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NRRI Research Bulletin 22.Cdr # NRRI Research Bulletin No. 22 February, 2020 1 NRRIResearchBulletinNo.22 Eco-regional-basedRiceFarming forEnhancingProductivity, ProfitabilityandSustainability HPathak,RTripathi,NNJambhulkar,JPBisenandBBPanda ICAR-NationalRiceResearchInstitute IndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch Cuttack,Odisha753006 2 NRRI Research Bulletin No. 22 February,2020 February, 2020 3 NRRIResearchBulletinNo.22 Eco-regional-basedRiceFarming forEnhancingProductivity, ProfitabilityandSustainability HPathak,RTripathi,NNJambhulkar,JPBisenandBBPanda ICAR-NationalRiceResearchInstitute IndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch Cuttack,Odisha753006 2 NRRI Research Bulletin No. 22 February,2020 February, 2020 3 Correct Citation CONTENT H Pathak, R Tripathi, NN Jambhulkar, JP Bisen and BB Panda (2020). Eco-regional Rice Farming for Enhancing Productivity, Profitability and Sustainability. NRRI Research Bulletin No. 22, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India. Sl. Page pp 28. Particular No. No. 1. Introduction 6 2. Trends in area, production and productivity of rice 7 Published by at national and state levels Director 3. Projection of rice demand in 2030, 2040 and 2050 8 ICAR-National Rice Research Institute 4. Rice ecosystems in India 9 Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India 5. Constraints in rice production in different 10 ecosystems 6. Suitable soil and climatic conditions for rice 12 February 2020 production 7. Characterizing rice producing areas at district level 13 8. Delineating the suitable zones for rice production 14 Disclaimer : ICAR-National Rice Research Institute is not liable for any loss arising due to 9. Optimizing productivity in the suitable zones to 15 improper interpretation of the scientific information provided in the book. meet future rice demand 10. Strategies for enhancing productivity and 16 proitability of rice production Laser typeset at the Fingerprint, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India and printed in India by the 11. Conclusions 19 Print-Tech Offset Pvt. Ltd., Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, Published by the Director for ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, Odisha. 12. References 19 13. Annexure 22 4 NRRI Research Bulletin No. 22 February, 2020 5 Correct Citation CONTENT H Pathak, R Tripathi, NN Jambhulkar, JP Bisen and BB Panda (2020). Eco-regional Rice Farming for Enhancing Productivity, Profitability and Sustainability. NRRI Research Bulletin No. 22, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India. Sl. Page pp 28. Particular No. No. 1. Introduction 6 2. Trends in area, production and productivity of rice 7 Published by at national and state levels Director 3. Projection of rice demand in 2030, 2040 and 2050 8 ICAR-National Rice Research Institute 4. Rice ecosystems in India 9 Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India 5. Constraints in rice production in different 10 ecosystems 6. Suitable soil and climatic conditions for rice 12 February 2020 production 7. Characterizing rice producing areas at district level 13 8. Delineating the suitable zones for rice production 14 Disclaimer : ICAR-National Rice Research Institute is not liable for any loss arising due to 9. Optimizing productivity in the suitable zones to 15 improper interpretation of the scientific information provided in the book. meet future rice demand 10. Strategies for enhancing productivity and 16 proitability of rice production Laser typeset at the Fingerprint, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India and printed in India by the 11. Conclusions 19 Print-Tech Offset Pvt. Ltd., Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, Published by the Director for ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, Odisha. 12. References 19 13. Annexure 22 4 NRRI Research Bulletin No. 22 February, 2020 5 SUMMARY PREFACE Sustainable rice production is the key to achieving Sustainable Rice, the world's most important food crop, is the staple food for about Development Goals (SDGs), particularly for country like India. four billion people i.e., half of the humankind on the planet. It is Growing rice in non-conventional and unsuitable ecoregions, cultivated in a wide range of climatic conditions spanning from 44o N in however, has generated several environmental problems such as North Korea to 35o S in Australia and from six feet below sea level (such depletion of ground water, pollution of air, degradation of soil and as in Kerala, India) to 2700 feet above sea level in the Himalayas. The aggravation of climate change. All these degenerative factors are crop occupies a significant position in the culture and heritage of many taking toll on the productivity, profitability and sustainability of Asian countries. In India, it is the staple food for more than 