaptera). In most mecopteran species investigated, transcripts encode two opsins with predicted peak absorbances in the green, two in the blue, and one in the ultraviolet spectral region. Only in groups with reduced or absent ocelli, like Caurinus and Apteropanorpa, less than four visual opsin messenger RNAs have been identifed. In addition, we found a Rh7-like opsin in transcriptome data derived from larvae of the mecopteran Nannochorista, and in two fea species. Peropsin expression was observed in two mecopterans. In light of these new data, we question the hypothesis on monochromatic vision in the genus Panorpa. In a broader phylogenetic perspective, it is suggested that the common ancestor of the monophyletic taxon Antliophora (Diptera, Mecoptera and Siphonaptera) possessed the full set of visual opsins, a Rh7-like opsin, and in addition a pteropsin as well as a peropsin. In the course of evolution individual opsins were likely lost in several lineages of this clade. Colour vision has two prerequisites1,2: receptors with diferent spectral responses and a neural system that can process their output in a way that preserves colour information.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of Endopterygote Insects, the Most Successful Lineage of Living Organisms*
    REVIEW Eur. J. Entomol. 96: 237-253, 1999 ISSN 1210-5759 Phylogeny of endopterygote insects, the most successful lineage of living organisms* N iels P. KRISTENSEN Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Insecta, Endopterygota, Holometabola, phylogeny, diversification modes, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera, Coleóptera, Strepsiptera, Díptera, Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera Abstract. The monophyly of the Endopterygota is supported primarily by the specialized larva without external wing buds and with degradable eyes, as well as by the quiescence of the last immature (pupal) stage; a specialized morphology of the latter is not an en­ dopterygote groundplan trait. There is weak support for the basal endopterygote splitting event being between a Neuropterida + Co­ leóptera clade and a Mecopterida + Hymenoptera clade; a fully sclerotized sitophore plate in the adult is a newly recognized possible groundplan autapomorphy of the latter. The molecular evidence for a Strepsiptera + Díptera clade is differently interpreted by advo­ cates of parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of sequence data, and the morphological evidence for the monophyly of this clade is ambiguous. The basal diversification patterns within the principal endopterygote clades (“orders”) are succinctly reviewed. The truly species-rich clades are almost consistently quite subordinate. The identification of “key innovations” promoting evolution­
    [Show full text]
  • Habitat Divergence Shapes the Morphological Diversity Of
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Habitat divergence shapes the morphological diversity of larval insects: insights from scorpionfies Received: 5 March 2018 Lu Jiang1,2, Yuan Hua1,3, Gui-Lin Hu1 & Bao-Zhen Hua1 Accepted: 21 August 2019 Insects are the most diverse group of organisms in the world, but how this diversity was achieved is Published: xx xx xxxx still a disputable and unsatisfactorily resolved issue. In this paper, we investigated the correlations of habitat preferences and morphological traits in larval Panorpidae in the phylogenetic context to unravel the driving forces underlying the evolution of morphological traits. The results show that most anatomical features are shared by monophyletic groups and are synapomorphies. However, the phenotypes of body colorations are shared by paraphyletic assemblages, implying that they are adaptive characters. The larvae of Dicerapanorpa and Cerapanorpa are epedaphic and are darkish dorsally as camoufage, and possess well-developed locomotory appendages as adaptations likely to avoid potential predators. On the contrary, the larvae of Neopanorpa are euedaphic and are pale on their trunks, with shallow furrows, reduced antennae, shortened setae, fattened compound eyes on the head capsules, and short dorsal processes on the trunk. All these characters appear to be adaptations for the larvae to inhabit the soil. We suggest that habitat divergence has driven the morphological diversity between the epedaphic and euedaphic larvae, and may be partly responsible for the divergence of major clades within the Panorpidae. Insects are the most diverse organisms on the earth, exhibiting the most diverse morphological features and occupying a wide range of ecological niches1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Philaethria Dido Species Complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and Description of Three New Sibling Species from Colombia and Venezuela
