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SPIMA - Spatial dynamics and strategic planning in metropolitan areas Targeted Analysis Final Report Version 5 March 2018 This Targeted Analysis activity is conducted within the framework of the ESPON 2020 Cooperation Programme, partly financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The ESPON EGTC is the Single Beneficiary of the ESPON 2020 Cooperation Programme. The Single Operation within the programme is implemented by the ESPON EGTC and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund, the EU Member States and the Partner States, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. This delivery does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the members of the ESPON 2020 Monitoring Committee. Authors Vanya Simeonova, Michiel van Eupen, Jan Clement, Andrea Baraggia, Edgar van der Grift, Wageningen Environmental Research-Alterra (the Netherlands) Gro Sandkjær Hanssen, Hege Hofstad, Norwegian Institute for Urban Research (Norway) Ivan Tosics, Eva Gerohazi, Metropolitan Research Institute (Hungary) Advisory Group ESPON EGTC: Peter Billing Lead Stakeholder: Peter Austin (city of Oslo, Norway) Information on ESPON and its projects can be found on www.espon.eu. The website provides the possibility to download and examine the most recent documents produced by finalized and ongoing ESPON projects. This delivery exists only in an electronic version. © ESPON, 2018 Printing, reproduction or quotation is authorized provided the source is acknowledged and a copy is forwarded to the ESPON EGTC in Luxembourg. Contact: [email protected] a SPIMA- Spatial dynamics and strategic planning in metropolitan areas Table of contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ iii List of Maps ............................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. iv Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. vi Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives and research questions ........................................................................... 1 1.3 Delineating metropolitan areas ................................................................................. 1 1.4 Spatial planning at metropolitan scale ...................................................................... 2 1.5 Emerging urban trends and spatial dynamics of metropolitan areas ........................ 2 1.6 Institutional frameworks to support metropolitan planning ........................................ 3 1.7 Key challenges in managing metropolitan spatial development ............................... 3 1.8 Key success factors for implementing metropolitan planning and governance ........ 4 1.9 Guidelines for implementing metropolitan planning approach .................................. 4 1.10 A typology for metropolitan areas ............................................................................. 5 1.11 Recommendations for strengthening spatial planning in metropolitan areas ........... 6 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 What is the problem? ................................................................................................ 7 2.1.1 Understanding the spatial dynamics of metropolitan areas ...................................... 7 2.1.2 Strategic planning at the metropolitan scale ............................................................. 8 2.1.3 Exploring planning practices across metropolitan areas .......................................... 8 2.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 10 2.3 Research questions ................................................................................................ 11 2.4 Research approach ................................................................................................. 12 2.4.1 The case studies: stakeholders’ metropolitan areas ............................................... 12 2.4.2 Analytical framework ............................................................................................... 12 2.4.3 The scope of the metropolitan spatial planning approach ...................................... 13 2.4.4 Methods of data collection and analysis ................................................................. 14 2.5 Structure of the report ............................................................................................. 17 3 Delineation and categorization of metropolitan areas ..................................................... 18 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 18 3.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 18 3.3 Key findings ............................................................................................................. 19 3.3.1 Definition of a metropolitan area ............................................................................. 19 3.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 25 3.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 26 4 Key socio-economic trends and spatial dynamics .......................................................... 27 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 27 4.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 27 4.3 Key findings ............................................................................................................. 28 4.3.1 Trends in land use change ...................................................................................... 28 4.3.2 Urban sprawl and densification ............................................................................... 29 4.3.3 Population dynamics ............................................................................................... 30 4.3.4 GDP change ............................................................................................................ 33 4.3.5 Mobility and accessibility ......................................................................................... 35 ESPON 2020 i 4.3.6 Environment and natural landscapes ...................................................................... 36 4.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 37 4.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 38 5 Institutional frameworks, planning practices and challenges .......................................... 39 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 39 5.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 39 5.3 Key findings ............................................................................................................. 40 5.3.1 Present situation in the metropolitan areas ............................................................. 40 5.3.1.1 Current characteristics ................................................................................... 40 5.3.1.2 Understanding the status and identity of the metropolitan areas .................. 41 5.3.2 Institutional frameworks for metropolitan planning.................................................. 44 5.3.2.1 Spatial planning systems ............................................................................... 44 5.3.2.2 Strategic planning .......................................................................................... 46 5.3.2.3 Statutory planning .......................................................................................... 46 5.3.2.4 Perception among actors of the spatial planning practices ........................... 47 5.3.2.5 Collaborative planning ................................................................................... 47 5.3.2.6 Perception among actors of the relevant scale of metropolitan collaboration 48 5.3.3 Shared governance: horizontal and vertical coordination ....................................... 49 5.3.3.1 Perception among actors of the need for a metropolitan institutional body ... 50 5.3.4 Key challenges ........................................................................................................ 51 5.3.4.1 General overview ........................................................................................... 51 5.3.4.2 Perception among actors of the current challenges ...................................... 51 5.3.4.3