VOLUME 58, NUMB~;R I 55
Fn;JTAS, A. V. L. 1991. Varia~ao morr" l6gica. cicio J" vida" sis_ temMica de Tegosa claudina (Eschscholt-t) (Lepidoptera. Nymphalidac, Melital'illae) nO Estado de Sao Paul", Brasil. Rev. bras. Entomol. 35,301-306. --. 2002. Immature stages of Eltona tisfphoM (Nymphalidae: Sntyrinae). J- Ippi,1 Sfl(' M(4)·9.AA....288. FREITAS , A. V. L.. D. MURRAY & K. S. BROWN JR. 2002. Immatures, natural history and the systematie pmition of Bia adornm (Nymphalidae), J. l..cpid. Soc. 56(3): 117 122. MILLER, L. D, 1968. The higheTciassification, phylogeny and zoo· geugraphyofth" Satyridae (Lepidoptera). Mem. Am. Entomo!' Soc. 24;iii . 174 pp. MOUER, W. 1886. Sudmnerikanische Nymphalidcn ...mpell: VeT such eines natUTliellen Systems der Nymphaliden. Zoo!. Jahrb, (J ena),1:41 7-678. P F.l.l~ v. 1997. l.ife historyofPeMJilJda pampa from Ecuador (Lep idoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), Tmp. Lepid 8( 1):41-45. VILORIA, A_ t. WW. Historical biogeography and the origins of tile satyrine butterflies ofthc Tropical Andes (Insecta: Lepidoptera, ~·IG. 2_ Head cap.. "I" (fmntal vi"w) of thf' fl"'t ind •• hrv. of Rhopalocera), /n ~Iorrone. J. J. &).' Uorente·Bousquets (eru.), Amp!.fdecta relj"ddsl. VM penpectiva iatiflOllmericoM e UI biogrogroftn: M6:ico, I). F.: Las Prensas de Ciencias. Facultad de Ciendas, UNAM, pp. 247- 261. du~"llu rlurestal fu r allml1ng fieldwork In the ~·a7.enda Intervalcs. VII.DRIA, A. L. In Press. The Pronophilini (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): also thank Gerardo Lamas, L Oanid Otero and C~rla P,mz f"rcom_ synopsis of their biol"!1Y and ")'"'tematics. Trop. Lcpid. 12. ments in the final version, This study was funded by Fapesp (BIOTA-FAPESP program, grants 9&1.1.510 I-!I and 0lW1.m4· 1) and by the National Sciell<.'tl Foundation (DE B.()316505). ANDRE V. L. F REITAS, MtlSell de Hist6ria Natural (md Departamento de Zoologi(t , lll.stitllto de Biologio, L ITERATU RE CITED Ulliversidade £Staduaide Cmnpinns, CP 6109, Camp D£V!I!f,s, P. J-. I. J. I\ ITCIltNG & R.J. V~NE·WJljGHT. 1985. TIle sys. inns, 5(10 Paulo, 13083-970, Braul tematie pmitioll of Alliin-lieu and Caeroio . wilh commenls on the higher classification of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera), Recdved fo~ /mblicuUcn 13 August 2003; nroised and accepted 10 Syst. Entomol. 10;11-32. Or:tobe~ 2003.
DISPLAY OF TH E '" PEACOC K MOTH": BRENTH IA SPP. (CHOREUTIDAE: BRENTHIINAE) Auditions1 key "' ''' - U ~ : -"' '' Species of Breutliia Clemens, 1860 (Choreutidae: Meynck, 1918, in India, Fletcher (1920: 128) remarks .8 renthiinap. ) aTf'; d imnal microlp.pidopt ern n~ of hoth that "The moths strut about jerkily with the hindwings New and Old Worlds, with the majority of the 60---80 carried nearly at a right angle with the forewings, so sped es confined to tropical areas. Several species are that the wings form a sort of cone when seen from be seen frequently in the lowland fores ts of the Republic hind the insect. This attitude is characteristic of other of Pall uma, where they dart about on foliage, with spe<:ies of this genus." His account includes an illus their wings held in distill(;tive, peacock-li ke displays trated lateral view of the moth displaying, According to (Fig. 1). As the name of the type species, Brcllthj(j Robinson et aL (1994:11 1, 113), some species of pavonacelfa Clemens, 1860, suggests, upeacock" dis South-East As ia n Choreutidae ". . rest wi th the hind plays are common in Brcllthia. wing drawn forv"ard in front of the forewing. Species Descriptions of these displays are scattered in the of Brtmthia also move holding their WI ngs In thiS pos literature. Of B. pav()Il(Icella , in northeastern U.S.A., tu re and are mimics of jumping spiders (Salticidae). Forbes (1923:353) com ments, "The moth stnlts about the metallic spots of the wing pattern representing the on alighting, witll hind wings displayed like Glyphi])· spider's eyes." tanj x [Cosmopte rigidae], the small er AlWcampsis The purpose of this note is to further describe the [Curtis, 1827, Gelechiidac], etc." And, of B. COIVlligera display and clarify certailllX)ints pertuining to its me- 56 J UUIll'iAI. 01' THI:: LEP1DOl'rE III STS' S(}(;It;TY Flc. 1 8nmtl,ia ~l'. "1'_ tW>jlI"(lll<'! (WaIL.. r. lS6:Jl \\ild adult J,.' pla);ug 00., le.,f Th~ IWO In,,,~c, .1"I\\'n ar.. ~ ,i<.i .." ,icw (iE'Ft), "ith Ih~ \\ings pnnly mhcd. 1I"d ~ «;ar ,;cw (ri:.;Io I). with the 'ving$ in full di'pb~ . uf 0\1(.' ~nd the 'amc individ""r. To product' tI ...