Impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation on Rainfall and Rice Production: a Micro-Level Analysis
agronomy Article Impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation on Rainfall and Rice Production: A Micro-Level Analysis Shilpa Cherian 1, Shankarappa Sridhara 1,* , Konapura Nagaraja Manoj 1, Pradeep Gopakkali 1 , Nandini Ramesh 1, Abdullah A. Alrajhi 2,* , Ahmed Z. Dewidar 3,* and Mohamed A. Mattar 4,5,* 1 Center for Climate Resilient Agriculture, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga 577204, Karnataka, India; shilpacherian321@gmail.com (S.C.); manojrajagri@gmail.com (K.N.M.); g.pradeep76@gmail.com (P.G.); nandinianuram@gmail.com (N.R.) 2 King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), King Abdullah Road, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia 3 Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water Chair, Prince Sultan Institute for Environmental, Water and Desert Research, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 5 Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI), Agricultural Research Centre, Giza 12618, Egypt * Correspondence: sridharas1968@gmail.com (S.S.); aalrajhi@kacst.edu.sa (A.A.A.); adewidar@ksu.edu.sa (A.Z.D.); mmattar@ksu.edu.sa (M.A.M.); Tel.: +966-1-4-676-024 (M.A.M.) Abstract: Monsoon fluctuation due to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a reflective influence on rice production, which is the major food grain crop in India. The impact of ENSO on the spatial variability of summer monsoon rainfall was analyzed from 1950 to 2018 and that on Kharif Citation: Cherian, S.; Sridhara, S.; rice production for the period of 1998–2016. It was clear from the analysis that ENSO had varied Manoj, K.N.; Gopakkali, P.; Ramesh, N.; Alrajhi, A.A.; Dewidar, A.Z.; influences on rainfall and rice production over different rice-growing districts of Karnataka.
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