65% of rice farming. To achieve sustainable and environment-friendly population, thereby, is pivotal to food and livelihood security of people rice farming, the crop should be cultivated in the region where its and directly contributing to attainment of Sustainable Development environmental footprint is the minimum. This can be Goal (SDG). Thus, it is imperative to enhance not only the productivity accomplished with ecoregional approach of rice farming. of rice, but also profitability, input use efficiency and climate resilience Ecoregions are geographical regions with similar ecological, soil in rice systems in order to contribute to other SDGs. and climatic conditions. Rainfall, temperature and soil are the In India, the current land use pattern for agriculture in many states is three most important biophysical factors determining not based on principles of comparative advantage. Crop pattern in ecoregions for growing rice. Rice is a water-loving crop. various region are inefficient in terms of resource use and Therefore, its cultivation should be done in the areas where unsustainable from natural resource use point of view. This is resulting average annual rainfall is more than 1000 mm. Temperature is into serious misallocation of resources, efficiency loss, indiscriminate another key factor influencing growth, development and yield of use of land and water resources, and adversely affecting long-term rice. Rice being a tropical and sub-tropical plant, requires a fairly production prospects. Due to lack of proper crop planning, problems of high temperature, ranging from 20° to 30°C. Clayey loam soil (27- soil and water degradation are aggravating. Proper crop planning that it 40% clay content) in monsoon land is considered to be the best is consistent with natural endowment and resources use efficiency is for rice cultivation as water retention capacity of this soil is high. urgently required to stop the further degradation. The paper presents an analysis of delineating suitable ecoregions for rice in India considering rainfall, temperature and soil texture This publication presents the suitable eco-regions for sustainable rice as the major contributing factors. The suitable ecoregions of rice cultivation in India. The eco-regions for rice are developed based not farming have been delineated and site-specific improved only on the biophysical parameters for rice cultivation, but also on the technologies have been identified for enhancing productivity, futuristic demand for rice in the country. The study delineated the area profitability, climate resilience and sustainability of rice farming under rice cultivation in India into four broad categories from in the country. unsuitable to very suitable; emphasised on optimizing the productivity from the suitable zones and discussed the strategies for enhancing productivity and profitability of rice cultivation. We wish the research bulletin would be an important document for influencing the future policy on resource allocation for sustainable rice cultivation in the country and thereby contributing to attainment of SDGs. Authors 6 NRRI Research Bulletin No. 22 February, 2020 7 SUMMARY PREFACE Sustainable rice production is the key to achieving Sustainable Rice, the world's most important food crop, is the staple food for about Development Goals (SDGs), particularly for country like India. four billion people i.e., half of the humankind on the planet. It is Growing rice in non-conventional and unsuitable ecoregions, cultivated in a wide range of climatic conditions spanning from 44o N in however, has generated several environmental problems such as North Korea to 35o S in Australia and from six feet below sea level (such depletion of ground water, pollution of air, degradation of soil and as in Kerala, India) to 2700 feet above sea level in the Himalayas. The aggravation of climate change. All these degenerative factors are crop occupies a significant position in the culture and heritage of many taking toll on the productivity, profitability and sustainability of Asian countries. In India, it is the staple food for more than 65% of rice farming. To achieve sustainable and environment-friendly population, thereby, is pivotal to food and livelihood security of people rice farming, the crop should be cultivated in the region where its and directly contributing to attainment of Sustainable Development environmental footprint is the minimum. This can be Goal (SDG). Thus, it is imperative to enhance not only the productivity accomplished with ecoregional approach of rice farming. of rice, but also profitability, input use efficiency and climate resilience Ecoregions are geographical regions with similar ecological, soil in rice systems in order to contribute to other SDGs. and climatic conditions. Rainfall, temperature and soil are the In India, the current land use pattern for agriculture
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