    Zootaxa 2720: 1–27 (2010) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2010 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela LUIS MIGUEL CONSTANTINO1 & JULIAN A. SALAZAR2 1Museo Entomológico Marcial Benavides, Disciplina de Entomología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café, Cenicafé, Km 4 via a Manizales, Chinchiná, Caldas, Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Three new species and seven new subspecies of Philaethria from Colombia, Venezuela, and Panama are described as follows: P. browni sp. nov., P, romeroi sp. nov., P. neildi neildi sp. nov., P. neildi winhardi spp. nov., P. neildi tachiraensis spp. nov., P. dido panamensis ssp. nov., P. andrei orinocensis ssp. nov., P. ostara araguensis ssp. nov., P. ostara meridensis ssp. nov., and P. pygmalion metaensis ssp. nov. The three new sibling species are diagnosed using characters of maculation on the ventral surface of the wing, male genitalia, and chromosome numbers. New records of P. andrei from Venezuela and P. dido from Panama are reported. The adults (both dorsal and ventral surface) are illustrated for all the species and subspecies and information about habitats and behavior for each species is provided with a key to identify the species known in the Neotropical Region. Key words: Lepidoptera, Philaethria, new species, systematics, neotropics Introduction This is the first revision of the genus Philaethria (Billberg, 1820) resolving taxonomic problems with similar related sibling species occurring sympatrically with P.
    [Show full text]
  • (Insecta, Mecoptera) from Eocene Baltic Amber with a Key to Fossil Species of Genus Panorpodes
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org New representative of the family Panorpodidae (Insecta, Mecoptera) from Eocene Baltic Amber with a key to fossil species of genus Panorpodes Agnieszka Soszyńska-Maj and Wiesław Krzemiński ABSTRACT Panorpodidae (short-faced scorpionflies) is a species-poor family of scorpionflies (Mecoptera). Fossils are extremely rare but indicate that this group was diverse in the past. Up to now, three species of the genus Panorpodes have been described from Eocene Baltic amber, as well as a possible panorpodid from the Lower Eocene of Pata- gonia. Panorpodes gedanensis sp. n. is the fourth species to be recognised in amber material. Wing markings are the most important character in the taxonomy of fossil short-faced scorpionflies. The new species described here shows a new pattern of markings – five dark spots and a terminal band. The Eocene representatives of the genus Panorpodes display different patterns of wing markings: highly transparent wings in P. brevicauda (Hagen, 1856), transparent wings with dark bands and spots in P. weitschati Soszyńska-Maj and Krzemiński, 2013, narrow transparent bands on a dark background in P. hageni Carpenter, 1954 and regular spots in P. gedanensis sp. n. This past diversity and distribution emphasises the relictual status of extant Panor- podidae. A key to fossil species of the genus Panorpodes based on characters of the forewing is provided. Agnieszka Soszyńska-Maj. University of Łódź, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Łódź, Poland, [email protected] Wiesław Krzemiński. Institute of Systematic and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland, [email protected] Keywords: short-faced scorpionflies; new species; Tertiary; Eocene; key Submission: 26 February 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Calibrations for the Arthropod Tree of Life
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/044859; this version posted June 10, 2016. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. FOSSIL CALIBRATIONS FOR THE ARTHROPOD TREE OF LIFE AUTHORS Joanna M. Wolfe1*, Allison C. Daley2,3, David A. Legg3, Gregory D. Edgecombe4 1 Department of Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 2 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK 3 Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PZ, UK 4 Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Fossil age data and molecular sequences are increasingly combined to establish a timescale for the Tree of Life. Arthropods, as the most species-rich and morphologically disparate animal phylum, have received substantial attention, particularly with regard to questions such as the timing of habitat shifts (e.g. terrestrialisation), genome evolution (e.g. gene family duplication and functional evolution), origins of novel characters and behaviours (e.g. wings and flight, venom, silk), biogeography, rate of diversification (e.g. Cambrian explosion, insect coevolution with angiosperms, evolution of crab body plans), and the evolution of arthropod microbiomes. We present herein a series of rigorously vetted calibration fossils for arthropod evolutionary history, taking into account recently published guidelines for best practice in fossil calibration.