· phntogr~ph. two dig'IoTed fm a!< ('himics, base<.! on observations of several species of lot 1992-5). Two more adults, apparently of Brenthia B,-enthia in the Republic of Panama. and to ('ommen! ~p. 1, were collrttcd ror laboratory o\Jse,yation on 2 briefly on display poses of other choreuticls and other and 9 December 2001. in Arraijan. On 26 August 19'J3, microlepidopter,Uls. The 3 or 4 Bren/flirt species stud on Barro Colorado Island, Donald Windsor (Smith· ied werc not identified heyond gen us. because author· sonian Tropical Research Jn5 titute, Panama-ST HJ) col· itative spcdes-level identifications are possible in the lected three pllpae of a hlrger species of BrY!llth ia genus Brell/hia only with gl:nitalic dissection of males (sp. 2) on Ca/tltll/:tI sp. C. May, 1818 (Marantaceae). of spedt-'s described hy r"[ eyrick and illustrated by Adults were obtained from aU three pupae (Aiello Clf\rke (l%Y). Lot numbers are those of Aie llo. and lot [993-70). consist of the ye,lr plus a sequential number. Observations of the displays of six reared and two Specime ns and obsen ·alions. On 7 April 1982, wild caught Panamanian Breutltia 'ldulis, under a dis· on Barro Coloffldo Jsl1trl d. wild adults of B'-eMhia sp. secting microscope. revealed that their wing orienta nr. confhuanll (Wi\lke r. 1863). wen: observed and pho tions we re at odds with published reports that tile tographed while they displayed on leaves (Fig. 1). On moths (IraII' the hind wings forward in front of the 12 Jmluary 19Y2, in Arraij<'lll. 1Janama. two larvae of an forewin~s (0 prodlH..~ their displays. I f they did do that. unidentifi ed species of 8renrhitl (sp_ 1) were (,"(,) llcctccl the dorsal surfaces of both hind (lnd forewings wuukl (In COjoba IlIjeJCens (Bentl\., 1845) Britton & Rose, be visible when the display is viewed from in fro nt 1928 ( Mimo~ac eae). and reareu to adults (t\iello (Fig. 2a), the hind flild forewings would have to de· VOLUME 58, NUMIlER 1 51 a b c FI c;. 2. Will.l: orielltation dia.l:fllm s (white _ dorsal surface; ll: .... Y _ ' ·e" lra) surface): a, ~·rorlt ,·K,w. If the hi"d wiugs were dl"ll"~' in fl"Q nt of the fore-o.ings , as "Moo in the litemture, the dorsal "urfaces of both wings would be visible: b, Front .iew. When hind wings "''ere drawn up ward by the forewillgs, in Panamanian Bnmlhio spp .• the dor.;a1 surface of the fOrewing and "entral surface of the hind wiug were visible; c, Rcar view. When hind wings WCre drawn upw3nl by the fort.'wingo. in P;.na1llanian Broil/ilia "pp.. the ventral surface of the forewin~ and the dorul surf...... oflhe hind wing ""'ere visible. couple, the costal margin of the forewing would be striking patterns and metallic wing markings are found broughl into contact wit h the posterior margin of the in many ehoreulid genera, as far as is known, peacock hind wing, and the hind wing would have to tilt forward. like displays are peculiar to Brenthia. However, a COIIIJ"ary 10 Ilml , the IlIulhs we ubserved did Itut lesser degree of wing lifting was reported for another draw the hind wings forward in front of the forewings. choreutid, TebellllO micalis (Mann, 1857), byCommoll Rather, they simply tilted the forewings to an angle 45 (1993;292): ... . they settle with their \vings partly degrees to the body, thus drawing the costal margin of raised and curled. They walk erratically with a rapid the hind wings up by means of the coupled frenulum jerky gait and, if disturbed, readily take to Ilight.'