    [Show full text]
  • Embryonic Development of the Scorpion Fly, Panorpodes Paradoxa (Mecoptera, Panorpodidae) with Special Reference to Larval Eye Development
    Recent Advances in Insect Embryology in Japan 231 Edited by H. Ando and K. Miya. ISEBU Co. Ltd., Tsukuba 1985 Embryonic Development of the Scorpion Fly, Panorpodes paradoxa (Mecoptera, Panorpodidae) with Special Reference to Larval Eye Development Nobuo SUZUKI Synopsis Embryonic development in the scorpion fly, Panorpodes paradoxa (Mecoptera: Panorpodidae), with special reference to larval eye development, was first described. The mode of development of optic lobe, rudimental postretinal fibers, and optic plate observed in Pd. paradoxa was almost identical with that observed in other mecopteran Panorpa pryeri, previously de­ scribed by the author. This indicates that the mode of larval eye development in Mecoptera is basically the same with that observed in hemimetabolous insect embryos. In Pd. paradoxa, however, development of rudimental postretinal fibers and optic plate was abortive; they degenerate and finally disappear by the end of embryonic revolution. As a result, a newly hatched larva of Pd. paradoxa has no eyes at all. Absence of larval eyes in Panorpodes may thus be interpreted as caenogenetic. This observation may further suggest that this caenogenetic character is very useful to consider phylogenetic relationship be­ tween Pd. paradoxa and P. pryeri. Introduction Mecopteran insects have been considered the most primitive among holometabolous in­ sects, and this the reason why study of this insect group is very necessary to reveal phy­ logenetic relationship among holometabolans. Comparative embryology is supposed to be the most effective method for this purpose. Unfortunately however, embryo logical infor­ mation on this insect group is still very fragmentary, even though several papers have recent­ ly appeared (Ando, 1960, 1973; Ando and Haga, 1974; Ando and Suzuki, 1977; Suzuki, 1982; Suzuki and Ando, 1981; Wolf, 1961).
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Morphology of the Larval Mouthparts of Panorpodidae Compared with Bittacidae and Panorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera)
    Org Divers Evol (2015) 15:671–679 DOI 10.1007/s13127-015-0225-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Functional morphology of the larval mouthparts of Panorpodidae compared with Bittacidae and Panorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera) Lu Jiang1 & Bao-Zhen Hua1 Received: 10 February 2015 /Accepted: 15 June 2015 /Published online: 27 June 2015 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2015 Abstract In Mecoptera, the larvae of Bittacidae and morphological and biological diversity (Byers and Thornhill Panorpidae are saprophagous, but the feeding habit of larval 1983; Byers 1987, 1991; Grimaldi and Engel 2005;Maetal. Panorpodidae remains largely unknown. Here, we compare 2009, 2012). The feeding habits of adult Mecoptera vary the ultramorphology of the mouthparts of the larvae among among families (Palmer 2010): predacious in Bittacidae (Tan the hangingfly Bittacus planus Cheng, 1949, the scorpionfly and Hua 2006;Maetal.2014b), phytophagous in Boreidae Panorpa liui Hua, 1997, and the short-faced scorpionfly and Panorpodidae (Carpenter 1953; Russell 1982;Beuteletal. Panorpodes kuandianensis Zhong, Zhang & Hua, 2011 to 2008;Maetal.2013), and saprophagous in Panorpidae, infer the feeding habits of Panorpodidae. The molar region Apteropanorpidae, Choristidae, Eomeropidae, and of Panorpodidae is glabrous, lacking the long spines for filter- Meropidae (Palmer and Yeates 2005; Palmer 2010; Huang ing (preventing larger particles from entering the pharynx) as and Hua 2011). The knowledge of the feeding habits of larval found in Bittacidae or the tuberculate teeth for grinding as Mecoptera, however, is still fragmentary. present in Panorpidae. The mandibles of Panorpodidae are The larvae of Mecoptera are morphologically diverse unsuitable for grinding, and most likely, larval Panorpodidae and inhabit a wide range of habitats (Byers 1987, 1991).
    [Show full text]