· and retinaculum, so that the hind wings were perpen Members of another choreutid genus, ToftlJra Walker, dicular to the forewings, and the wings and body 1863, rest with the wings rolled around the body, the form ed a forward-pointing cone. In that pose, the ven wing ti ps curved and covering the tip of the abdomen, tral (not dorsal) surface of the hind wi n?;s was prc and the antennae displayed forwards. The effect is of a sented when the display was viewed from in front (Fig. metallic chrysomelid beetle (VOS unpublished obser 2b), and the costal margins of hind and forewings re vation). In contrast, species of the choreutid genus mained coupled with one another. Accentuating the Hemerophila Hiibner, 1817, rest with their colorful conical shape of the display, the hind wi ng anal vein wings Aat against the leaves (VOB unpublished obser (A2) was creased strongly, so that its anal area (poste vations in Brasil, AA unpublished observations in rior margin) was perpendicular to the rest of the wing, Panama). and its posterior margin (edge) was uirccteu tuwards Though it is easy 10 speculate llial ~ud l displays the body (Fig. 2c). playa t"(Jurts!!ip role, their true function is not known. Consistent with our observations of living moths, Displays may be repeated for hours at a time whether experimental manipulations of two individuals soon af or not other individuals are present, and both sexes ter death revealed that when the wings were in the perform them , :lpp:lren1ly irlf!llliC':llly. Arllllt~ of 2 normal resting position, folded over the body as a Hat Panamanian Brellthia species performed these dis triangle, the display could be duplicated easily, merely plays shortly after eclosion in the individual petri by lifting the forewings. dishes in which they had been reared. Observations on We suspect that this simple display mechanism will the immature sta?;es of Brenthia are presented by prove universal in 8renthia. The illustrations of B. Aiello and Solis (2003). corvlligera in Fletcher (1920, plate 32) show that the Display be haviors in othe r microle pidoptera. hind wing pattern of the spread moth (dorsal view) is The dance displays that occur in a va ri ety of other different from the hind wing pattern of the displaying Mierolcpidoptera, involve whirling or gyrations, but moth (lateral view), indicating that the ventral (not not wing manipulations. Such dance-like gy rations dorsaD surface of the hind wi ng was brought into vie'>11 are performed by 'dancing moths: Dryadaula terl'sJ duting the display, just as with Panamanilm Brel1thla. chorel/a (i3usck, 1910) (Tl neldae), upon alighting Display belmviors in othe r choreutids. Though (Swezey 1909:20). According to Robinson (1988:73), JOUH:-.I"L OF 't"H I': L ~ t'ID O I "T ~I'IiSTS ' 5OCl lin' Calliceraslis slagmlllias Meyrick, 1916 (Tineidae ), in (51'RI), Victor \'oung (A"loridad del Calml dll Panama), George T. W Malaysia, performs a ", , dance on a leaf," and Ausl in (Nevada State Museum & Historical Socicty), and an anony mous rt:vie'l<'Cr, for their hell,ful comments on Ihe manu script. and ", .. sim ilar gyratory movements Il ave also been ob to ""gel Aguirre (STR1 Library) for oota;II;IIg ~'()p ; es of papers not served in laboratory stock of Opogona f/l/!;ofasciata a,'nibble in Panama. (StaiTltOll , I85U) ('Ilneldae: Hlerm:estlnae), bllt these LITEIIATU II E CITED arc performed for only a few seconds," Forbes (l!)23:277) wrote of AlWc(I11!psis (Gdechiidae) that Anil-La. A. & ,\I . A. Sous. 2003. Defense mechanisms in I'yral;dae & Choreu tidae: fCl'a[ stalaNi tcs and e""apc holes, ,,;th remarks "The moths of A (Igrilllonielfa [(Cle mens, 1860)] and aoo"t cocoons, camouAage and aposemahsm. J. Lcpid . Sue. A. levil)cticl/(I [(C leme ns, 1863)J, at least, walk ill 11 .'>7(.1), 1611_1 7.'>. \-OMMO", L F. R. 1993. Moths of Au stra]i'l. M..,lbournc Uni ... circle 011 alighting, ..." Also in the Gc1 echiidae, Com Press. 5:\5 PI" ma/ica falcatella (Walker, 1864) and C. cr!flllilw r l,],;TCHF.R, T, B , 19"2{), Life·hiseorie6 of Indian lnscctli---Microlepi (Walsingl llHll. 1911) have been seen spinning on dopec ra. Mem. Oep. Agric. India enl. Ser. 6(5),1-217 FOHS~S, W. T. M. 1923. In" Lel'idopterd of New York and neigh leaves in Mexico and Costa Ricli (VOIl unpublisbed horing slaI C$. Mem. Cornen Un;" . agric. E~p . 5111. 68:1- 729. observation), and in Panama (AA unpublished obser P UNT. C. w. 1980. Unusual behavior of Mompha rIQ(/ic